Effect of fructose on markers of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD): a systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled feeding trials

Background/Objectives: In the absence of consistent clinical evidence, there are concerns that fructose contributes to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). To determine the effect of fructose on markers of NAFLD, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled feeding trials....

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Published inEuropean journal of clinical nutrition Vol. 68; no. 4; pp. 416 - 423
Main Authors Chiu, S, Sievenpiper, J L, de Souza, R J, Cozma, A I, Mirrahimi, A, Carleton, A J, Ha, V, Di Buono, M, Jenkins, A L, Leiter, L A, Wolever, T M S, Don-Wauchope, A C, Beyene, J, Kendall, C W C, Jenkins, D J A
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published London Nature Publishing Group UK 01.04.2014
Nature Publishing Group
Subjects
631/45/72
692/53
692/699/1503/1607/2750
692/700/2814
Alanine Transaminase - metabolism
Analysis
Biological and medical sciences
Biomarkers
Carbohydrates
Clinical Nutrition
Clinical trials
Databases, Factual
Energy
Epidemiology
Fatty liver
Feeding. Feeding behavior
Fructose
Fructose - administration & dosage
Fructose - adverse effects
Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology
Gastroenterology. Liver. Pancreas. Abdomen
Heterogeneity
Humans
Internal Medicine
Lipids
Liver diseases
Liver. Biliary tract. Portal circulation. Exocrine pancreas
Medical sciences
Medicine
Medicine & Public Health
Meta-analysis
Metabolic Diseases
Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease - etiology
Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease - pathology
Nutrition research
Observational Studies as Topic
Other diseases. Semiology
Physiological aspects
Public Health
Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
Review
Risk factors
Systematic review
Vertebrates: anatomy and physiology, studies on body, several organs or systems
Canada
clinical trial
meta-analysis
sugars
non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
Evidence-based practice
Hepatic disease
Metabolic diseases
Systematic review
Marker
Evidence-based medicine
Fructose
Feeding
Metaanalysis
Non alcoholic steatohepatitis
Digestive diseases
Clinical trial
Sugar
Online AccessGet full text
ISSN0954-3007
1476-5640
1476-5640
DOI10.1038/ejcn.2014.8

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Abstract Background/Objectives: In the absence of consistent clinical evidence, there are concerns that fructose contributes to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). To determine the effect of fructose on markers of NAFLD, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled feeding trials. Subjects/Methods: We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL and the Cochrane Library (through 3 September 2013). We included relevant trials that involved a follow-up of ⩾7 days. Two reviewers independently extracted relevant data. Data were pooled by the generic inverse variance method using random effects models and expressed as standardized mean difference (SMD) for intrahepatocellular lipids (IHCL) and mean difference (MD) for alanine aminotransferase (ALT). Inter-study heterogeneity was assessed (Cochran Q statistic) and quantified ( I 2 statistic). Results: Eligibility criteria were met by eight reports containing 13 trials in 260 healthy participants: seven isocaloric trials, in which fructose was exchanged isocalorically for other carbohydrates, and six hypercaloric trials, in which the diet was supplemented with excess energy (+21–35% energy) from high-dose fructose (+104–220 g/day). Although there was no effect of fructose in isocaloric trials, fructose in hypercaloric trials increased both IHCL (SMD=0.45 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.18, 0.72)) and ALT (MD=4.94 U/l (95% CI: 0.03, 9.85)). Limitations: Few trials were available for inclusion, most of which were small, short (⩽4 weeks), and of poor quality. Conclusions: Isocaloric exchange of fructose for other carbohydrates does not induce NAFLD changes in healthy participants. Fructose providing excess energy at extreme doses, however, does raise IHCL and ALT, an effect that may be more attributable to excess energy than fructose. Larger, longer and higher-quality trials of the effect of fructose on histopathological NAFLD changes are required.
AbstractList SUBJECTS/METHODS: We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL and the Cochrane Library (through 3 September 2013). We included relevant trials that involved a follow-up of ≥7 days. Two reviewers independently extracted relevant data. Data were pooled by the generic inverse variance method using random effects models and expressed as standardized mean difference (SMD) for intrahepatocellular lipids (IHCL) and mean difference (MD) for alanine aminotransferase (ALT). Inter-study heterogeneity was assessed (Cochran Q statistic) and quantified ([/.sup.2] statistic). LIMITATIONS: Few trials were available for inclusion, most of which were small, short (≤4 weeks), and of poor quality. Fructose providing excess energy at extreme doses, however, does raise IHCL and ALT, an effect that may be more attributable to excess energy than fructose. Larger, longer and higher-quality trials of the effect of fructose on histopathological NAFLD changes are required.
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: In the absence of consistent clinical evidence, there are concerns that fructose contributes to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). To determine the effect of fructose on markers of NAFLD, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled feeding trials. SUBJECTS/METHODS: We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL and the Cochrane Library (through 3 September 2013). We included relevant trials that involved a follow-up of ≥7 days. Two reviewers independently extracted relevant data. Data were pooled by the generic inverse variance method using random effects models and expressed as standardized mean difference (SMD) for intrahepatocellular lipids (IHCL) and mean difference (MD) for alanine aminotransferase (ALT). Inter-study heterogeneity was assessed (Cochran Q statistic) and quantified ([/.sup.2] statistic). RESULTS: Eligibility criteria were met by eight reports containing 13 trials in 260 healthy participants: seven isocaloric trials, in which fructose was exchanged isocalorically for other carbohydrates, and six hypercaloric trials, in which the diet was supplemented with excess energy (+ 21-35% energy) from high-dose fructose (+ 104-220 g/day). Although there was no effect of fructose in isocaloric trials, fructose in hypercaloric trials increased both IHCL (SMD = 0.45 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.18, 0.72)) and ALT (MD = 4.94 U/l (95% CI: 0.03, 9.85)). LIMITATIONS: Few trials were available for inclusion, most of which were small, short (≤4 weeks), and of poor quality. CONCLUSIONS: Isocaloric exchange of fructose for other carbohydrates does not induce NAFLD changes in healthy participants. Fructose providing excess energy at extreme doses, however, does raise IHCL and ALT, an effect that may be more attributable to excess energy than fructose. Larger, longer and higher-quality trials of the effect of fructose on histopathological NAFLD changes are required. doi:10.1038/ejcn.2014.8; published online 26 February 2014 Keywords: sugars;non-alcoholic fatty liver disease;clinical trial;meta-analysis
Background/Objectives:In the absence of consistent clinical evidence, there are concerns that fructose contributes to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). To determine the effect of fructose on markers of NAFLD, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled feeding trials.Subjects/Methods:We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL and the Cochrane Library (through 3 September 2013). We included relevant trials that involved a follow-up of 7 days. Two reviewers independently extracted relevant data. Data were pooled by the generic inverse variance method using random effects models and expressed as standardized mean difference (SMD) for intrahepatocellular lipids (IHCL) and mean difference (MD) for alanine aminotransferase (ALT). Inter-study heterogeneity was assessed (Cochran Q statistic) and quantified (I(2) statistic).Results:Eligibility criteria were met by eight reports containing 13 trials in 260 healthy participants: seven isocaloric trials, in which fructose was exchanged isocalorically for other carbohydrates, and six hypercaloric trials, in which the diet was supplemented with excess energy (+21-35% energy) from high-dose fructose (+104-220g/day). Although there was no effect of fructose in isocaloric trials, fructose in hypercaloric trials increased both IHCL (SMD=0.45 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.18, 0.72)) and ALT (MD=4.94U/l (95% CI: 0.03, 9.85)).Limitations:Few trials were available for inclusion, most of which were small, short (4 weeks), and of poor quality.Conclusions:Isocaloric exchange of fructose for other carbohydrates does not induce NAFLD changes in healthy participants. Fructose providing excess energy at extreme doses, however, does raise IHCL and ALT, an effect that may be more attributable to excess energy than fructose. Larger, longer and higher-quality trials of the effect of fructose on histopathological NAFLD changes are required. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]
In the absence of consistent clinical evidence, there are concerns that fructose contributes to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). To determine the effect of fructose on markers of NAFLD, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled feeding trials.BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVESIn the absence of consistent clinical evidence, there are concerns that fructose contributes to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). To determine the effect of fructose on markers of NAFLD, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled feeding trials.We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL and the Cochrane Library (through 3 September 2013). We included relevant trials that involved a follow-up of ≥ 7 days. Two reviewers independently extracted relevant data. Data were pooled by the generic inverse variance method using random effects models and expressed as standardized mean difference (SMD) for intrahepatocellular lipids (IHCL) and mean difference (MD) for alanine aminotransferase (ALT). Inter-study heterogeneity was assessed (Cochran Q statistic) and quantified (I(2) statistic).SUBJECTS/METHODSWe searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL and the Cochrane Library (through 3 September 2013). We included relevant trials that involved a follow-up of ≥ 7 days. Two reviewers independently extracted relevant data. Data were pooled by the generic inverse variance method using random effects models and expressed as standardized mean difference (SMD) for intrahepatocellular lipids (IHCL) and mean difference (MD) for alanine aminotransferase (ALT). Inter-study heterogeneity was assessed (Cochran Q statistic) and quantified (I(2) statistic).Eligibility criteria were met by eight reports containing 13 trials in 260 healthy participants: seven isocaloric trials, in which fructose was exchanged isocalorically for other carbohydrates, and six hypercaloric trials, in which the diet was supplemented with excess energy (+21-35% energy) from high-dose fructose (+104-220 g/day). Although there was no effect of fructose in isocaloric trials, fructose in hypercaloric trials increased both IHCL (SMD=0.45 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.18, 0.72)) and ALT (MD=4.94 U/l (95% CI: 0.03, 9.85)).RESULTSEligibility criteria were met by eight reports containing 13 trials in 260 healthy participants: seven isocaloric trials, in which fructose was exchanged isocalorically for other carbohydrates, and six hypercaloric trials, in which the diet was supplemented with excess energy (+21-35% energy) from high-dose fructose (+104-220 g/day). Although there was no effect of fructose in isocaloric trials, fructose in hypercaloric trials increased both IHCL (SMD=0.45 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.18, 0.72)) and ALT (MD=4.94 U/l (95% CI: 0.03, 9.85)).Few trials were available for inclusion, most of which were small, short (≤ 4 weeks), and of poor quality.LIMITATIONSFew trials were available for inclusion, most of which were small, short (≤ 4 weeks), and of poor quality.Isocaloric exchange of fructose for other carbohydrates does not induce NAFLD changes in healthy participants. Fructose providing excess energy at extreme doses, however, does raise IHCL and ALT, an effect that may be more attributable to excess energy than fructose. Larger, longer and higher-quality trials of the effect of fructose on histopathological NAFLD changes are required.CONCLUSIONSIsocaloric exchange of fructose for other carbohydrates does not induce NAFLD changes in healthy participants. Fructose providing excess energy at extreme doses, however, does raise IHCL and ALT, an effect that may be more attributable to excess energy than fructose. Larger, longer and higher-quality trials of the effect of fructose on histopathological NAFLD changes are required.
In the absence of consistent clinical evidence, there are concerns that fructose contributes to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). To determine the effect of fructose on markers of NAFLD, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled feeding trials. We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL and the Cochrane Library (through 3 September 2013). We included relevant trials that involved a follow-up of ≥ 7 days. Two reviewers independently extracted relevant data. Data were pooled by the generic inverse variance method using random effects models and expressed as standardized mean difference (SMD) for intrahepatocellular lipids (IHCL) and mean difference (MD) for alanine aminotransferase (ALT). Inter-study heterogeneity was assessed (Cochran Q statistic) and quantified (I(2) statistic). Eligibility criteria were met by eight reports containing 13 trials in 260 healthy participants: seven isocaloric trials, in which fructose was exchanged isocalorically for other carbohydrates, and six hypercaloric trials, in which the diet was supplemented with excess energy (+21-35% energy) from high-dose fructose (+104-220 g/day). Although there was no effect of fructose in isocaloric trials, fructose in hypercaloric trials increased both IHCL (SMD=0.45 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.18, 0.72)) and ALT (MD=4.94 U/l (95% CI: 0.03, 9.85)). Few trials were available for inclusion, most of which were small, short (≤ 4 weeks), and of poor quality. Isocaloric exchange of fructose for other carbohydrates does not induce NAFLD changes in healthy participants. Fructose providing excess energy at extreme doses, however, does raise IHCL and ALT, an effect that may be more attributable to excess energy than fructose. Larger, longer and higher-quality trials of the effect of fructose on histopathological NAFLD changes are required.
Background/Objectives: In the absence of consistent clinical evidence, there are concerns that fructose contributes to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). To determine the effect of fructose on markers of NAFLD, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled feeding trials. Subjects/Methods: We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL and the Cochrane Library (through 3 September 2013). We included relevant trials that involved a follow-up of ⩾7 days. Two reviewers independently extracted relevant data. Data were pooled by the generic inverse variance method using random effects models and expressed as standardized mean difference (SMD) for intrahepatocellular lipids (IHCL) and mean difference (MD) for alanine aminotransferase (ALT). Inter-study heterogeneity was assessed (Cochran Q statistic) and quantified ( I 2 statistic). Results: Eligibility criteria were met by eight reports containing 13 trials in 260 healthy participants: seven isocaloric trials, in which fructose was exchanged isocalorically for other carbohydrates, and six hypercaloric trials, in which the diet was supplemented with excess energy (+21–35% energy) from high-dose fructose (+104–220 g/day). Although there was no effect of fructose in isocaloric trials, fructose in hypercaloric trials increased both IHCL (SMD=0.45 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.18, 0.72)) and ALT (MD=4.94 U/l (95% CI: 0.03, 9.85)). Limitations: Few trials were available for inclusion, most of which were small, short (⩽4 weeks), and of poor quality. Conclusions: Isocaloric exchange of fructose for other carbohydrates does not induce NAFLD changes in healthy participants. Fructose providing excess energy at extreme doses, however, does raise IHCL and ALT, an effect that may be more attributable to excess energy than fructose. Larger, longer and higher-quality trials of the effect of fructose on histopathological NAFLD changes are required.
Audience Professional
Academic
Author Jenkins, D J A
Cozma, A I
Di Buono, M
Mirrahimi, A
Ha, V
Carleton, A J
Kendall, C W C
Beyene, J
Sievenpiper, J L
Wolever, T M S
Don-Wauchope, A C
Chiu, S
Leiter, L A
Jenkins, A L
de Souza, R J
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  givenname: J L
  surname: Sievenpiper
  fullname: Sievenpiper, J L
  email: john.sievenpiper@utoronto.ca
  organization: Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Toronto 3D Knowledge Synthesis and Clinical Trials Unit, Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, St Michael’s Hospital, The Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital
– sequence: 3
  givenname: R J
  surname: de Souza
  fullname: de Souza, R J
  organization: Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto 3D Knowledge Synthesis and Clinical Trials Unit, Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, St Michael’s Hospital, Department of Clinical Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University
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  fullname: Kendall, C W C
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Issue 4
Keywords clinical trial
meta-analysis
sugars
non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
Evidence-based practice
Hepatic disease
Metabolic diseases
Systematic review
Marker
Evidence-based medicine
Fructose
Feeding
Metaanalysis
Non alcoholic steatohepatitis
Digestive diseases
Clinical trial
Sugar
Language English
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CC BY 4.0
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PublicationTitle European journal of clinical nutrition
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Snippet Background/Objectives: In the absence of consistent clinical evidence, there are concerns that fructose contributes to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease...
In the absence of consistent clinical evidence, there are concerns that fructose contributes to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). To determine the...
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: In the absence of consistent clinical evidence, there are concerns that fructose contributes to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease...
SUBJECTS/METHODS: We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL and the Cochrane Library (through 3 September 2013). We included relevant trials that involved a...
Background/Objectives:In the absence of consistent clinical evidence, there are concerns that fructose contributes to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease...
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SubjectTerms 631/45/72
692/53
692/699/1503/1607/2750
692/700/2814
Alanine Transaminase - metabolism
Analysis
Biological and medical sciences
Biomarkers
Carbohydrates
Clinical Nutrition
Clinical trials
Databases, Factual
Energy
Epidemiology
Fatty liver
Feeding. Feeding behavior
Fructose
Fructose - administration & dosage
Fructose - adverse effects
Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology
Gastroenterology. Liver. Pancreas. Abdomen
Heterogeneity
Humans
Internal Medicine
Lipids
Liver diseases
Liver. Biliary tract. Portal circulation. Exocrine pancreas
Medical sciences
Medicine
Medicine & Public Health
Meta-analysis
Metabolic Diseases
Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease - etiology
Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease - pathology
Nutrition research
Observational Studies as Topic
Other diseases. Semiology
Physiological aspects
Public Health
Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
Review
Risk factors
Systematic review
Vertebrates: anatomy and physiology, studies on body, several organs or systems
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Title Effect of fructose on markers of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD): a systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled feeding trials
URI https://link.springer.com/article/10.1038/ejcn.2014.8
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24569542
https://www.proquest.com/docview/1511833173
https://www.proquest.com/docview/1512556035
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PMC3975811
Volume 68
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