Fluid Flow along Venous Adventitia in Rabbits: Is It a Potential Drainage System Complementary to Vascular Circulations?

• Published in: PloS one Vol. 7; no. 7; p. e41395
• Main Authors: Li, Hong-yi, Chen, Min, Yang, Jie-fu, Yang, Chong-qing, Xu, Liang, Wang, Fang, Tong, Jia-bin, Lv, You, Suonan, Caidan
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States Public Library of Science 26.07.2012; Public Library of Science (PLoS)
• Subjects: Acupuncture; Adventitia - diagnostic imaging; Adventitia - physiology; Adventitia - ultrastructure; Animal experimentation; Animal research; Animals; Biology; Blood Circulation - physiology; Blood vessels; Cardiology; Collagen; Collagen (type I); Collagenase; Comparative analysis; Connective tissues; Effusion; Electric properties; Electron microscopy; Experiments; Extracellular matrix; Fluid dynamics; Fluid flow; Fluorescein; Fluorescein - pharmacology; Histology; Hospitals; Humans; Hydraulic conductivity; Hydrogeology; Intestine; Limbs; Low molecular weights; Lymphangiography; Lymphatic system; Lymphatic Vessels - diagnostic imaging; Lymphatic Vessels - physiology; Lymphatic Vessels - ultrastructure; Magnetic resonance; Magnetic Resonance Angiography; Magnetic resonance imaging; Medicine; Molecular weight; Permeability coefficient; Photography; Rabbits; Radioactive Tracers; Radiography; Rodents; Skin; Sodium; Studies; Tissues; Tracers; Tracers (Biology); Veins - physiology; Veins - ultrastructure; Beijing China; China
• DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041395
• ISSN: 1932-6203

Our previous research and other studies with radiotracers showed evidence of a centripetal drainage pathway, separate from blood or lymphatic vessels, that can be visualized when a small amount of low molecular weight tracer is injected subcutaneously into a given region on skin of humans. In order to further characterize this interesting biological phenomenon, animal experiments are designed to elucidate histological and physiologic characteristics of these visualized pathways. Multiple tracers are injected subcutaneously into an acupuncture point of KI3 to visualize centripetal pathways by magnetic resonance imaging or fluorescein photography in 85 healthy rabbits. The pathways are compared with venography and indirect lymphangiography. Fluid flow through the pathways is observed by methods of altering their hydrated state, hydrolyzing by different collagenases, and histology is elucidated by optical, fluorescein and electron microscopy. Histological and magnetic imaging examinations of these visualized pathways show they consist of perivenous loose connective tissues. As evidenced by examinations of tracers' uptake, they appear to function as a draining pathway for free interstitial fluid. Fluorescein sodium from KI3 is found in the pathways of hind limbs and segments of the small intestines, partial pulmonary veins and results in pericardial effusion, suggesting systematical involvement of this perivenous pathway. The hydraulic conductivity of these pathways can be compromised by the collapse of their fiber-rich beds hydrolyzed by either of collagenase type I, III, IV or V. The identification of pathways comprising perivenous loose connective tissues with a high hydraulic conductivity draining interstitial fluid in hind limbs of a mammal suggests a potential drainage system complementary to vascular circulations. These findings may provide new insights into a systematically distributed collagenous connective tissue with a circulatory function and their potential relevance to the nature of acupuncture meridians.