COVID-19 and vaccine hesitancy: A longitudinal study
How do attitudes toward vaccination change over the course of a public health crisis? We report results from a longitudinal survey of United States residents during six months (March 16 –August 16, 2020) of the COVID-19 pandemic. Contrary to past research suggesting that the increased salience of a...
Saved in:
| Published in | PloS one Vol. 16; no. 4; p. e0250123 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
United States
Public Library of Science
16.04.2021
Public Library of Science (PLoS) |
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
Cover
Loading…
| Abstract | How do attitudes toward vaccination change over the course of a public health crisis? We report results from a longitudinal survey of United States residents during six months (March 16 –August 16, 2020) of the COVID-19 pandemic. Contrary to past research suggesting that the increased salience of a disease threat should improve attitudes toward vaccines, we observed a decrease in intentions of getting a COVID-19 vaccine when one becomes available. We further found a decline in general vaccine attitudes and intentions of getting the influenza vaccine. Analyses of heterogeneity indicated that this decline is driven by participants who identify as Republicans, who showed a negative trend in vaccine attitudes and intentions, whereas Democrats remained largely stable. Consistent with research on risk perception and behavior, those with less favorable attitudes toward a COVID-19 vaccination also perceived the virus to be less threatening. We provide suggestive evidence that differential exposure to media channels and social networks could explain the observed asymmetric polarization between self-identified Democrats and Republicans. |
|---|---|
| AbstractList | About the Authors: Ariel Fridman Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing * E-mail: afridman@ucsd.edu Affiliation: Rady School of Management, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America ORCID logo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2778-2474 Rachel Gershon Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing Affiliation: Rady School of Management, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America Ayelet Gneezy Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing Affiliation: Rady School of Management, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America Introduction Vaccinations are among the most important public health tools for reducing the spread and harm caused by dangerous diseases [1]. According to a recent Gallup Poll, Republicans are twice as likely to believe the widely debunked myth that vaccines cause autism [26]. [...]our data spans the early phase of the pandemic, when there were fewer than 2,000 total confirmed cases in the U.S., through the following six months, at which point cumulative cases reached over 5.3 million [30]. Despite our prediction—that a public health crisis would increase disease threat, consequently increasing pro-vaccine attitudes and interest in vaccination—our data show an overall decrease in favorable attitudes toward vaccines. How do attitudes toward vaccination change over the course of a public health crisis? We report results from a longitudinal survey of United States residents during six months (March 16 -August 16, 2020) of the COVID-19 pandemic. Contrary to past research suggesting that the increased salience of a disease threat should improve attitudes toward vaccines, we observed a decrease in intentions of getting a COVID-19 vaccine when one becomes available. We further found a decline in general vaccine attitudes and intentions of getting the influenza vaccine. Analyses of heterogeneity indicated that this decline is driven by participants who identify as Republicans, who showed a negative trend in vaccine attitudes and intentions, whereas Democrats remained largely stable. Consistent with research on risk perception and behavior, those with less favorable attitudes toward a COVID-19 vaccination also perceived the virus to be less threatening. We provide suggestive evidence that differential exposure to media channels and social networks could explain the observed asymmetric polarization between self-identified Democrats and Republicans. About the Authors: Ariel Fridman Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing * E-mail: afridman@ucsd.edu Affiliation: Rady School of Management, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America ORCID logo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2778-2474 Rachel Gershon Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing Affiliation: Rady School of Management, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America Ayelet Gneezy Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing Affiliation: Rady School of Management, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America Introduction Vaccinations are among the most important public health tools for reducing the spread and harm caused by dangerous diseases [1]. According to a recent Gallup Poll, Republicans are twice as likely to believe the widely debunked myth that vaccines cause autism [26]. [...]our data spans the early phase of the pandemic, when there were fewer than 2,000 total confirmed cases in the U.S., through the following six months, at which point cumulative cases reached over 5.3 million [30]. Despite our prediction—that a public health crisis would increase disease threat, consequently increasing pro-vaccine attitudes and interest in vaccination—our data show an overall decrease in favorable attitudes toward vaccines. How do attitudes toward vaccination change over the course of a public health crisis? We report results from a longitudinal survey of United States residents during six months (March 16 -August 16, 2020) of the COVID-19 pandemic. Contrary to past research suggesting that the increased salience of a disease threat should improve attitudes toward vaccines, we observed a decrease in intentions of getting a COVID-19 vaccine when one becomes available. We further found a decline in general vaccine attitudes and intentions of getting the influenza vaccine. Analyses of heterogeneity indicated that this decline is driven by participants who identify as Republicans, who showed a negative trend in vaccine attitudes and intentions, whereas Democrats remained largely stable. Consistent with research on risk perception and behavior, those with less favorable attitudes toward a COVID-19 vaccination also perceived the virus to be less threatening. We provide suggestive evidence that differential exposure to media channels and social networks could explain the observed asymmetric polarization between self-identified Democrats and Republicans.How do attitudes toward vaccination change over the course of a public health crisis? We report results from a longitudinal survey of United States residents during six months (March 16 -August 16, 2020) of the COVID-19 pandemic. Contrary to past research suggesting that the increased salience of a disease threat should improve attitudes toward vaccines, we observed a decrease in intentions of getting a COVID-19 vaccine when one becomes available. We further found a decline in general vaccine attitudes and intentions of getting the influenza vaccine. Analyses of heterogeneity indicated that this decline is driven by participants who identify as Republicans, who showed a negative trend in vaccine attitudes and intentions, whereas Democrats remained largely stable. Consistent with research on risk perception and behavior, those with less favorable attitudes toward a COVID-19 vaccination also perceived the virus to be less threatening. We provide suggestive evidence that differential exposure to media channels and social networks could explain the observed asymmetric polarization between self-identified Democrats and Republicans. |
| Audience | Academic |
| Author | Gershon, Rachel Fridman, Ariel Gneezy, Ayelet |
| AuthorAffiliation | Rady School of Management, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America Middlesex University, UNITED KINGDOM |
| AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: Middlesex University, UNITED KINGDOM – name: Rady School of Management, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Ariel orcidid: 0000-0002-2778-2474 surname: Fridman fullname: Fridman, Ariel – sequence: 2 givenname: Rachel surname: Gershon fullname: Gershon, Rachel – sequence: 3 givenname: Ayelet surname: Gneezy fullname: Gneezy, Ayelet |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33861765$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
| BookMark | eNqNk9tqGzEQhpeS0hzaNyjtQqG0F3al1WmVi4JxT4aAoYfcClkHW0aWnNVuaN6-crwu3hBK2QuJ0ff_szPMnBcnIQZTFC8hGEPE4Id17Jog_Xibw2NQEQAr9KQ4gxxVI1oBdHJ0Py3OU1oDQFBN6bPiFOUTMkrOCjydX88-jSAvZdDlrVTKBVOuTHKtDOruspyUPoalazvtcrYy5cvd8-KplT6ZF_15Ufz68vnn9Nvoav51Np1cjRTlVTuqMKn1YoGspZSAGnMNAUQVYrxGSgIFJUOUWkWs0QtDtQFIGUQYAxpDmx8vitd7362PSfQFJ1ERmHW5gioTsz2ho1yLbeM2srkTUTpxH4jNUsimdcobARcUG0A0MBBhwnBtteQ15NxiRLDW2etjn61bbIxWJrSN9APT4UtwK7GMt6IGBDIGs8G73qCJN51Jrdi4pIz3MpjY3f83JpxChDL65gH6eHU9tZS5ABdszHnVzlRMKKlZxSHjmRo_QuVPm41TeTqsy_GB4P1AkJnW_G6XsktJzH58_392fj1k3x6xKyN9u0rRd62LIQ3BV8ed_tviw1hm4HIPqCam1BgrVJ7HnU8uzXkBgdjtwKFpYrcDot-BLMYPxAf_f8r-AEFTBzs |
| CitedBy_id | crossref_primary_10_3390_vaccines9121414 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_vaccine_2023_12_042 crossref_primary_10_3390_vaccines9121417 crossref_primary_10_1111_spc3_12837 crossref_primary_10_1177_2752535X231205665 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_socscimed_2024_116557 crossref_primary_10_1126_sciadv_adg9434 crossref_primary_10_1186_s12889_021_12432_x crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0313157 crossref_primary_10_3389_fpubh_2021_757283 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pgph_0000608 crossref_primary_10_3390_vaccines10040544 crossref_primary_10_3389_fpsyg_2021_674018 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_vaccine_2022_10_038 crossref_primary_10_1177_26349795231153955 crossref_primary_10_1136_bmj_2023_076542 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_vaccine_2024_06_062 crossref_primary_10_1002_jcop_23133 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_imu_2022_100978 crossref_primary_10_3390_vaccines10111930 crossref_primary_10_1093_pnasnexus_pgad411 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10995_023_03642_3 crossref_primary_10_1186_s12889_025_21988_x crossref_primary_10_1038_s41598_024_60788_y crossref_primary_10_1016_j_paid_2022_111661 crossref_primary_10_2139_ssrn_3966799 crossref_primary_10_1080_10410236_2022_2065747 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ijdrr_2022_103181 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ijhm_2023_103522 crossref_primary_10_3390_su15097633 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_cegh_2021_100935 crossref_primary_10_2147_IDR_S329183 crossref_primary_10_1093_pnasnexus_pgac207 crossref_primary_10_1007_s12207_022_09464_y crossref_primary_10_1016_j_adaj_2022_12_006 crossref_primary_10_3390_bs14090761 crossref_primary_10_1177_20551029241248757 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_vaccine_2022_02_066 crossref_primary_10_1080_21645515_2021_1989923 crossref_primary_10_1080_08870446_2023_2179053 crossref_primary_10_1080_21645515_2021_1983389 crossref_primary_10_1061_JTEPBS_0000748 crossref_primary_10_1186_s12913_024_11147_0 crossref_primary_10_3389_fpos_2024_1256199 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jad_2024_02_010 crossref_primary_10_1016_S0140_6736_22_00150_7 crossref_primary_10_36740_EmeMS202302102 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_puhe_2023_01_014 crossref_primary_10_2139_ssrn_3998026 crossref_primary_10_3390_jpm12020139 crossref_primary_10_1093_heapro_daae092 crossref_primary_10_1111_polp_12556 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ajogmf_2023_101007 crossref_primary_10_1525_abt_2025_87_2_132 crossref_primary_10_1080_19368623_2022_2020701 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0301488 crossref_primary_10_2139_ssrn_3918562 crossref_primary_10_3389_fpos_2022_849763 crossref_primary_10_1080_17538068_2023_2283308 crossref_primary_10_1111_spc3_12759 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_pmedr_2021_101494 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41598_022_20198_4 crossref_primary_10_2196_44070 crossref_primary_10_2196_49753 crossref_primary_10_4236_jss_2023_114017 crossref_primary_10_1017_XPS_2022_33 crossref_primary_10_2139_ssrn_4139702 crossref_primary_10_1177_00812463221094728 crossref_primary_10_2139_ssrn_4053328 crossref_primary_10_1111_irv_13041 crossref_primary_10_1080_07370016_2024_2312144 crossref_primary_10_1257_aeri_20210485 crossref_primary_10_3390_jcm12134222 crossref_primary_10_2196_36210 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_vaccine_2022_10_061 crossref_primary_10_1002_hast_1519 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0267136 crossref_primary_10_2196_35121 crossref_primary_10_1056_NEJMra2106441 crossref_primary_10_1080_21645515_2024_2425142 crossref_primary_10_1111_dar_13448 crossref_primary_10_1111_ssqu_13243 crossref_primary_10_1111_josh_13382 crossref_primary_10_1080_10410236_2024_2432066 crossref_primary_10_1073_pnas_2105425120 crossref_primary_10_1080_13669877_2024_2403377 crossref_primary_10_1080_21645515_2024_2417520 crossref_primary_10_1007_s41649_023_00248_3 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ijinfomgt_2021_102397 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_vaccine_2022_02_011 crossref_primary_10_56294_saludcyt2022238 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_socscimed_2024_116783 crossref_primary_10_1093_ppmgov_gvac017 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0258432 crossref_primary_10_1080_14760584_2023_2217257 crossref_primary_10_1080_21645515_2021_1942713 crossref_primary_10_1111_joca_12446 crossref_primary_10_9778_cmajo_20210248 crossref_primary_10_1097_PHH_0000000000002124 crossref_primary_10_1186_s12889_024_17865_8 crossref_primary_10_1097_EDE_0000000000001484 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_vaccine_2022_10_081 crossref_primary_10_1080_21645515_2022_2145822 crossref_primary_10_2147_PPA_S334757 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_socscimed_2023_116227 crossref_primary_10_1515_ohe_2023_0013 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0316258 crossref_primary_10_1177_18344909211039893 crossref_primary_10_1177_20563051241229657 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41598_022_23035_w crossref_primary_10_1093_ijpor_edad039 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0261844 crossref_primary_10_1111_asap_12291 crossref_primary_10_1002_acp_4039 crossref_primary_10_1080_13548506_2022_2121975 crossref_primary_10_2139_ssrn_4160579 crossref_primary_10_1177_10901981231216742 crossref_primary_10_1024_2673_8627_a000006 crossref_primary_10_4236_pp_2024_155010 crossref_primary_10_2139_ssrn_3971192 crossref_primary_10_1111_jasp_12963 crossref_primary_10_3390_vaccines10101748 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jvacx_2024_100589 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ypmed_2022_107269 crossref_primary_10_1186_s12889_022_14448_3 crossref_primary_10_3390_ijerph19116497 crossref_primary_10_1080_10510974_2022_2097285 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41598_024_77408_4 crossref_primary_10_2196_53375 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10865_022_00314_5 crossref_primary_10_1057_s41599_023_02067_1 crossref_primary_10_3389_fpubh_2023_1235585 crossref_primary_10_3389_fpubh_2021_715931 crossref_primary_10_1186_s12889_021_12195_5 crossref_primary_10_1177_17456916231187997 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ssmqr_2023_100377 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jvacx_2024_100577 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10389_022_01737_9 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_pmedr_2022_101713 crossref_primary_10_3389_fpubh_2022_997884 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_vaccine_2025_127003 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pgph_0000233 crossref_primary_10_1186_s12879_024_09148_9 crossref_primary_10_1080_21645515_2024_2443999 crossref_primary_10_7759_cureus_36583 crossref_primary_10_1080_00107530_2023_2286179 crossref_primary_10_1080_10410236_2021_1937832 crossref_primary_10_3390_vaccines10010077 crossref_primary_10_1007_s12144_024_07242_4 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41598_021_00794_6 crossref_primary_10_1080_21645515_2021_1936869 crossref_primary_10_1002_jmv_28004 crossref_primary_10_2139_ssrn_4060506 crossref_primary_10_1111_phn_13034 crossref_primary_10_1177_00027162231215655 crossref_primary_10_3390_vaccines10081350 crossref_primary_10_3390_vaccines11050981 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41893_024_01273_2 crossref_primary_10_1002_wps_20990 crossref_primary_10_3390_covid4030024 crossref_primary_10_1002_puh2_70018 crossref_primary_10_23946_2500_0764_2022_7_2_65_74 crossref_primary_10_1186_s12889_025_22132_5 crossref_primary_10_1002_acp_4002 crossref_primary_10_1177_17456916231178708 crossref_primary_10_1093_pubmed_fdab364 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_chipro_2025_100117 crossref_primary_10_1080_10410236_2023_2289280 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10865_023_00393_y crossref_primary_10_1080_07448481_2023_2253929 crossref_primary_10_2147_RMHP_S449701 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ekir_2021_12_006 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_pmedr_2022_101812 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_pmedr_2022_101810 crossref_primary_10_1080_10410236_2022_2149065 crossref_primary_10_1007_s12144_023_04971_w crossref_primary_10_1177_08901171221132750 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ahr_2023_100127 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_vaccine_2022_01_038 crossref_primary_10_3390_vaccines9101161 crossref_primary_10_62273_NWCI5504 crossref_primary_10_2139_ssrn_4933537 crossref_primary_10_1093_abm_kaad020 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41541_024_00928_7 crossref_primary_10_3390_ijerph21070892 crossref_primary_10_1007_s40615_022_01494_1 crossref_primary_10_1080_21645515_2022_2114701 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11109_023_09882_x crossref_primary_10_1016_j_vaccine_2021_09_074 crossref_primary_10_3390_ijerph19116694 crossref_primary_10_1097_QAI_0000000000003243 crossref_primary_10_2196_32372 crossref_primary_10_1093_jpids_piad061 crossref_primary_10_3390_vaccines11040727 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_transproceed_2024_08_024 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_tourman_2021_104469 crossref_primary_10_1111_soc4_13126 crossref_primary_10_37989_gumussagbil_943007 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pdig_0000021 crossref_primary_10_1002_ijop_13217 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_vaccine_2022_02_085 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_vaccine_2022_02_083 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_vaccine_2023_02_059 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10865_022_00305_6 crossref_primary_10_1186_s12879_022_07467_3 crossref_primary_10_1007_s43477_025_00156_8 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0268876 crossref_primary_10_3390_vaccines11071231 crossref_primary_10_1080_21645515_2022_2148825 crossref_primary_10_1080_21645515_2023_2176083 crossref_primary_10_1080_07448481_2025_2472184 crossref_primary_10_3390_vaccines10040528 crossref_primary_10_29392_001c_77500 crossref_primary_10_17352_apm_000034 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_vacun_2022_04_003 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ypmed_2022_107005 crossref_primary_10_2196_36830 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41598_024_54441_x crossref_primary_10_1177_00027162211069723 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_socscimed_2022_115112 crossref_primary_10_3390_vaccines9030191 crossref_primary_10_1186_s12889_022_14545_3 crossref_primary_10_55905_rcssv12n3_011 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_regen_2023_100072 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_heliyon_2023_e13778 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_pmedr_2021_101673 crossref_primary_10_1093_jamiaopen_ooad023 crossref_primary_10_7189_jogh_12_03046 crossref_primary_10_1080_21645515_2023_2265170 crossref_primary_10_3390_vaccines9111292 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10865_022_00321_6 crossref_primary_10_3390_vaccines11071132 crossref_primary_10_1136_jech_2021_218535 crossref_primary_10_3389_fpubh_2022_843449 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_socscimed_2022_115594 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41598_022_08748_2 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ijforecast_2023_11_008 crossref_primary_10_3390_healthcare9101273 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_vaccine_2023_08_064 crossref_primary_10_1080_03007995_2021_1981842 crossref_primary_10_1080_21645515_2024_2306677 crossref_primary_10_1080_10410236_2024_2406109 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ypmed_2023_107602 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_cnsns_2022_106911 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41598_024_52408_6 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pgph_0001151 crossref_primary_10_3390_vaccines9111284 crossref_primary_10_1002_adts_202100343 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_vaccine_2023_01_066 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41541_022_00533_6 crossref_primary_10_3390_vaccines9070790 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_sste_2023_100621 crossref_primary_10_1186_s13690_024_01259_8 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0278854 crossref_primary_10_1177_00027642221132797 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0263128 crossref_primary_10_1111_risa_14220 crossref_primary_10_3390_vaccines9101132 crossref_primary_10_3390_vaccines10020142 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10900_022_01117_0 crossref_primary_10_3390_healthcare10071302 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10865_022_00322_5 crossref_primary_10_2196_30642 crossref_primary_10_34172_hpp_2022_51 crossref_primary_10_1177_08969205231180267 crossref_primary_10_3390_ijerph182010655 crossref_primary_10_3390_ijerph19159498 crossref_primary_10_3390_vaccines10091433 crossref_primary_10_2196_50367 crossref_primary_10_1111_josi_12569 crossref_primary_10_1086_718458 crossref_primary_10_1080_21645515_2022_2161253 crossref_primary_10_1080_21645515_2023_2246502 crossref_primary_10_1080_10410236_2022_2069212 crossref_primary_10_29392_001c_26142 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_vaccine_2023_01_042 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41598_023_33745_4 crossref_primary_10_1080_10810730_2023_2244458 crossref_primary_10_3390_vaccines9101153 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0256740 crossref_primary_10_1126_sciadv_abm9825 crossref_primary_10_1177_23780231231224634 crossref_primary_10_3390_vaccines10020281 crossref_primary_10_1111_risa_14200 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_vacune_2022_10_010 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_vacune_2022_10_011 crossref_primary_10_1080_15398285_2024_2421675 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_soh_2023_100048 crossref_primary_10_1080_14760584_2022_1999811 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41541_024_00962_5 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_vaccine_2022_07_051 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41586_021_03843_2 crossref_primary_10_11646_zootaxa_5486_2_1 crossref_primary_10_1177_00027642231166884 crossref_primary_10_1111_bjhp_12753 crossref_primary_10_2139_ssrn_3822013 crossref_primary_10_15789_2220_7619_TFE_2102 crossref_primary_10_3390_vaccines11030516 crossref_primary_10_3390_vaccines10081333 crossref_primary_10_22720_hnmr_2024_00031 crossref_primary_10_1080_10410236_2022_2163535 crossref_primary_10_3389_fpubh_2022_1030695 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_vacun_2022_06_004 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jvacx_2023_100276 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_vacune_2022_10_016 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_vacun_2022_06_006 crossref_primary_10_3389_fpsyg_2024_1332697 crossref_primary_10_3390_vaccines10081205 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jvacx_2023_100279 crossref_primary_10_1111_1471_0528_17189 crossref_primary_10_1515_soeu_2023_0006 crossref_primary_10_1017_S1049023X22000309 crossref_primary_10_1136_bmjqs_2024_018245 crossref_primary_10_1080_10410236_2023_2243047 crossref_primary_10_3390_vaccines9091016 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_vaccine_2021_09_005 crossref_primary_10_1152_ajplung_00342_2022 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_vaccine_2021_11_014 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_mbs_2024_109345 crossref_primary_10_3390_ijerph20010354 crossref_primary_10_1186_s12889_023_16235_0 crossref_primary_10_1038_s44159_022_00093_5 crossref_primary_10_1007_s12144_022_04165_w crossref_primary_10_1080_10584609_2023_2187496 crossref_primary_10_3390_vaccines9060661 crossref_primary_10_1111_cts_70042 crossref_primary_10_1080_1369118X_2023_2166356 crossref_primary_10_1111_hex_70051 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_paid_2023_112119 crossref_primary_10_3390_covid4050045 crossref_primary_10_3389_fpsyg_2022_886368 crossref_primary_10_3390_computation11100208 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_vaccine_2022_06_001 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10900_024_01381_2 crossref_primary_10_1080_10810730_2022_2148021 crossref_primary_10_1093_cid_ciab640 crossref_primary_10_1111_pops_12894 crossref_primary_10_1155_2024_2698910 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_pedn_2023_04_016 crossref_primary_10_3389_fpubh_2022_927400 crossref_primary_10_1080_21645515_2021_1975453 crossref_primary_10_1111_nhs_13031 crossref_primary_10_1177_17456916231190395 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0260380 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0303854 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_vaccine_2023_05_017 crossref_primary_10_3390_vaccines12010006 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10489_022_04311_8 crossref_primary_10_3390_healthcare12151551 crossref_primary_10_1093_heapro_daad144 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ijdrr_2023_103539 crossref_primary_10_1080_20008066_2023_2299659 crossref_primary_10_1080_1553118X_2022_2039666 crossref_primary_10_3390_ijerph19169813 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_apm_2022_09_017 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_vaccine_2022_11_014 crossref_primary_10_3389_fpubh_2022_900070 crossref_primary_10_3390_vaccines9111237 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_socscimed_2022_114874 crossref_primary_10_1093_poq_nfad059 crossref_primary_10_3390_ijerph20021561 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10900_021_01051_7 crossref_primary_10_1111_risa_14150 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ijdrr_2023_103627 crossref_primary_10_1080_09581596_2023_2245964 crossref_primary_10_1111_risa_14154 crossref_primary_10_1007_s40615_023_01583_9 crossref_primary_10_1080_22423982_2023_2242582 crossref_primary_10_1177_1532673X231220650 crossref_primary_10_3390_healthcare12151458 crossref_primary_10_3390_vaccines10020209 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_socscimed_2022_114981 crossref_primary_10_1007_s40615_021_01173_7 crossref_primary_10_3390_vaccines11030586 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ajic_2021_12_013 crossref_primary_10_3390_vaccines10030476 crossref_primary_10_54751_revistafoco_v16n5_107 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_vaccine_2021_11_064 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_vaccine_2022_03_018 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_vaccine_2023_06_067 crossref_primary_10_3390_vaccines9121384 crossref_primary_10_1186_s12889_024_18308_0 crossref_primary_10_3934_mmc_2024026 crossref_primary_10_1111_ijn_13144 crossref_primary_10_3390_ijerph191911971 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_annepidem_2023_07_003 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0281395 crossref_primary_10_2139_ssrn_4047033 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_eclinm_2021_101113 crossref_primary_10_1177_09636625221117658 crossref_primary_10_1177_00302228221133895 crossref_primary_10_1186_s12889_024_20873_3 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10900_023_01277_7 crossref_primary_10_1215_03616878_10171076 crossref_primary_10_3390_ijerph19159507 crossref_primary_10_18231_j_jchm_2021_036 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_vaccine_2025_126806 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_vaccine_2023_12_008 crossref_primary_10_1177_1532673X221118888 crossref_primary_10_1007_s40615_024_02172_0 crossref_primary_10_3390_vaccines12080931 crossref_primary_10_37016_mr_2020_148 crossref_primary_10_1177_08901171241307435 crossref_primary_10_2196_32814 crossref_primary_10_1186_s12889_022_14399_9 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_socscimed_2023_116093 crossref_primary_10_1108_JSOCM_01_2024_0006 crossref_primary_10_3389_fpubh_2021_739003 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_actpsy_2023_103945 crossref_primary_10_3389_fpubh_2023_1192676 crossref_primary_10_1177_19401612211072774 crossref_primary_10_3389_fpubh_2024_1382849 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10608_023_10391_8 crossref_primary_10_3390_vaccines10020237 crossref_primary_10_1186_s12919_023_00280_z crossref_primary_10_24171_j_phrp_2023_0325 crossref_primary_10_3390_vaccines11020369 crossref_primary_10_1177_19485506211055295 crossref_primary_10_3390_vaccines12080839 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_vaccine_2021_11_097 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10460_023_10491_x crossref_primary_10_1038_s41467_022_31839_7 crossref_primary_10_1080_13557858_2023_2191914 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_pmedr_2023_102454 crossref_primary_10_3390_ijerph20136313 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0308122 crossref_primary_10_31067_acusaglik_1063491 crossref_primary_10_1093_pubmed_fdaf004 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11524_021_00589_0 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jvacx_2022_100232 crossref_primary_10_1080_10410236_2023_2218145 crossref_primary_10_2196_42832 |
| Cites_doi | 10.3928/00904481-20150410-07 10.1037/0033-2909.127.2.267 10.1016/j.tics.2015.08.007 10.1136/jech.2009.090852 10.1038/srep37825 10.1126/science.3563507 10.1016/j.jesp.2019.103947 10.1016/j.puhe.2007.02.011 10.1073/pnas.1504019112 10.1056/NEJMp1905099 10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.01.075 10.1056/NEJMp1012333 10.1016/j.ypmed.2018.01.006 10.1371/journal.pone.0191728 10.1037/a0033065 10.1007/s11749-007-0046-x 10.1111/j.1083-6101.2009.01440.x 10.1177/028072700902700104 10.1111/ajps.12067 10.1016/0010-0285(73)90033-9 10.1037/0278-6133.26.2.136 10.1542/peds.2013-2365 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.04.029 10.3928/0090-4481-19980701-11 10.1007/s00431-007-0652-3 10.7551/mitpress/3232.003.0024 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.05.014 10.1098/rspb.2011.0805 10.1086/709858 10.1037/hea0000586 10.1186/1471-2288-2-8 10.1586/14760584.2015.964212 10.3758/BRM.41.3.957 |
| ContentType | Journal Article |
| Copyright | COPYRIGHT 2021 Public Library of Science 2021 Fridman et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License. 2021 Fridman et al 2021 Fridman et al |
| Copyright_xml | – notice: COPYRIGHT 2021 Public Library of Science – notice: 2021 Fridman et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License. – notice: 2021 Fridman et al 2021 Fridman et al |
| DBID | AAYXX CITATION CGR CUY CVF ECM EIF NPM IOV ISR 3V. 7QG 7QL 7QO 7RV 7SN 7SS 7T5 7TG 7TM 7U9 7UB 7X2 7X7 7XB 88E 8AO 8C1 8FD 8FE 8FG 8FH 8FI 8FJ 8FK ABJCF ABUWG AEUYN AFKRA ARAPS ATCPS AZQEC BBNVY BENPR BGLVJ BHPHI C1K CCPQU COVID D1I DWQXO FR3 FYUFA GHDGH GNUQQ H94 HCIFZ K9. KB. KB0 KL. L6V LK8 M0K M0S M1P M7N M7P M7S NAPCQ P5Z P62 P64 PATMY PDBOC PHGZM PHGZT PIMPY PJZUB PKEHL PPXIY PQEST PQGLB PQQKQ PQUKI PRINS PTHSS PYCSY RC3 7X8 5PM DOA |
| DOI | 10.1371/journal.pone.0250123 |
| DatabaseName | CrossRef Medline MEDLINE MEDLINE (Ovid) MEDLINE MEDLINE PubMed Opposing Viewpoints In Context Gale In Context: Science ProQuest Central (Corporate) Animal Behavior Abstracts Bacteriology Abstracts (Microbiology B) Biotechnology Research Abstracts Nursing & Allied Health Database Ecology Abstracts Entomology Abstracts (Full archive) Immunology Abstracts Meteorological & Geoastrophysical Abstracts Nucleic Acids Abstracts Virology and AIDS Abstracts Worldwide Political Science Abstracts Agricultural Science Collection Health & Medical Collection ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016) Medical Database (Alumni Edition) ProQuest Pharma Collection Public Health Database Technology Research Database ProQuest SciTech Collection ProQuest Technology Collection ProQuest Natural Science Collection Hospital Premium Collection Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition) ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016) Materials Science & Engineering Collection ProQuest Central (Alumni) ProQuest One Sustainability ProQuest Central UK/Ireland Advanced Technologies & Aerospace Collection Agricultural & Environmental Science Collection ProQuest Central Essentials Biological Science Collection ProQuest Central Technology Collection Natural Science Collection Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management ProQuest One Community College Coronavirus Research Database ProQuest Materials Science Collection ProQuest Central Korea Engineering Research Database Health Research Premium Collection Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni) ProQuest Central Student AIDS and Cancer Research Abstracts SciTech Premium Collection ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni) Materials Science Database Nursing & Allied Health Database (Alumni Edition) Meteorological & Geoastrophysical Abstracts - Academic ProQuest Engineering Collection Biological Sciences Agricultural Science Database ProQuest Health & Medical Collection Medical Database Algology Mycology and Protozoology Abstracts (Microbiology C) Biological Science Database Engineering Database Nursing & Allied Health Premium Advanced Technologies & Aerospace Database ProQuest Advanced Technologies & Aerospace Collection Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts Environmental Science Database Materials Science Collection ProQuest Central Premium ProQuest One Academic Publicly Available Content Database ProQuest Health & Medical Research Collection ProQuest One Academic Middle East (New) ProQuest One Health & Nursing ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE) ProQuest One Applied & Life Sciences ProQuest One Academic ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition ProQuest Central China Engineering Collection Environmental Science Collection Genetics Abstracts MEDLINE - Academic PubMed Central (Full Participant titles) Directory of Open Access Journals - May need to register for free articles |
| DatabaseTitle | CrossRef MEDLINE Medline Complete MEDLINE with Full Text PubMed MEDLINE (Ovid) Agricultural Science Database Publicly Available Content Database ProQuest Central Student ProQuest Advanced Technologies & Aerospace Collection ProQuest Central Essentials Nucleic Acids Abstracts SciTech Premium Collection ProQuest Central China Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management ProQuest One Applied & Life Sciences ProQuest One Sustainability Health Research Premium Collection Meteorological & Geoastrophysical Abstracts Natural Science Collection Health & Medical Research Collection Biological Science Collection ProQuest Central (New) ProQuest Medical Library (Alumni) Engineering Collection Advanced Technologies & Aerospace Collection Engineering Database Virology and AIDS Abstracts ProQuest Biological Science Collection ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition Agricultural Science Collection Coronavirus Research Database ProQuest Hospital Collection ProQuest Technology Collection Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni) Biological Science Database Ecology Abstracts ProQuest Hospital Collection (Alumni) Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts Environmental Science Collection Entomology Abstracts Nursing & Allied Health Premium ProQuest Health & Medical Complete ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition Environmental Science Database ProQuest Nursing & Allied Health Source (Alumni) Engineering Research Database ProQuest One Academic Meteorological & Geoastrophysical Abstracts - Academic ProQuest One Academic (New) Technology Collection Technology Research Database ProQuest One Academic Middle East (New) Materials Science Collection ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni) ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition) ProQuest One Community College ProQuest One Health & Nursing ProQuest Natural Science Collection ProQuest Pharma Collection ProQuest Central ProQuest Health & Medical Research Collection Genetics Abstracts ProQuest Engineering Collection Biotechnology Research Abstracts Health and Medicine Complete (Alumni Edition) ProQuest Central Korea Bacteriology Abstracts (Microbiology B) Algology Mycology and Protozoology Abstracts (Microbiology C) Agricultural & Environmental Science Collection AIDS and Cancer Research Abstracts Materials Science Database Worldwide Political Science Abstracts ProQuest Materials Science Collection ProQuest Public Health ProQuest Nursing & Allied Health Source ProQuest SciTech Collection Advanced Technologies & Aerospace Database ProQuest Medical Library Animal Behavior Abstracts Materials Science & Engineering Collection Immunology Abstracts ProQuest Central (Alumni) MEDLINE - Academic |
| DatabaseTitleList | Agricultural Science Database MEDLINE CrossRef MEDLINE - Academic |
| Database_xml | – sequence: 1 dbid: DOA name: DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals url: https://www.doaj.org/ sourceTypes: Open Website – sequence: 2 dbid: NPM name: PubMed url: https://proxy.k.utb.cz/login?url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed sourceTypes: Index Database – sequence: 3 dbid: EIF name: MEDLINE url: https://proxy.k.utb.cz/login?url=https://www.webofscience.com/wos/medline/basic-search sourceTypes: Index Database – sequence: 4 dbid: 8FG name: ProQuest Technology Collection url: https://search.proquest.com/technologycollection1 sourceTypes: Aggregation Database |
| DeliveryMethod | fulltext_linktorsrc |
| Discipline | Sciences (General) Public Health |
| DocumentTitleAlternate | COVID-19 and vaccine hesitancy |
| EISSN | 1932-6203 |
| ExternalDocumentID | 2513668612 oai_doaj_org_article_1b64e05d0e1345748fda98199f4354dd PMC8051771 A658729179 33861765 10_1371_journal_pone_0250123 |
| Genre | Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Journal Article |
| GeographicLocations | United States La Jolla California United States--US California |
| GeographicLocations_xml | – name: United States – name: La Jolla California – name: United States--US – name: California |
| GrantInformation_xml | – fundername: ; grantid: 1001288 |
| GroupedDBID | --- 123 29O 2WC 53G 5VS 7RV 7X2 7X7 7XC 88E 8AO 8C1 8CJ 8FE 8FG 8FH 8FI 8FJ A8Z AAFWJ AAUCC AAWOE AAYXX ABDBF ABIVO ABJCF ABUWG ACGFO ACIHN ACIWK ACPRK ACUHS ADBBV AEAQA AENEX AEUYN AFKRA AFPKN AFRAH AHMBA ALIPV ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS AOIJS APEBS ARAPS ATCPS BAWUL BBNVY BCNDV BENPR BGLVJ BHPHI BKEYQ BPHCQ BVXVI BWKFM CCPQU CITATION CS3 D1I D1J D1K DIK DU5 E3Z EAP EAS EBD EMOBN ESX EX3 F5P FPL FYUFA GROUPED_DOAJ GX1 HCIFZ HH5 HMCUK HYE IAO IEA IGS IHR IHW INH INR IOV IPY ISE ISR ITC K6- KB. KQ8 L6V LK5 LK8 M0K M1P M48 M7P M7R M7S M~E NAPCQ O5R O5S OK1 OVT P2P P62 PATMY PDBOC PHGZM PHGZT PIMPY PQQKQ PROAC PSQYO PTHSS PV9 PYCSY RNS RPM RZL SV3 TR2 UKHRP WOQ WOW ~02 ~KM ADRAZ BBORY CGR CUY CVF ECM EIF IPNFZ NPM RIG PMFND 3V. 7QG 7QL 7QO 7SN 7SS 7T5 7TG 7TM 7U9 7UB 7XB 8FD 8FK AZQEC C1K COVID DWQXO FR3 GNUQQ H94 K9. KL. M7N P64 PJZUB PKEHL PPXIY PQEST PQGLB PQUKI PRINS RC3 7X8 5PM PUEGO - 02 AAPBV ABPTK ADACO BBAFP KM |
| ID | FETCH-LOGICAL-c692t-2458dbb3ff6650849d1013237983ca0c1a7366fc5fedbe6de03ce35770d41fa73 |
| IEDL.DBID | M48 |
| ISSN | 1932-6203 |
| IngestDate | Fri Nov 26 17:12:01 EST 2021 Wed Aug 27 01:31:16 EDT 2025 Thu Aug 21 14:08:59 EDT 2025 Fri Jul 11 04:15:27 EDT 2025 Fri Jul 25 11:19:45 EDT 2025 Tue Jun 17 21:23:29 EDT 2025 Tue Jun 10 20:51:58 EDT 2025 Fri Jun 27 03:46:18 EDT 2025 Fri Jun 27 04:55:47 EDT 2025 Thu May 22 21:20:48 EDT 2025 Thu Apr 03 07:00:11 EDT 2025 Tue Jul 01 02:52:18 EDT 2025 Thu Apr 24 23:03:21 EDT 2025 |
| IsDoiOpenAccess | true |
| IsOpenAccess | true |
| IsPeerReviewed | true |
| IsScholarly | true |
| Issue | 4 |
| Language | English |
| License | This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Creative Commons Attribution License |
| LinkModel | DirectLink |
| MergedId | FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-c692t-2458dbb3ff6650849d1013237983ca0c1a7366fc5fedbe6de03ce35770d41fa73 |
| Notes | ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 14 content type line 23 Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-2778-2474 |
| OpenAccessLink | http://journals.scholarsportal.info/openUrl.xqy?doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0250123 |
| PMID | 33861765 |
| PQID | 2513668612 |
| PQPubID | 1436336 |
| PageCount | e0250123 |
| ParticipantIDs | plos_journals_2513668612 doaj_primary_oai_doaj_org_article_1b64e05d0e1345748fda98199f4354dd pubmedcentral_primary_oai_pubmedcentral_nih_gov_8051771 proquest_miscellaneous_2514596133 proquest_journals_2513668612 gale_infotracmisc_A658729179 gale_infotracacademiconefile_A658729179 gale_incontextgauss_ISR_A658729179 gale_incontextgauss_IOV_A658729179 gale_healthsolutions_A658729179 pubmed_primary_33861765 crossref_citationtrail_10_1371_journal_pone_0250123 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0250123 |
| ProviderPackageCode | CITATION AAYXX |
| PublicationCentury | 2000 |
| PublicationDate | 2021-04-16 |
| PublicationDateYYYYMMDD | 2021-04-16 |
| PublicationDate_xml | – month: 04 year: 2021 text: 2021-04-16 day: 16 |
| PublicationDecade | 2020 |
| PublicationPlace | United States |
| PublicationPlace_xml | – name: United States – name: San Francisco – name: San Francisco, CA USA |
| PublicationTitle | PloS one |
| PublicationTitleAlternate | PLoS One |
| PublicationYear | 2021 |
| Publisher | Public Library of Science Public Library of Science (PLoS) |
| Publisher_xml | – name: Public Library of Science – name: Public Library of Science (PLoS) |
| References | C Vandermeulen (pone.0250123.ref020) 2008; 167 NT Brewer (pone.0250123.ref042) 2007; 26 Z Horne (pone.0250123.ref005) 2015; 112 JM Wooldridge (pone.0250123.ref034) 2010 WA Orenstein (pone.0250123.ref001) 2017 A Tversky (pone.0250123.ref012) 1973; 5 J Drury (pone.0250123.ref039) 2009; 27 pone.0250123.ref028 pone.0250123.ref029 pone.0250123.ref026 P Slovic (pone.0250123.ref013) 1987; 236 pone.0250123.ref025 MJ Gilligan (pone.0250123.ref036) 2014; 58 MM Endrich (pone.0250123.ref023) 2009; 27 P Chintagunta (pone.0250123.ref051) 2020; 5 JJ Van Bavel (pone.0250123.ref041) 2020; 30 V Capraro (pone.0250123.ref050) 2020; 4 D Sarathchandra (pone.0250123.ref033) 2018; 109 DR Timmermans (pone.0250123.ref019) 2005; 23 pone.0250123.ref031 M Del Vicario (pone.0250123.ref044) 2016; 6 M Uddin (pone.0250123.ref022) 2010; 64 pone.0250123.ref032 pone.0250123.ref030 CI Paules (pone.0250123.ref008) 2019; 380 MJ Hornsey (pone.0250123.ref027) 2020; 88 H Miton (pone.0250123.ref015) 2015; 19 P Sheeran (pone.0250123.ref014) 2014; 140 EM Galarce (pone.0250123.ref021) 2011; 29 B Nyhan (pone.0250123.ref016) 2014; 133 RD Goldman (pone.0250123.ref017) 2020 A Gneezy (pone.0250123.ref038) 2012; 279 pone.0250123.ref048 pone.0250123.ref049 pone.0250123.ref002 pone.0250123.ref046 pone.0250123.ref047 Immunization Safety Review Committee (pone.0250123.ref004) 2004 RJ Feise (pone.0250123.ref035) 2002; 2 LA Kestenbaum (pone.0250123.ref010) 2015; 44 Y Kohlhammer (pone.0250123.ref018) 2007; 121 S Bowles (pone.0250123.ref037) 2003; 2003 J Drury (pone.0250123.ref040) 2009; 41 B Baumgaertner (pone.0250123.ref024) 2018; 13 E Dube (pone.0250123.ref007) 2015; 14 RK Garrett (pone.0250123.ref045) 2009; 14 KM Harris (pone.0250123.ref003) 2010; 363 GF Loewenstein (pone.0250123.ref011) 2001; 127 C Hsiao (pone.0250123.ref052) 2007; 16 M Jurkowitz (pone.0250123.ref043) 2020 RT Chen (pone.0250123.ref009) 1998; 27 MJ Hornsey (pone.0250123.ref006) 2018; 37 |
| References_xml | – volume: 44 start-page: e71 issue: 4 year: 2015 ident: pone.0250123.ref010 article-title: Identifying and addressing vaccine hesitancy publication-title: Pediatric annals doi: 10.3928/00904481-20150410-07 – volume: 127 start-page: 267 issue: 2 year: 2001 ident: pone.0250123.ref011 article-title: Risk as feelings publication-title: Psychological bulletin doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.127.2.267 – volume: 19 start-page: 633 issue: 11 year: 2015 ident: pone.0250123.ref015 article-title: Cognitive obstacles to pro-vaccination beliefs publication-title: Trends in Cognitive Sciences doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2015.08.007 – ident: pone.0250123.ref048 – volume: 64 start-page: 808 issue: 9 year: 2010 ident: pone.0250123.ref022 article-title: Demographic and socioeconomic determinants of influenza vaccination disparities among university students publication-title: Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health doi: 10.1136/jech.2009.090852 – ident: pone.0250123.ref025 – volume: 6 start-page: 37825 year: 2016 ident: pone.0250123.ref044 article-title: Echo chambers: Emotional contagion and group polarization on facebook publication-title: Scientific reports doi: 10.1038/srep37825 – volume: 236 start-page: 280 issue: 4799 year: 1987 ident: pone.0250123.ref013 article-title: Perception of risk publication-title: Science doi: 10.1126/science.3563507 – ident: pone.0250123.ref029 – volume: 88 start-page: 103947 year: 2020 ident: pone.0250123.ref027 article-title: Donald Trump and vaccination: The effect of political identity, conspiracist ideation and presidential tweets on vaccine hesitancy publication-title: Journal of Experimental Social Psychology doi: 10.1016/j.jesp.2019.103947 – ident: pone.0250123.ref031 – ident: pone.0250123.ref002 – year: 2020 ident: pone.0250123.ref043 article-title: Cable TV and COVID-19: How Americans perceive the outbreak and view media coverage differ by main news source publication-title: Pew Research Center – year: 2020 ident: pone.0250123.ref017 article-title: Willingness to vaccinate children against influenza after the Coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic publication-title: The Journal of pediatrics – volume: 121 start-page: 742 issue: 10 year: 2007 ident: pone.0250123.ref018 article-title: Determinants of influenza and pneumococcal vaccination in elderly people: a systematic review publication-title: Public health doi: 10.1016/j.puhe.2007.02.011 – volume: 4 start-page: 45 issue: S2 year: 2020 ident: pone.0250123.ref050 article-title: The effect of messaging and gender on intentions to wear a face covering to slow down COVID-19 transmission publication-title: Journal of Behavioral Economics for Policy – volume: 112 start-page: 10321 issue: 33 year: 2015 ident: pone.0250123.ref005 article-title: Countering antivaccination attitudes publication-title: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences doi: 10.1073/pnas.1504019112 – volume: 30 start-page: 1 year: 2020 ident: pone.0250123.ref041 article-title: Using social and behavioural science to support COVID-19 pandemic response publication-title: Nature Human Behaviour – volume: 380 start-page: 2185 issue: 23 year: 2019 ident: pone.0250123.ref008 article-title: Measles in 2019—going backward publication-title: New England Journal of Medicine doi: 10.1056/NEJMp1905099 – start-page: 4031 year: 2017 ident: pone.0250123.ref001 publication-title: Simply put: vaccination saves lives – volume: 23 start-page: 3329 issue: 25 year: 2005 ident: pone.0250123.ref019 article-title: Attitudes and risk perception of parents of different ethnic backgrounds regarding meningococcal C vaccination publication-title: Vaccine doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.01.075 – ident: pone.0250123.ref028 – ident: pone.0250123.ref049 – volume: 363 start-page: 2183 issue: 23 year: 2010 ident: pone.0250123.ref003 article-title: Influenza vaccine—safe, effective, and mistrusted publication-title: New England Journal of Medicine doi: 10.1056/NEJMp1012333 – ident: pone.0250123.ref030 – volume: 109 start-page: 1 year: 2018 ident: pone.0250123.ref033 article-title: A survey instrument for measuring vaccine acceptance publication-title: Preventive medicine doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2018.01.006 – volume: 13 start-page: e0191728 issue: 1 year: 2018 ident: pone.0250123.ref024 article-title: The influence of political ideology and trust on willingness to vaccinate publication-title: PloS one doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191728 – volume: 140 start-page: 511 issue: 2 year: 2014 ident: pone.0250123.ref014 article-title: Does heightening risk appraisals change people’s intentions and behavior? A meta-analysis of experimental studies publication-title: Psychological bulletin doi: 10.1037/a0033065 – volume: 16 start-page: 1 issue: 1 year: 2007 ident: pone.0250123.ref052 article-title: Panel data analysis—advantages and challenges publication-title: Test doi: 10.1007/s11749-007-0046-x – volume: 14 start-page: 265 issue: 2 year: 2009 ident: pone.0250123.ref045 article-title: Echo chambers online?: Politically motivated selective exposure among Internet news users publication-title: Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication doi: 10.1111/j.1083-6101.2009.01440.x – volume-title: Immunization safety review: vaccines and autism year: 2004 ident: pone.0250123.ref004 – volume: 27 start-page: 66 issue: 1 year: 2009 ident: pone.0250123.ref039 article-title: The nature of collective resilience: Survivor reactions to the 2005 London bombings publication-title: International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters doi: 10.1177/028072700902700104 – volume: 58 start-page: 604 issue: 3 year: 2014 ident: pone.0250123.ref036 article-title: Civil war and social cohesion: Lab-in-the-field evidence from Nepal publication-title: American Journal of Political Science doi: 10.1111/ajps.12067 – volume-title: Econometric analysis of cross section and panel data year: 2010 ident: pone.0250123.ref034 – volume: 5 start-page: 207 issue: 2 year: 1973 ident: pone.0250123.ref012 article-title: Availability: A heuristic for judging frequency and probability publication-title: Cognitive psychology doi: 10.1016/0010-0285(73)90033-9 – ident: pone.0250123.ref046 – volume: 26 start-page: 136 issue: 2 year: 2007 ident: pone.0250123.ref042 article-title: Meta-analysis of the relationship between risk perception and health behavior: the example of vaccination publication-title: Health psychology doi: 10.1037/0278-6133.26.2.136 – volume: 133 start-page: e835 issue: 4 year: 2014 ident: pone.0250123.ref016 article-title: Effective messages in vaccine promotion: a randomized trial publication-title: Pediatrics doi: 10.1542/peds.2013-2365 – volume: 27 start-page: 4018 issue: 30 year: 2009 ident: pone.0250123.ref023 article-title: Influenza vaccination uptake and socioeconomic determinants in 11 European countries publication-title: Vaccine doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.04.029 – volume: 27 start-page: 445 issue: 7 year: 1998 ident: pone.0250123.ref009 article-title: Vaccine safety: current and future challenges publication-title: Pediatric annals doi: 10.3928/0090-4481-19980701-11 – volume: 167 start-page: 1161 issue: 10 year: 2008 ident: pone.0250123.ref020 article-title: Vaccination coverage and sociodemographic determinants of measles–mumps–rubella vaccination in three different age groups publication-title: European Journal of Pediatrics doi: 10.1007/s00431-007-0652-3 – volume: 2003 start-page: 429 year: 2003 ident: pone.0250123.ref037 article-title: Origins of human cooperation publication-title: Genetic and cultural evolution of cooperation doi: 10.7551/mitpress/3232.003.0024 – volume: 29 start-page: 5284 issue: 32 year: 2011 ident: pone.0250123.ref021 article-title: Socioeconomic status, demographics, beliefs and A (H1N1) vaccine uptake in the United States publication-title: Vaccine doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.05.014 – volume: 279 start-page: 219 issue: 1727 year: 2012 ident: pone.0250123.ref038 article-title: Conflict, sticks and carrots: war increases prosocial punishments and rewards publication-title: Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences doi: 10.1098/rspb.2011.0805 – volume: 5 start-page: 240 issue: 3 year: 2020 ident: pone.0250123.ref051 article-title: It’s About Time: A Call for More Longitudinal Consumer Research Insights publication-title: Journal of the Association for Consumer Research doi: 10.1086/709858 – volume: 37 start-page: 307 issue: 4 year: 2018 ident: pone.0250123.ref006 article-title: The psychological roots of anti-vaccination attitudes: A 24-nation investigation publication-title: Health Psychology doi: 10.1037/hea0000586 – ident: pone.0250123.ref026 – ident: pone.0250123.ref047 – volume: 2 start-page: 1 issue: 1 year: 2002 ident: pone.0250123.ref035 article-title: Do multiple outcome measures require p-value adjustment? publication-title: BMC medical research methodology doi: 10.1186/1471-2288-2-8 – volume: 14 start-page: 99 issue: 1 year: 2015 ident: pone.0250123.ref007 article-title: Vaccine hesitancy, vaccine refusal and the anti-vaccine movement: influence, impact and implications publication-title: Expert review of vaccines doi: 10.1586/14760584.2015.964212 – ident: pone.0250123.ref032 – volume: 41 start-page: 957 issue: 3 year: 2009 ident: pone.0250123.ref040 article-title: Cooperation versus competition in a mass emergency evacuation: a new laboratory simulation and a new theoretical model publication-title: Behavior research methods doi: 10.3758/BRM.41.3.957 |
| SSID | ssj0053866 |
| Score | 2.7163765 |
| Snippet | How do attitudes toward vaccination change over the course of a public health crisis? We report results from a longitudinal survey of United States residents... About the Authors: Ariel Fridman Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources,... |
| SourceID | plos doaj pubmedcentral proquest gale pubmed crossref |
| SourceType | Open Website Open Access Repository Aggregation Database Index Database Enrichment Source |
| StartPage | e0250123 |
| SubjectTerms | Adolescent Adult Aged Aged, 80 and over Attitude to Health Attitudes Autism Biology and Life Sciences Colleges & universities Concept formation Coronaviruses COVID-19 COVID-19 - prevention & control COVID-19 - psychology COVID-19 vaccines COVID-19 Vaccines - administration & dosage Data Disease Editing Epidemics Female Funding Health attitudes Health risks Humans Immunization Influenza Intention Longitudinal Studies Male Management Medical research Medicine and Health Sciences Methodology Middle Aged Pandemics Pandemics - prevention & control Perceptions Political parties Politics Psychological aspects Public Health Public opinion surveys SARS-CoV-2 - immunology SARS-CoV-2 - isolation & purification Social Sciences Sociodemographics Supervision Surveys Surveys and Questionnaires Trends United States - epidemiology Vaccination Vaccination - psychology Vaccination - statistics & numerical data Vaccine hesitancy Vaccines Validity Visualization |
| SummonAdditionalLinks | – databaseName: Directory of Open Access Journals - May need to register for free articles dbid: DOA link: http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwrV1Lb9QwELbQnrggyquBAgYhAYe08fqVcFsKVcuBSkCr3qzEjxZplazILr-fGccbNahSOXDZw3qy2nzztDz-hpA3ZYFZxIfcNkiqrbXMS69c7hirrGWRYhy7Lb6q4zPx5UJeXBv1hT1hAz3wANwBa5TwhXSFZ1xILcrg6grSWBUg0QvnMPpCzttupoYYDF6sVLooxzU7SHrZX3Wt38esz-Z8kogiX_8YlWerZdffVHL-3Tl5LRUd3Sf3Ug1JF8N_3yF3fPuA7CQv7em7RCX9_iERh6fnJ59yVtG6dfR3bfEYnV7hLACMqh_ogi47nFi0cTgdi0ay2Ufk7Ojzj8PjPM1JyK2q5ut8LmTpmoaHoLDeEpVjeILCdVVyWxeW1ZorFbCvzDWgCF9w67nUunCCBVh8TGYtILNLqAb_hpcDXOGjLHQjtGxqJMWrLaAdMsK3oBmbSMRxlsXSxJMxDZuJAQODUJsEdUby8anVQKJxi_xH1McoixTY8QswDJMMw9xmGBl5ido0w33S0ZHNAmou2FFAIMrI6yiBNBgt9tlc1pu-Nyen5_8g9P3bROhtEgodwGHrdLcB3gnptSaSexNJcGY7Wd5F29ui0hsoP0F3JdSh8OTWHm9efjUu449i71zru02UEbKCsg1wfTKY74gsB0dhWsmM6IlhT6CfrrQ_ryILOXq51uzp_9DVM3J3jr1CyKGp9shs_Wvjn0Oxt25eRL_-AzPiTvg priority: 102 providerName: Directory of Open Access Journals – databaseName: ProQuest Technology Collection dbid: 8FG link: http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwjV1Lb9QwELZguSChipZHQwsYhAQc0sZrx064oKWwtByoBLTqzUpsp0VaJdtml9_PjOMEgirgsof1ZLX-xvOIPf6GkBdZglHEVbEpkVRbqTTOnLSxZSw3hnmKcay2-CwPT8Sns_QsbLi1oayy94neUdvG4B75PsRhLmUGAfnt8jLGrlF4uhpaaNwktxhEGizpyuYfe08MtixluC7HFdsP2tlbNrXbw9jPpnwUjjxr_-CbJ8tF016XeP5ZP_lbQJrfJRshk6SzTvWb5Iart8idbhuOdreLtshmsN2WvgoE06_vEXFwfHr0PmY5LWpLfxQGD9fpBXYIQF_7hs7oosE-RmuLPbOop6C9T07mH74dHMahe0JsZD5dxVORZrYseVVJzMJEbhmeq3CVZ9wUiWGFAkArrDazJajHJdw4niqVWMEqGHxAJjUgtU2oAquHyQqLH1miSqHSskCqvMKkwlYR4T2I2gRqcexwsdD-vEzBK0aHiUbodYA-IvHw1LKj1viH_DvUzyCLxNj-i-bqXAc706yUwiWpTRzjIlUiq2yRQ9aTV5AXwgQi8hS1q7tbpoN56xlkYvCeAe4pIs-9BJJj1Fh9c16s21YfHZ_-h9DXLyOhl0GoagAOU4QbDzAnJN0aSe6OJMHEzWh4G9dij0qrfxkDPNmvz-uHnw3D-KNYUVe7Zu1lRJpDMge4PuyW84AsB8NhSqYRUaOFPoJ-PFJ_v_Dc5Gj7SrFHf_9bO-T2FGuDkDNT7pLJ6mrtHkNytyqfeAv-CfWCS_s priority: 102 providerName: ProQuest |
| Title | COVID-19 and vaccine hesitancy: A longitudinal study |
| URI | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33861765 https://www.proquest.com/docview/2513668612 https://www.proquest.com/docview/2514596133 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PMC8051771 https://doaj.org/article/1b64e05d0e1345748fda98199f4354dd http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250123 |
| Volume | 16 |
| hasFullText | 1 |
| inHoldings | 1 |
| isFullTextHit | |
| isPrint | |
| link | http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwjV3db9MwED9t3QsSmtj4WGGUgJCAh1Rx49gJEkJd6diQ2NCgU9-ixE42pCopTYvghb-dO8eNCCofL36Iz1H8s-98js-_A3gaerSKZLmrUiLVljJww0xoVzMWKcUMxThFW5yJkwl_Nw2mW7DO2WoBrDZu7Sif1GQx63_78v01Kvwrk7VBsnWj_rwssj6t6WiNt2EH1yZJOQ3e8-ZcAbVbCHuB7k8tWwuU4fFvrHVnPiurTa7o7xGVvyxRx7dg1_qWzrCeDHuwlRX7cLP-MefU9432Yc9qc-U8t5TTL24DH51fnr5xWeQkhXa-JoqO251ryhlA1velM3RmJWU2WmnKouUYUto7MDkefxqduDafgqtENFi6Ax6EOk39PBfkl_FIMzpp8WUU-irxFEukL0RO8Wc6xQHLPF9lfiClpznLsfIudApE6gAciXYAO8s1FaEnUy6DNCHyvEQFXOdd8NcgxsqSjVPOi1lsTtAkbjpqTGKCPrbQd8FtWs1rso1_yB_R-DSyRJVtHpSLq9hqXsxSwTMv0F7GfB5IHuY6idAPinL0FLEDXXhEoxvX904bhY-H6JvhzgMNVheeGAmiyygoHucqWVVVfHp--R9CHy9aQs-sUF4iHCqxdyCwT0TD1ZI8bEmi0qtW9QHNxTUqVYxuKo5diP4qtlzPz83Vj5tqeinF2BVZuTIyPIjQvUNc79XTuUHWR8VhUgRdkK2J3oK-XVN8vjZs5WQNpGT3__5ZD-DGgKKFiEVTHEJnuVhlD9HdW6Y92JZTiWU4YlQev-3BztH47MNFz_xA6RkNp_LH-CerhVgf |
| linkProvider | Scholars Portal |
| linkToHtml | http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwtV1Lb9QwELbKcgAJIVoeDRQaEAg4pI1jx06QEFpall1aWgnaqjeT2E6LtEqWZhfEn-I3MpMXBFXApZc9xJNsPB5_M47H3xDyOPLRi9jM0ymSaksZepEVxjOUxlrTimIcsy32xPiQvzsOj5fIj_YsDKZVtphYAbUpNH4j3wQ_zISIwCG_mn3xsGoU7q62JTRqs9ix37_Bkq18OdmG8X0SBKM3B1tjr6kq4GkRB3Mv4GFk0pRlmcDohMeG4n4Dk3HEdOJrmkj4owyzsEwKr219pi0LpfQNpxk0wnMvkcucgSfHk-mjty3yA3YI0RzPY5JuNtawMStyu4GxBg1Yz_1VVQI6XzCYTYvyvED3z3zN3xzg6Aa53kSu7rA2tWWyZPMVcq3-7OfWp5lWyHKDFaX7rCG0fn6T8K39o8m2R2M3yY37NdG4me-eYkUCxPYX7tCdFlg3aWGwRpdbUd7eIocXotfbZJCDplaJKwFloLPc4E_ky5TLME2Qmi_RITeZQ1irRKUbKnOsqDFV1f6chCVNrROFqleN6h3idXfNaiqPf8i_xvHpZJGIu7pQnJ2oZl4rmgpu_dD4ljIeSh5lJokhyooziEOhAw5Zx9FV9anWDk7UECI_WNcAHDrkUSWBZBw5ZvucJIuyVJP9o_8Q-vihJ_S0EcoKUIdOmhMW0Cck-epJrvUkAVJ0r3kVbbHVSql-TT64s7XP85sfds34UMzgy22xqGR4GEPwCHq9U5tzp1kGE4dKETpE9gy9p_p-S_75tOJCR6yRkt79-2utkyvjg_e7aneyt3OPXA0wLwn5OsUaGczPFvY-BJbz9EE1m13y6aLh4ydmAYit |
| linkToPdf | http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwtV3fb9MwELZGkRASmtj4sY7BDAIBD1nj2LETJIRKS7UytCHGpr2FxE42pCopSwviX-Ov4y5xAkET8LKXPNSXpD6fvzvH5-8IeRy46EXSzNEJkmor5TtBKo1jGAu1ZhXFOGZb7MvdI_H2xD9ZIT-aszCYVtlgYgXUptD4jXwAfphLGYBDHmQ2LeL9ePJq_sXBClK409qU06hNZC_9_g2Wb-XL6RjG-onnTd58HO06tsKAo2XoLRxP-IFJEp5lEiMVERqGew9chQHXsatZrOClGWZkmQS6kLpcp9xXyjWCZdAIz71CriquApxjwahNLwEckdIe1eOKDaxl7MyLPN3BuIN5vOMKq4oBrV_ozWdFeVHQ-2fu5m_OcHKTrNoolg5rs1sjK2m-Tm7UnwBpfbJpnaxZ3CjpM0tu_fwWEaOD4-nYYSGNc0O_xho39ukZVidAnH9Bh3RWYA2lpcF6XbSiv71Nji5Fr3dILwdNbRCqAHGgs8LgJXBVIpSfxEjTF2tfmKxPeKPESFtac6yuMYuqvToFy5taJxGqPrKq7xOnvWte03r8Q_41jk8ri6Tc1Q_F-Wlk53jEEilS1zduyrjwlQgyE4cQcYUZxKTQgT7ZxtGN6hOuLbREQ4gCYY0D0NgnjyoJJObI0cRP42VZRtOD4_8QOvzQEXpqhbIC1KFje9oC-oSEXx3JrY4kwIvuNG-gLTZaKaNfExHubOzz4uaHbTM-FLP58rRYVjLCDyGQBL3erc251SyHicOU9PtEdQy9o_puS_75rOJFR9xRim3-_W9tk2sAHNG76f7ePXLdwxQlpO6UW6S3OF-m9yHGXCQPqslMyafLRo-fb1WMrg |
| openUrl | ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=COVID-19+and+vaccine+hesitancy%3A+A+longitudinal+study&rft.jtitle=PloS+one&rft.au=Fridman%2C+Ariel&rft.au=Gershon%2C+Rachel&rft.au=Gneezy%2C+Ayelet&rft.date=2021-04-16&rft.pub=Public+Library+of+Science&rft.eissn=1932-6203&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=4&rft.spage=e0250123&rft_id=info:doi/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0250123&rft.externalDBID=HAS_PDF_LINK |
| thumbnail_l | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif&issn=1932-6203&client=summon |
| thumbnail_m | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif&issn=1932-6203&client=summon |
| thumbnail_s | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif&issn=1932-6203&client=summon |