Season, Sex, Age, and Education as Modifiers of the Effects of Outdoor Air Pollution on Daily Mortality in Shanghai, China: The Public Health and Air Pollution in Asia (PAPA) Study

• Published in: Environmental health perspectives Vol. 116; no. 9; pp. 1183 - 1188
• Main Authors: Kan, Haidong, London, Stephanie J., Chen, Guohai, Zhang, Yunhui, Song, Guixiang, Zhao, Naiqing, Jiang, Lili, Chen, Bingheng
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. National Institutes of Health. Department of Health, Education and Welfare 01.09.2008; National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences
• Subjects: Adolescent; Adult; Age; Age Factors; Aged; Air pollutants; Air Pollution; Child; Child, Preschool; China; Confidence intervals; Cool season; Copyrights; Death; Diseases; Education; Educational attainment; Educational Status; Epidemiology; Female; Health; Health aspects; Health benefits; Humans; Humidity; Male; Mathematical models; Methods; Middle Aged; Mortality; Nitrogen dioxide; Outdoor; Ozone; Particulate matter; Policies; Pollutants; Public Health; Risk factors; Seasons; Sex; Sex Factors; Splines; Sulfur dioxide; Time-series analysis; Warm seasons; China; China, People's Rep., Shanghai; China, People's Rep; mortality; air pollution; modifiers; time-series studies

Background: Various factors can modify the health effects of outdoor air pollution. Prior findings about modifiers are inconsistent, and most of these studies were conducted in developed countries. Objectives: We conducted a time-series analysis to examine the modifying effect of season, sex, age, a...