A calming hug: Design and validation of a tactile aid to ease anxiety
Anxiety disorders affect approximately one third of people during their lifetimes and are the ninth leading cause of global disability. Current treatments focus on therapy and pharmacological interventions. However, therapy is costly and pharmacological interventions often have undesirable side-effe...
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Published in | PloS one Vol. 17; no. 3; p. e0259838 |
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Main Authors | , , , , , |
Format | Journal Article |
Language | English |
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Public Library of Science
09.03.2022
Public Library of Science (PLoS) |
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Abstract | Anxiety disorders affect approximately one third of people during their lifetimes and are the ninth leading cause of global disability. Current treatments focus on therapy and pharmacological interventions. However, therapy is costly and pharmacological interventions often have undesirable side-effects. Healthy people also regularly suffer periods of anxiety. Therefore, a non-pharmacological, intuitive, home intervention would be complementary to other treatments and beneficial for non-clinical groups. Existing at-home anxiety aids, such as guided meditations, typically employ visual and/or audio stimuli to guide the user into a calmer state. However, the tactile sense has the potential to be a more natural modality to target in an anxiety-calming device. The tactile domain is relatively under-explored, but we suggest that there are manifold physiological and affective qualities of touch that lend it to the task. In this study we demonstrate that haptic technology can offer an enjoyable, effective and widely accessible alternative for easing state anxiety. We describe a novel huggable haptic interface that pneumatically simulates slow breathing. We discuss the development of this interface through a focus group evaluating five prototypes with embedded behaviours ('breathing', 'purring', 'heartbeat' and 'illumination'). Ratings indicated that the 'breathing' prototype was most pleasant to interact with and participants described this prototype as 'calming' and 'soothing', reminding them of a person breathing. This prototype was developed into an ergonomic huggable cushion containing a pneumatic chamber powered by an external pump allowing the cushion to 'breathe'. A mixed-design experiment (n = 129) inducing anxiety through a group mathematics test found that the device was effective at reducing pre-test anxiety compared to a control (no intervention) condition and that this reduction in anxiety was indistinguishable from that of a guided meditation. Our findings highlight the efficacy of this interface, demonstrating that haptic technologies can be effective at easing anxiety. We suggest that the field should be explored in more depth to capture the nuances of different modalities in relation to specific situations and trait characteristics. |
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AbstractList | Anxiety disorders affect approximately one third of people during their lifetimes and are the ninth leading cause of global disability. Current treatments focus on therapy and pharmacological interventions. However, therapy is costly and pharmacological interventions often have undesirable side-effects. Healthy people also regularly suffer periods of anxiety. Therefore, a non-pharmacological, intuitive, home intervention would be complementary to other treatments and beneficial for non-clinical groups. Existing at-home anxiety aids, such as guided meditations, typically employ visual and/or audio stimuli to guide the user into a calmer state. However, the tactile sense has the potential to be a more natural modality to target in an anxiety-calming device. The tactile domain is relatively under-explored, but we suggest that there are manifold physiological and affective qualities of touch that lend it to the task. In this study we demonstrate that haptic technology can offer an enjoyable, effective and widely accessible alternative for easing state anxiety. We describe a novel huggable haptic interface that pneumatically simulates slow breathing. We discuss the development of this interface through a focus group evaluating five prototypes with embedded behaviours (‘breathing’, ‘purring’, ‘heartbeat’ and ‘illumination’). Ratings indicated that the ‘breathing’ prototype was most pleasant to interact with and participants described this prototype as ‘calming’ and ‘soothing’, reminding them of a person breathing. This prototype was developed into an ergonomic huggable cushion containing a pneumatic chamber powered by an external pump allowing the cushion to ‘breathe’. A mixed-design experiment (n = 129) inducing anxiety through a group mathematics test found that the device was effective at reducing pre-test anxiety compared to a control (no intervention) condition and that this reduction in anxiety was indistinguishable from that of a guided meditation. Our findings highlight the efficacy of this interface, demonstrating that haptic technologies can be effective at easing anxiety. We suggest that the field should be explored in more depth to capture the nuances of different modalities in relation to specific situations and trait characteristics. |
Audience | Academic |
Author | Haynes, Alice C Rossiter, Jonathan M Crowe, Emily M Lywood, Annie Fielding, Jessica L Kent, Christopher |
AuthorAffiliation | 5 School of Psychological Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, UNITED STATES 2 Soft Robotics Group, Bristol Robotics Laboratory, Bristol, United Kingdom 4 Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands 1 Engineering Mathematics Department, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom 3 Bonnie Binary Ltd, Bristol, United Kingdom |
AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, UNITED STATES – name: 3 Bonnie Binary Ltd, Bristol, United Kingdom – name: 5 School of Psychological Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom – name: 4 Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands – name: 2 Soft Robotics Group, Bristol Robotics Laboratory, Bristol, United Kingdom – name: 1 Engineering Mathematics Department, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom |
Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Alice C orcidid: 0000-0003-2146-6902 surname: Haynes fullname: Haynes, Alice C organization: Soft Robotics Group, Bristol Robotics Laboratory, Bristol, United Kingdom – sequence: 2 givenname: Annie surname: Lywood fullname: Lywood, Annie organization: Bonnie Binary Ltd, Bristol, United Kingdom – sequence: 3 givenname: Emily M orcidid: 0000-0001-8265-7791 surname: Crowe fullname: Crowe, Emily M organization: Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands – sequence: 4 givenname: Jessica L orcidid: 0000-0002-0950-4788 surname: Fielding fullname: Fielding, Jessica L organization: School of Psychological Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom – sequence: 5 givenname: Jonathan M surname: Rossiter fullname: Rossiter, Jonathan M organization: Soft Robotics Group, Bristol Robotics Laboratory, Bristol, United Kingdom – sequence: 6 givenname: Christopher surname: Kent fullname: Kent, Christopher organization: School of Psychological Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom |
BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35263344$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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Copyright | COPYRIGHT 2022 Public Library of Science 2022 Haynes et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License. 2022 Haynes et al 2022 Haynes et al |
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Notes | ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 23 Competing Interests: The commercial affiliation with Bonnie Binary does not alter our adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials. There are no patents, products in development or marketed products associated with this research to declare. ACH, JMR and CK are primary authors of this work. ACH, AL and JMR authors developed the prototypes and hardware for this study. JLF and CK authors were primary supervisors for the experiment in this study. |
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Snippet | Anxiety disorders affect approximately one third of people during their lifetimes and are the ninth leading cause of global disability. Current treatments... |
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SubjectTerms | Anxiety Anxiety - therapy Anxiety disorders Biology and Life Sciences Blood pressure Care and treatment Cognition & reasoning Cushions Design and construction Engineering and Technology Experiments Haptic interfaces Haptics Haptics technology Heart rate Humans Interfaces Laboratories Mathematics Medicine and Health Sciences Mental disorders Mental health Pharmacology Physiology Pneumatic chambers Prototypes Robotics Social Sciences Stress Students Supervisors Tactile stimuli Touch Visual stimuli |
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Title | A calming hug: Design and validation of a tactile aid to ease anxiety |
URI | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35263344 https://www.proquest.com/docview/2637572271/abstract/ https://search.proquest.com/docview/2638013279 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PMC8906645 https://doaj.org/article/4d795b7a80f94c9888ffbd35954db317 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0259838 |
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