Serum IgG antibody levels to periodontal microbiota are associated with incident Alzheimer disease
Periodontitis and Alzheimer disease (AD) are associated with systemic inflammation. This research studied serum IgG to periodontal microbiota as possible predictors of incident AD. Using a case-cohort study design, 219 subjects (110 incident AD cases and 109 controls without incident cognitive impai...
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Published in | PloS one Vol. 9; no. 12; p. e114959 |
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Main Authors | , , , , , , |
Format | Journal Article |
Language | English |
Published |
United States
Public Library of Science
18.12.2014
Public Library of Science (PLoS) |
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Abstract | Periodontitis and Alzheimer disease (AD) are associated with systemic inflammation. This research studied serum IgG to periodontal microbiota as possible predictors of incident AD.
Using a case-cohort study design, 219 subjects (110 incident AD cases and 109 controls without incident cognitive impairment at last follow-up), matched on race-ethnicity, were drawn from the Washington Heights-Inwood Columbia Aging Project (WHICAP), a cohort of longitudinally followed northern Manhattan residents aged >65 years. Mean follow-up was five years (SD 2.6). In baseline sera, serum IgG levels were determined for bacteria known to be positively or negatively associated with periodontitis (Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans Y4, Treponema denticola, Campylobacter rectus, Eubacterium nodatum, and Actinomyces naeslundii genospecies-2). In all analyses, we used antibody threshold levels shown to correlate with presence of moderate-severe periodontitis.
Mean age was 72 years (SD 6.9) for controls, and 79 years (SD 4.6) for cases (p<0.001). Non-Hispanic Whites comprised 26%, non-Hispanic Blacks 27%, and Hispanics 48% of the sample. In a model adjusting for baseline age, sex, education, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, smoking, prior history of stroke, and apolipoprotein E genotype, high anti-A. naeslundii titer (>640 ng/ml, present in 10% of subjects) was associated with increased risk of AD (HR = 2.0, 95%CI: 1.1-3.8). This association was stronger after adjusting for other significant titers (HR = 3.1, 95%CI: 1.5-6.4). In this model, high anti-E. nodatum IgG (>1755 ng/ml; 19% of subjects) was associated with lower risk of AD (HR = 0.5, 95%CI: 0.2-0.9).
Serum IgG levels to common periodontal microbiota are associated with risk for developing incident AD. |
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AbstractList | Background
Periodontitis and Alzheimer disease (AD) are associated with systemic inflammation. This research studied serum IgG to periodontal microbiota as possible predictors of incident AD.
Methods
Using a case-cohort study design, 219 subjects (110 incident AD cases and 109 controls without incident cognitive impairment at last follow-up), matched on race-ethnicity, were drawn from the Washington Heights-Inwood Columbia Aging Project (WHICAP), a cohort of longitudinally followed northern Manhattan residents aged >65 years. Mean follow-up was five years (SD 2.6). In baseline sera, serum IgG levels were determined for bacteria known to be positively or negatively associated with periodontitis ( Porphyromonas gingivalis , Tannerella forsythia, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans Y4, Treponema denticola, Campylobacter rectus, Eubacterium nodatum, and Actinomyces naeslundii genospecies-2). In all analyses, we used antibody threshold levels shown to correlate with presence of moderate-severe periodontitis.
Results
Mean age was 72 years (SD 6.9) for controls, and 79 years (SD 4.6) for cases (p<0.001). Non-Hispanic Whites comprised 26%, non-Hispanic Blacks 27%, and Hispanics 48% of the sample. In a model adjusting for baseline age, sex, education, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, smoking, prior history of stroke, and apolipoprotein E genotype, high anti- A. naeslundii titer (>640 ng/ml, present in 10% of subjects) was associated with increased risk of AD (HR = 2.0, 95%CI: 1.1–3.8). This association was stronger after adjusting for other significant titers (HR = 3.1, 95%CI: 1.5–6.4). In this model, high anti- E. nodatum IgG (>1755 ng/ml; 19% of subjects) was associated with lower risk of AD (HR = 0.5, 95%CI: 0.2–0.9).
Conclusions
Serum IgG levels to common periodontal microbiota are associated with risk for developing incident AD. Periodontitis and Alzheimer disease (AD) are associated with systemic inflammation. This research studied serum IgG to periodontal microbiota as possible predictors of incident AD. Using a case-cohort study design, 219 subjects (110 incident AD cases and 109 controls without incident cognitive impairment at last follow-up), matched on race-ethnicity, were drawn from the Washington Heights-Inwood Columbia Aging Project (WHICAP), a cohort of longitudinally followed northern Manhattan residents aged >65 years. Mean follow-up was five years (SD 2.6). In baseline sera, serum IgG levels were determined for bacteria known to be positively or negatively associated with periodontitis (Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans Y4, Treponema denticola, Campylobacter rectus, Eubacterium nodatum, and Actinomyces naeslundii genospecies-2). In all analyses, we used antibody threshold levels shown to correlate with presence of moderate-severe periodontitis. Mean age was 72 years (SD 6.9) for controls, and 79 years (SD 4.6) for cases (p<0.001). Non-Hispanic Whites comprised 26%, non-Hispanic Blacks 27%, and Hispanics 48% of the sample. In a model adjusting for baseline age, sex, education, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, smoking, prior history of stroke, and apolipoprotein E genotype, high anti-A. naeslundii titer (>640 ng/ml, present in 10% of subjects) was associated with increased risk of AD (HR = 2.0, 95%CI: 1.1-3.8). This association was stronger after adjusting for other significant titers (HR = 3.1, 95%CI: 1.5-6.4). In this model, high anti-E. nodatum IgG (>1755 ng/ml; 19% of subjects) was associated with lower risk of AD (HR = 0.5, 95%CI: 0.2-0.9). Serum IgG levels to common periodontal microbiota are associated with risk for developing incident AD. BACKGROUNDPeriodontitis and Alzheimer disease (AD) are associated with systemic inflammation. This research studied serum IgG to periodontal microbiota as possible predictors of incident AD. METHODSUsing a case-cohort study design, 219 subjects (110 incident AD cases and 109 controls without incident cognitive impairment at last follow-up), matched on race-ethnicity, were drawn from the Washington Heights-Inwood Columbia Aging Project (WHICAP), a cohort of longitudinally followed northern Manhattan residents aged >65 years. Mean follow-up was five years (SD 2.6). In baseline sera, serum IgG levels were determined for bacteria known to be positively or negatively associated with periodontitis (Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans Y4, Treponema denticola, Campylobacter rectus, Eubacterium nodatum, and Actinomyces naeslundii genospecies-2). In all analyses, we used antibody threshold levels shown to correlate with presence of moderate-severe periodontitis. RESULTSMean age was 72 years (SD 6.9) for controls, and 79 years (SD 4.6) for cases (p<0.001). Non-Hispanic Whites comprised 26%, non-Hispanic Blacks 27%, and Hispanics 48% of the sample. In a model adjusting for baseline age, sex, education, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, smoking, prior history of stroke, and apolipoprotein E genotype, high anti-A. naeslundii titer (>640 ng/ml, present in 10% of subjects) was associated with increased risk of AD (HR = 2.0, 95%CI: 1.1-3.8). This association was stronger after adjusting for other significant titers (HR = 3.1, 95%CI: 1.5-6.4). In this model, high anti-E. nodatum IgG (>1755 ng/ml; 19% of subjects) was associated with lower risk of AD (HR = 0.5, 95%CI: 0.2-0.9). CONCLUSIONSSerum IgG levels to common periodontal microbiota are associated with risk for developing incident AD. Background Periodontitis and Alzheimer disease (AD) are associated with systemic inflammation. This research studied serum IgG to periodontal microbiota as possible predictors of incident AD. Methods Using a case-cohort study design, 219 subjects (110 incident AD cases and 109 controls without incident cognitive impairment at last follow-up), matched on race-ethnicity, were drawn from the Washington Heights-Inwood Columbia Aging Project (WHICAP), a cohort of longitudinally followed northern Manhattan residents aged >65 years. Mean follow-up was five years (SD 2.6). In baseline sera, serum IgG levels were determined for bacteria known to be positively or negatively associated with periodontitis (Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans Y4, Treponema denticola, Campylobacter rectus, Eubacterium nodatum, and Actinomyces naeslundii genospecies-2). In all analyses, we used antibody threshold levels shown to correlate with presence of moderate-severe periodontitis. Results Mean age was 72 years (SD 6.9) for controls, and 79 years (SD 4.6) for cases (p<0.001). Non-Hispanic Whites comprised 26%, non-Hispanic Blacks 27%, and Hispanics 48% of the sample. In a model adjusting for baseline age, sex, education, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, smoking, prior history of stroke, and apolipoprotein E genotype, high anti-A. naeslundii titer (>640 ng/ml, present in 10% of subjects) was associated with increased risk of AD (HR = 2.0, 95%CI: 1.1–3.8). This association was stronger after adjusting for other significant titers (HR = 3.1, 95%CI: 1.5–6.4). In this model, high anti-E. nodatum IgG (>1755 ng/ml; 19% of subjects) was associated with lower risk of AD (HR = 0.5, 95%CI: 0.2–0.9). Conclusions Serum IgG levels to common periodontal microbiota are associated with risk for developing incident AD. Periodontitis and Alzheimer disease (AD) are associated with systemic inflammation. This research studied serum IgG to periodontal microbiota as possible predictors of incident AD. Using a case-cohort study design, 219 subjects (110 incident AD cases and 109 controls without incident cognitive impairment at last follow-up), matched on race-ethnicity, were drawn from the Washington Heights-Inwood Columbia Aging Project (WHICAP), a cohort of longitudinally followed northern Manhattan residents aged >65 years. Mean follow-up was five years (SD 2.6). In baseline sera, serum IgG levels were determined for bacteria known to be positively or negatively associated with periodontitis (Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans Y4, Treponema denticola, Campylobacter rectus, Eubacterium nodatum, and Actinomyces naeslundii genospecies-2). In all analyses, we used antibody threshold levels shown to correlate with presence of moderate-severe periodontitis. Mean age was 72 years (SD 6.9) for controls, and 79 years (SD 4.6) for cases (p<0.001). Non-Hispanic Whites comprised 26%, non-Hispanic Blacks 27%, and Hispanics 48% of the sample. In a model adjusting for baseline age, sex, education, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, smoking, prior history of stroke, and apolipoprotein E genotype, high anti-A. naeslundii titer (>640 ng/ml, present in 10% of subjects) was associated with increased risk of AD (HR = 2.0, 95%CI: 1.1-3.8). This association was stronger after adjusting for other significant titers (HR = 3.1, 95%CI: 1.5-6.4). In this model, high anti-E. nodatum IgG (>1755 ng/ml; 19% of subjects) was associated with lower risk of AD (HR = 0.5, 95%CI: 0.2-0.9). Serum IgG levels to common periodontal microbiota are associated with risk for developing incident AD. |
Audience | Academic |
Author | Schupf, Nicole Papapanou, Panos N Noble, James M Scarmeas, Nikolaos Celenti, Romanita S Wright, Clinton B Elkind, Mitchell S V |
AuthorAffiliation | 4 Division of Periodontics, Section of Oral and Diagnostic Sciences, Columbia University College of Dental Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America 2 Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America 3 Department of Social Medicine, Psychiatry, and Neurology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece 6 Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, Departments of Neurology and Epidemiology & Public Health Sciences, and the Neuroscience Program, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America 5 Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America 1 Taub Institute for Alzheimer Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America Boston University, United States of America |
AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: 2 Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America – name: 6 Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, Departments of Neurology and Epidemiology & Public Health Sciences, and the Neuroscience Program, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America – name: 4 Division of Periodontics, Section of Oral and Diagnostic Sciences, Columbia University College of Dental Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America – name: 5 Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America – name: 1 Taub Institute for Alzheimer Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America – name: 3 Department of Social Medicine, Psychiatry, and Neurology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece – name: Boston University, United States of America |
Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: James M surname: Noble fullname: Noble, James M organization: Taub Institute for Alzheimer Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America; Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America – sequence: 2 givenname: Nikolaos surname: Scarmeas fullname: Scarmeas, Nikolaos organization: Taub Institute for Alzheimer Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America; Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America; Department of Social Medicine, Psychiatry, and Neurology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece – sequence: 3 givenname: Romanita S surname: Celenti fullname: Celenti, Romanita S organization: Division of Periodontics, Section of Oral and Diagnostic Sciences, Columbia University College of Dental Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America – sequence: 4 givenname: Mitchell S V surname: Elkind fullname: Elkind, Mitchell S V organization: Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America; Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America – sequence: 5 givenname: Clinton B surname: Wright fullname: Wright, Clinton B organization: Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, Departments of Neurology and Epidemiology & Public Health Sciences, and the Neuroscience Program, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America – sequence: 6 givenname: Nicole surname: Schupf fullname: Schupf, Nicole organization: Taub Institute for Alzheimer Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America – sequence: 7 givenname: Panos N surname: Papapanou fullname: Papapanou, Panos N organization: Division of Periodontics, Section of Oral and Diagnostic Sciences, Columbia University College of Dental Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America |
BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25522313$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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ContentType | Journal Article |
Copyright | COPYRIGHT 2014 Public Library of Science 2014 Noble et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License. 2014 Noble et al 2014 Noble et al |
Copyright_xml | – notice: COPYRIGHT 2014 Public Library of Science – notice: 2014 Noble et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License. – notice: 2014 Noble et al 2014 Noble et al |
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Notes | ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 23 Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. Conceived and designed the experiments: JMN N. Scarmeas MSVE CBW N. Schupf PNP. Performed the experiments: JMN PNP RSC. Analyzed the data: JMN N. Scarmeas N. Schupf PNP. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: RSC PNP N. Schupf JMN. Wrote the paper: JMN N. Scarmeas RSC N. Schupf MSVE CBW PNP. Study supervision: JMN PNP. |
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References | PJ Pussinen (ref11) 2004; 35 B Langholz (ref24) 2007; 51 P Libby (ref16) 2002; 105 M Kishi (ref7) 2010; 59 KF Hoth (ref36) 2007; 38 B Burt (ref3) 2005; 76 A Johansson (ref12) 2005; 20 WE Barlow (ref31) 1994; 50 FE Dewhirst (ref53) 2010; 192 E Vicenzini (ref38) 2007; 58 JM Noble (ref17) 2013; 13 AD Haffajee (ref44) 2009; 44 JM Noble (ref18) 2009; 80 A Tanner (ref41) 1998; 25 BL Pihlstrom (ref5) 2005; 366 WE Barlow (ref23) 1999; 52 C Vlachojannis (ref25) 2010; 37 LS Honig (ref57) 2003; 60 BA Dye (ref1) 2012; 58 ref8 PN Papapanou (ref29) 2001; 28 JD Beck (ref32) 2005; 76 M van Oijen (ref33) 2007; 61 M Desvarieux (ref15) 2005; 111 MX Tang (ref21) 2001; 56 M Silvestrini (ref37) 2006; 37 JD Beck (ref51) 2006; 34 R Peyyala (ref46) 2013; 92 WA Bretz (ref10) 2005; 53 GB Hill (ref47) 1987; 25 MS Elkind (ref55) 2010; 41 RP Darveau (ref6) 2010; 8 P Sparks Stein (ref58) 2012; 8 RC Page (ref30) 2007; 78 BA Dye (ref9) 2009; 80 PJ Pussinen (ref13) 2007; 193 AJ Grau (ref20) 2010; 6 RT Demmer (ref4) 2010; 53 MS Tonetti (ref35) 2007; 356 D Cheng (ref56) 2011; 31 C Reitz (ref22) 2007; 64 PJ Ford (ref14) 2007; 86 AR Kamer (ref19) 2009; 216 E Lalla (ref43) 2003; 23 VH Perry (ref39) 2007; 7 T Munzel (ref34) 2008; 40 H Thorstensson (ref2) 2010; 27 R Stewart (ref50) 2008; 70 PN Papapanou (ref54) 2004; 31 PE Kolenbrander (ref40) 2006; 42 SR Brailsford (ref42) 1998; 32 D Heller (ref48) 2012; 57 PI Eke (ref52) 2010; 89 AD Haffajee (ref49) 2006; 21 T Sato (ref45) 2012; 57 BJ Gurland (ref26) 1999; 14 D Sakellari (ref28) 1997; 12 EP Helzner (ref27) 2008; 71 |
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Snippet | Periodontitis and Alzheimer disease (AD) are associated with systemic inflammation. This research studied serum IgG to periodontal microbiota as possible... Background Periodontitis and Alzheimer disease (AD) are associated with systemic inflammation. This research studied serum IgG to periodontal microbiota as... BACKGROUNDPeriodontitis and Alzheimer disease (AD) are associated with systemic inflammation. This research studied serum IgG to periodontal microbiota as... Background Periodontitis and Alzheimer disease (AD) are associated with systemic inflammation. This research studied serum IgG to periodontal microbiota as... |
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SubjectTerms | Actinomyces Aged Aged, 80 and over Aging Alzheimer Disease - blood Alzheimer Disease - epidemiology Alzheimer's disease Alzheimers disease Analysis Antibodies, Bacterial - blood Apolipoprotein E Bacteria Biofilms Campylobacter Case-Control Studies Cognitive ability Dementia Dentistry Diabetes mellitus Epidemiology Ethnicity Female Gum disease Humans Hypertension IgG antibody Immunoglobulin G Immunoglobulin G - blood Immunoglobulins Incidence Male Medicine Medicine and Health Sciences Microbiota Microbiota (Symbiotic organisms) Minority & ethnic groups Neurodegenerative diseases Neurology Older people Oral hygiene Periodontitis Periodontitis - blood Periodontitis - epidemiology Periodontitis - microbiology Phlebotomy Public health Risk Smoking Stroke Surgeons |
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Title | Serum IgG antibody levels to periodontal microbiota are associated with incident Alzheimer disease |
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