Symptoms of Fern Distortion Syndrome Resulting from Inoculation with Opportunistic Endophytic Fluorescent Pseudomonas spp
Fern Distortion Syndrome (FDS) is a serious disease of Leatherleaf fern (Rumohra adiantiformis). The main symptom of FDS is distortion of fronds, making them unmarketable. Additional symptoms include stunting, irregular sporulation, decreased rhizome diameter, and internal discoloration of rhizomes....
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| Published in | PloS one Vol. 8; no. 3; p. e58531 |
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| Main Authors | , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
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United States
Public Library of Science
13.03.2013
Public Library of Science (PLoS) |
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| Abstract | Fern Distortion Syndrome (FDS) is a serious disease of Leatherleaf fern (Rumohra adiantiformis). The main symptom of FDS is distortion of fronds, making them unmarketable. Additional symptoms include stunting, irregular sporulation, decreased rhizome diameter, and internal discoloration of rhizomes. We previously reported an association of symptoms with increased endophytic rhizome populations of fluorescent pseudomonads (FPs). The aim of the current study was to determine if FPs from ferns in Costa Rica with typical FDS symptoms would recreate symptoms of FDS.
Greenhouse tests were conducted over a 29-month period. Micro-propagated ferns derived from tissue culture were first grown one year to produce rhizomes. Then, using an 8×9 randomized complete block experimental design, 8 replicate rhizomes were inoculated by dipping into 9 different treatments before planting. Treatments included water without bacteria (control), and four different groups of FPs, each at a two concentrations. The four groups of FPs included one group from healthy ferns without symptoms (another control treatment), two groups isolated from inside rhizomes of symptomatic ferns, and one group isolated from inside roots of symptomatic ferns. Symptoms were assessed 12 and 17 months later, and populations of FPs inside newly formed rhizomes were determined after 17 months. Results showed that inoculation with mixtures of FPs from ferns with FDS symptoms, but not from healthy ferns, recreated the primary symptom of frond deformities and also the secondary symptoms of irregular sporulation, decreased rhizome diameter, and internal discoloration of rhizomes.
These results suggest a model of causation of FDS in which symptoms result from latent infections by multiple species of opportunistic endophytic bacteria containing virulence genes that are expressed when populations inside the plant reach a minimum level. |
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| AbstractList | Fern Distortion Syndrome (FDS) is a serious disease of Leatherleaf fern (Rumohra adiantiformis). The main symptom of FDS is distortion of fronds, making them unmarketable. Additional symptoms include stunting, irregular sporulation, decreased rhizome diameter, and internal discoloration of rhizomes. We previously reported an association of symptoms with increased endophytic rhizome populations of fluorescent pseudomonads (FPs). The aim of the current study was to determine if FPs from ferns in Costa Rica with typical FDS symptoms would recreate symptoms of FDS. Greenhouse tests were conducted over a 29-month period. Micro-propagated ferns derived from tissue culture were first grown one year to produce rhizomes. Then, using an 8x9 randomized complete block experimental design, 8 replicate rhizomes were inoculated by dipping into 9 different treatments before planting. Treatments included water without bacteria (control), and four different groups of FPs, each at a two concentrations. The four groups of FPs included one group from healthy ferns without symptoms (another control treatment), two groups isolated from inside rhizomes of symptomatic ferns, and one group isolated from inside roots of symptomatic ferns. Symptoms were assessed 12 and 17 months later, and populations of FPs inside newly formed rhizomes were determined after 17 months. Results showed that inoculation with mixtures of FPs from ferns with FDS symptoms, but not from healthy ferns, recreated the primary symptom of frond deformities and also the secondary symptoms of irregular sporulation, decreased rhizome diameter, and internal discoloration of rhizomes. These results suggest a model of causation of FDS in which symptoms result from latent infections by multiple species of opportunistic endophytic bacteria containing virulence genes that are expressed when populations inside the plant reach a minimum level. Fern Distortion Syndrome (FDS) is a serious disease of Leatherleaf fern (Rumohra adiantiformis). The main symptom of FDS is distortion of fronds, making them unmarketable. Additional symptoms include stunting, irregular sporulation, decreased rhizome diameter, and internal discoloration of rhizomes. We previously reported an association of symptoms with increased endophytic rhizome populations of fluorescent pseudomonads (FPs). The aim of the current study was to determine if FPs from ferns in Costa Rica with typical FDS symptoms would recreate symptoms of FDS.BACKGROUNDFern Distortion Syndrome (FDS) is a serious disease of Leatherleaf fern (Rumohra adiantiformis). The main symptom of FDS is distortion of fronds, making them unmarketable. Additional symptoms include stunting, irregular sporulation, decreased rhizome diameter, and internal discoloration of rhizomes. We previously reported an association of symptoms with increased endophytic rhizome populations of fluorescent pseudomonads (FPs). The aim of the current study was to determine if FPs from ferns in Costa Rica with typical FDS symptoms would recreate symptoms of FDS.Greenhouse tests were conducted over a 29-month period. Micro-propagated ferns derived from tissue culture were first grown one year to produce rhizomes. Then, using an 8×9 randomized complete block experimental design, 8 replicate rhizomes were inoculated by dipping into 9 different treatments before planting. Treatments included water without bacteria (control), and four different groups of FPs, each at a two concentrations. The four groups of FPs included one group from healthy ferns without symptoms (another control treatment), two groups isolated from inside rhizomes of symptomatic ferns, and one group isolated from inside roots of symptomatic ferns. Symptoms were assessed 12 and 17 months later, and populations of FPs inside newly formed rhizomes were determined after 17 months. Results showed that inoculation with mixtures of FPs from ferns with FDS symptoms, but not from healthy ferns, recreated the primary symptom of frond deformities and also the secondary symptoms of irregular sporulation, decreased rhizome diameter, and internal discoloration of rhizomes.METHODOLOGY AND FINDINGSGreenhouse tests were conducted over a 29-month period. Micro-propagated ferns derived from tissue culture were first grown one year to produce rhizomes. Then, using an 8×9 randomized complete block experimental design, 8 replicate rhizomes were inoculated by dipping into 9 different treatments before planting. Treatments included water without bacteria (control), and four different groups of FPs, each at a two concentrations. The four groups of FPs included one group from healthy ferns without symptoms (another control treatment), two groups isolated from inside rhizomes of symptomatic ferns, and one group isolated from inside roots of symptomatic ferns. Symptoms were assessed 12 and 17 months later, and populations of FPs inside newly formed rhizomes were determined after 17 months. Results showed that inoculation with mixtures of FPs from ferns with FDS symptoms, but not from healthy ferns, recreated the primary symptom of frond deformities and also the secondary symptoms of irregular sporulation, decreased rhizome diameter, and internal discoloration of rhizomes.These results suggest a model of causation of FDS in which symptoms result from latent infections by multiple species of opportunistic endophytic bacteria containing virulence genes that are expressed when populations inside the plant reach a minimum level.CONCLUSIONSThese results suggest a model of causation of FDS in which symptoms result from latent infections by multiple species of opportunistic endophytic bacteria containing virulence genes that are expressed when populations inside the plant reach a minimum level. Background Fern Distortion Syndrome (FDS) is a serious disease of Leatherleaf fern (Rumohra adiantiformis). The main symptom of FDS is distortion of fronds, making them unmarketable. Additional symptoms include stunting, irregular sporulation, decreased rhizome diameter, and internal discoloration of rhizomes. We previously reported an association of symptoms with increased endophytic rhizome populations of fluorescent pseudomonads (FPs). The aim of the current study was to determine if FPs from ferns in Costa Rica with typical FDS symptoms would recreate symptoms of FDS. Methodology and Findings Greenhouse tests were conducted over a 29-month period. Micro-propagated ferns derived from tissue culture were first grown one year to produce rhizomes. Then, using an 8x9 randomized complete block experimental design, 8 replicate rhizomes were inoculated by dipping into 9 different treatments before planting. Treatments included water without bacteria (control), and four different groups of FPs, each at a two concentrations. The four groups of FPs included one group from healthy ferns without symptoms (another control treatment), two groups isolated from inside rhizomes of symptomatic ferns, and one group isolated from inside roots of symptomatic ferns. Symptoms were assessed 12 and 17 months later, and populations of FPs inside newly formed rhizomes were determined after 17 months. Results showed that inoculation with mixtures of FPs from ferns with FDS symptoms, but not from healthy ferns, recreated the primary symptom of frond deformities and also the secondary symptoms of irregular sporulation, decreased rhizome diameter, and internal discoloration of rhizomes. Conclusions These results suggest a model of causation of FDS in which symptoms result from latent infections by multiple species of opportunistic endophytic bacteria containing virulence genes that are expressed when populations inside the plant reach a minimum level. Fern Distortion Syndrome (FDS) is a serious disease of Leatherleaf fern (Rumohra adiantiformis). The main symptom of FDS is distortion of fronds, making them unmarketable. Additional symptoms include stunting, irregular sporulation, decreased rhizome diameter, and internal discoloration of rhizomes. We previously reported an association of symptoms with increased endophytic rhizome populations of fluorescent pseudomonads (FPs). The aim of the current study was to determine if FPs from ferns in Costa Rica with typical FDS symptoms would recreate symptoms of FDS.Greenhouse tests were conducted over a 29-month period. Micro-propagated ferns derived from tissue culture were first grown one year to produce rhizomes. Then, using an 8×9 randomized complete block experimental design, 8 replicate rhizomes were inoculated by dipping into 9 different treatments before planting. Treatments included water without bacteria (control), and four different groups of FPs, each at a two concentrations. The four groups of FPs included one group from healthy ferns without symptoms (another control treatment), two groups isolated from inside rhizomes of symptomatic ferns, and one group isolated from inside roots of symptomatic ferns. Symptoms were assessed 12 and 17 months later, and populations of FPs inside newly formed rhizomes were determined after 17 months. Results showed that inoculation with mixtures of FPs from ferns with FDS symptoms, but not from healthy ferns, recreated the primary symptom of frond deformities and also the secondary symptoms of irregular sporulation, decreased rhizome diameter, and internal discoloration of rhizomes.These results suggest a model of causation of FDS in which symptoms result from latent infections by multiple species of opportunistic endophytic bacteria containing virulence genes that are expressed when populations inside the plant reach a minimum level. Background Fern Distortion Syndrome (FDS) is a serious disease of Leatherleaf fern ( Rumohra adiantiformis ). The main symptom of FDS is distortion of fronds, making them unmarketable. Additional symptoms include stunting, irregular sporulation, decreased rhizome diameter, and internal discoloration of rhizomes. We previously reported an association of symptoms with increased endophytic rhizome populations of fluorescent pseudomonads (FPs). The aim of the current study was to determine if FPs from ferns in Costa Rica with typical FDS symptoms would recreate symptoms of FDS. Methodology and Findings Greenhouse tests were conducted over a 29-month period. Micro-propagated ferns derived from tissue culture were first grown one year to produce rhizomes. Then, using an 8×9 randomized complete block experimental design, 8 replicate rhizomes were inoculated by dipping into 9 different treatments before planting. Treatments included water without bacteria (control), and four different groups of FPs, each at a two concentrations. The four groups of FPs included one group from healthy ferns without symptoms (another control treatment), two groups isolated from inside rhizomes of symptomatic ferns, and one group isolated from inside roots of symptomatic ferns. Symptoms were assessed 12 and 17 months later, and populations of FPs inside newly formed rhizomes were determined after 17 months. Results showed that inoculation with mixtures of FPs from ferns with FDS symptoms, but not from healthy ferns, recreated the primary symptom of frond deformities and also the secondary symptoms of irregular sporulation, decreased rhizome diameter, and internal discoloration of rhizomes. Conclusions These results suggest a model of causation of FDS in which symptoms result from latent infections by multiple species of opportunistic endophytic bacteria containing virulence genes that are expressed when populations inside the plant reach a minimum level. Fern Distortion Syndrome (FDS) is a serious disease of Leatherleaf fern (Rumohra adiantiformis). The main symptom of FDS is distortion of fronds, making them unmarketable. Additional symptoms include stunting, irregular sporulation, decreased rhizome diameter, and internal discoloration of rhizomes. We previously reported an association of symptoms with increased endophytic rhizome populations of fluorescent pseudomonads (FPs). The aim of the current study was to determine if FPs from ferns in Costa Rica with typical FDS symptoms would recreate symptoms of FDS. Greenhouse tests were conducted over a 29-month period. Micro-propagated ferns derived from tissue culture were first grown one year to produce rhizomes. Then, using an 8×9 randomized complete block experimental design, 8 replicate rhizomes were inoculated by dipping into 9 different treatments before planting. Treatments included water without bacteria (control), and four different groups of FPs, each at a two concentrations. The four groups of FPs included one group from healthy ferns without symptoms (another control treatment), two groups isolated from inside rhizomes of symptomatic ferns, and one group isolated from inside roots of symptomatic ferns. Symptoms were assessed 12 and 17 months later, and populations of FPs inside newly formed rhizomes were determined after 17 months. Results showed that inoculation with mixtures of FPs from ferns with FDS symptoms, but not from healthy ferns, recreated the primary symptom of frond deformities and also the secondary symptoms of irregular sporulation, decreased rhizome diameter, and internal discoloration of rhizomes. These results suggest a model of causation of FDS in which symptoms result from latent infections by multiple species of opportunistic endophytic bacteria containing virulence genes that are expressed when populations inside the plant reach a minimum level. Background Fern Distortion Syndrome (FDS) is a serious disease of Leatherleaf fern (Rumohra adiantiformis). The main symptom of FDS is distortion of fronds, making them unmarketable. Additional symptoms include stunting, irregular sporulation, decreased rhizome diameter, and internal discoloration of rhizomes. We previously reported an association of symptoms with increased endophytic rhizome populations of fluorescent pseudomonads (FPs). The aim of the current study was to determine if FPs from ferns in Costa Rica with typical FDS symptoms would recreate symptoms of FDS. Methodology and Findings Greenhouse tests were conducted over a 29-month period. Micro-propagated ferns derived from tissue culture were first grown one year to produce rhizomes. Then, using an 8×9 randomized complete block experimental design, 8 replicate rhizomes were inoculated by dipping into 9 different treatments before planting. Treatments included water without bacteria (control), and four different groups of FPs, each at a two concentrations. The four groups of FPs included one group from healthy ferns without symptoms (another control treatment), two groups isolated from inside rhizomes of symptomatic ferns, and one group isolated from inside roots of symptomatic ferns. Symptoms were assessed 12 and 17 months later, and populations of FPs inside newly formed rhizomes were determined after 17 months. Results showed that inoculation with mixtures of FPs from ferns with FDS symptoms, but not from healthy ferns, recreated the primary symptom of frond deformities and also the secondary symptoms of irregular sporulation, decreased rhizome diameter, and internal discoloration of rhizomes. Conclusions These results suggest a model of causation of FDS in which symptoms result from latent infections by multiple species of opportunistic endophytic bacteria containing virulence genes that are expressed when populations inside the plant reach a minimum level. |
| Audience | Academic |
| Author | McInroy, John A. Hu, Chia-Hui Kloepper, Joseph W. Liu, Ke |
| AuthorAffiliation | Wageningen University and Research Centre, The Netherlands Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States of America |
| AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: Wageningen University and Research Centre, The Netherlands – name: Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States of America |
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| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23516499$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| Copyright | COPYRIGHT 2013 Public Library of Science 2013 Kloepper et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License. 2013 Kloepper et al 2013 Kloepper et al |
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| DocumentTitleAlternate | Pseudomonads Cause Fern Distortion Syndrome |
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| Notes | ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 14 content type line 23 Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. Conceived and designed the experiments: JWK C-HH. Performed the experiments: KL JAM JWK C-HH. Analyzed the data: JWK C-HH. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: JAM KL. Wrote the paper: JWK C-HH. |
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| References | JW Kloepper (ref1) 2010; 94 WT Frankenberger Jr (ref11) 1988; 20 JW Kloepper (ref3) 2012; 61 Z Klement (ref6) 1964; 54 RJ Kremer (ref13) 1996; 19 JM Gardner (ref8) 1982; 43 Y Okon (ref12) 1997; 63 SE Lindow (ref15) 1998; 88 G Berg (ref19) 2005; 7 AJ González (ref9) 2003; 69 U Mathesius (ref16) 2003; 100 SA Gordon (ref10) 1951; 26 HA Mills (ref2) 1996; 19 ref4 K Tamura (ref5) 2011; 28 GM Preston (ref17) 2004; 359 JE Loper (ref18) 2012; 8 JN Campbell (ref7) 1986; 32 O Barazani (ref14) 2001; 27 E Laasik (ref20) 2006; 258 |
| References_xml | – volume: 43 start-page: 1335 year: 1982 ident: ref8 article-title: Identity and behavior of xylem-residing bacteria in rough lemon roots of Florida citrus trees publication-title: Appl Environ Microbiol doi: 10.1128/AEM.43.6.1335-1342.1982 – volume: 20 start-page: 299 year: 1988 ident: ref11 article-title: L-tryptophan transaminase of a bacterium isolated from the rhizosphere of Festuca octoflora (Graminae) publication-title: Soil Biol Biochem doi: 10.1016/0038-0717(88)90007-7 – volume: 27 start-page: 41 year: 2001 ident: ref14 article-title: Allelopathic bacteria and their impact on higher plants publication-title: Critical Rev Microbiol doi: 10.1080/20014091096693 – volume: 359 start-page: 907 year: 2004 ident: ref17 article-title: Plant perceptions of plant growth-promoting Pseudomonas publication-title: Phil Trans R Soc Lond B doi: 10.1098/rstb.2003.1384 – ident: ref4 – volume: 69 start-page: 2936 year: 2003 ident: ref9 article-title: Identification of an emergent and atypical Pseudomonas viridiflava lineage causing bacteriosis in plants of agronomic importance in a Spanish region publication-title: Appl Environ Microbiol doi: 10.1128/AEM.69.5.2936-2941.2003 – volume: 94 start-page: 940 year: 2010 ident: ref1 article-title: Fern distortion syndrome of leatherleaf fern in Costa Rica: symptoms, incidence, and severity publication-title: Plant Disease doi: 10.1094/PDIS-94-8-0940 – volume: 88 start-page: 1149 year: 1998 ident: ref15 article-title: Occurrence of indole-3-acetic acid—producing bacteria on pear trees and their association with fruit russet publication-title: Phytopathology doi: 10.1094/PHYTO.1998.88.11.1149 – volume: 54 start-page: 474 year: 1964 ident: ref6 article-title: Hypersensitive reaction induced by phytopathogenic bacteria in the tobacco leaf publication-title: Phytopathlogy – volume: 26 start-page: 192 year: 1951 ident: ref10 article-title: Colorimeteric estimation of indoleacetic acid publication-title: Plant Physiol doi: 10.1104/pp.26.1.192 – volume: 63 start-page: 366 year: 1997 ident: ref12 article-title: Root-associated Azospirillum species can stimulate plants publication-title: ASM News – volume: 7 start-page: 1673 year: 2005 ident: ref19 article-title: The rhizosphere as a reservoir for opportunistic human pathogenic bacteria publication-title: Environ Microbiol doi: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2005.00891.x – volume: 258 start-page: 227 year: 2006 ident: ref20 article-title: Type II quorum sensing regulates virulence in Erwinia carotovora ssp. carotovora publication-title: FEMS Microbiology Letters doi: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2006.00222.x – volume: 61 start-page: 236 year: 2012 ident: ref3 article-title: Increased populations of deleterious fluorescent pseudomonads colonizing rhizomes of leatherleaf fern (Rumohra adiantiformis) and expression of symptoms of fern distortion syndrome after application of Benlate systemic fungicide publication-title: Appl Soil Ecology doi: 10.1016/j.apsoil.2011.09.009 – volume: 19 start-page: 917 year: 1996 ident: ref2 article-title: Effects of Benlate on leatherleaf fern growth, root morphology and rhizosphere bacteria publication-title: J Plant Nutrition doi: 10.1080/01904169609365170 – volume: 100 start-page: 1444 year: 2003 ident: ref16 article-title: Extensive and specific responses of a eukaryote to bacterial quorum-sensing signals publication-title: PNAS doi: 10.1073/pnas.262672599 – volume: 32 start-page: 201 year: 1986 ident: ref7 article-title: Inhibition of growth in canola seedlings caused by an opportunistic Pseudomonas sp. under laboratory and field conditions publication-title: Can J Microbiol doi: 10.1139/m86-041 – volume: 28 start-page: 2731 year: 2011 ident: ref5 article-title: MEGA5: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis using maximum likelihood, evolutionary distance, and maximum parsimony methods publication-title: Mol Biol Evolution doi: 10.1093/molbev/msr121 – volume: 19 start-page: 939 year: 1996 ident: ref13 article-title: Promotion of phytotoxic bacteria in the rhizospheres of leatherleaf fern by Benlate DF publication-title: J Plant Nutrition doi: 10.1080/01904169609365171 – volume: 8 start-page: 1 year: 2012 ident: ref18 article-title: Comparative genomics of plant-associated Pseudomonas spp.: insights into diversity and inheritance of traits involved in multitrophic interactions publication-title: PLoS Genetics doi: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002784 |
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| Snippet | Fern Distortion Syndrome (FDS) is a serious disease of Leatherleaf fern (Rumohra adiantiformis). The main symptom of FDS is distortion of fronds, making them... Background Fern Distortion Syndrome (FDS) is a serious disease of Leatherleaf fern (Rumohra adiantiformis). The main symptom of FDS is distortion of fronds,... Background Fern Distortion Syndrome (FDS) is a serious disease of Leatherleaf fern ( Rumohra adiantiformis ). The main symptom of FDS is distortion of fronds,... |
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| SubjectTerms | Agriculture Aquatic plants Bacteria Biology Causation Chamaedaphne Chief financial officers Deformation mechanisms Discoloration Distortion Dryopteridaceae - metabolism Dryopteridaceae - microbiology Endophytes Endophytes - isolation & purification Endophytes - physiology Experimental design Ferns Flowers & plants Fluorescence Fronds Identification Indoleacetic Acids - metabolism Inoculation Opportunistic Infections - microbiology Pectins - metabolism Plant Diseases - microbiology Plant pathology Planting Populations Pseudomonas Pseudomonas - isolation & purification Pseudomonas - physiology Rhizomes Rumohra adiantiformis Sporulation Tissue culture Virulence Water treatment |
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| Title | Symptoms of Fern Distortion Syndrome Resulting from Inoculation with Opportunistic Endophytic Fluorescent Pseudomonas spp |
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