Risk of Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding From Different Drug Combinations

• Published in: Gastroenterology (New York, N.Y. 1943) Vol. 147; no. 4; pp. 784 - 792.e9
• Main Authors: Masclee, Gwen M.C., Valkhoff, Vera E., Coloma, Preciosa M., de Ridder, Maria, Romio, Silvana, Schuemie, Martijn J., Herings, Ron, Gini, Rosa, Mazzaglia, Giampiero, Picelli, Gino, Scotti, Lorenza, Pedersen, Lars, Kuipers, Ernst J., van der Lei, Johan, Sturkenboom, Miriam C.J.M.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States Elsevier Inc 01.10.2014
• Subjects: Adrenal Cortex Hormones - adverse effects; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal - administration & dosage; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal - adverse effects; Anticoagulants - adverse effects; Aspirin - administration & dosage; Aspirin - adverse effects; Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors - administration & dosage; Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors - adverse effects; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Interactions; Europe; Gastroenterology and Hepatology; Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage - chemically induced; Humans; Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists - adverse effects; Prostaglandin; Risk Assessment; Risk Factors; Side Effects; Stomach; Treatment; Europe; PAR; Stomach; COX-2 inhibitor; Prostaglandin; IRRp; CI; NSAID; SCCS; IRR; ICD; RERI; UGIB; EHR; nsNSAID; AP; IPCI; ATC; SSRI; Treatment; S; PPV; HSD; GPA; Side Effects; positive predictive value; proportion attributable to interaction; Health Search/CSD Longitudinal Patient Database; incidence rate ratio; pooled incidence rate ratio; upper gastrointestinal bleeding; self-controlled case series; selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor; population attributable risk; synergy index; cyclooxygenase-2 selective inhibitor; International Classification of Diseases; Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical; nonselective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug; relative excess risk due to interaction; Integrated Primary Care Information; confidence interval; gastroprotective agent; electronic health record; nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug
• ISSN: 0016-5085; 1528-0012; 1528-0012
• DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2014.06.007

Concomitant use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and low-dose aspirin increases the risk of upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB). Guidelines suggest avoiding certain drug combinations, yet little is known about the magnitude of their interactions. We estimated the risk of UGIB during concomitant use of nonselective (ns)NSAIDs, cyclooxygenase -2 selective inhibitors (COX-2 inhibitors), and low-dose aspirin with other drugs. We performed a case series analysis of data from 114,835 patients with UGIB (930,888 person-years of follow-up) identified from 7 population-based health care databases (approximately 20 million subjects). Each patient served as his or her own control. Drug exposure was determined based on prescriptions of nsNSAIDs, COX-2 inhibitors, or low-dose aspirin, alone and in combination with other drugs that affect the risk of UGIB. We measured relative risk (incidence rate ratio [IRR] during drug exposure vs nonexposure) and excess risk due to concomitant drug exposure (relative excess risk due to interaction [RERI]). Monotherapy with nsNSAIDs increased the risk of diagnosis of UGIB (IRR, 4.3) to a greater extent than monotherapy with COX-2 inhibitors (IRR, 2.9) or low-dose aspirin (IRR, 3.1). Combination therapy generally increased the risk of UGIB; concomitant nsNSAID and corticosteroid therapies increased the IRR to the greatest extent (12.8) and also produced the greatest excess risk (RERI, 5.5). Concomitant use of nsNSAIDs and aldosterone antagonists produced an IRR for UGIB of 11.0 (RERI, 4.5). Excess risk from concomitant use of nsNSAIDs with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) was 1.6, whereas that from use of COX-2 inhibitors with SSRIs was 1.9 and that for use of low-dose aspirin with SSRIs was 0.5. Excess risk of concomitant use of nsNSAIDs with anticoagulants was 2.4, of COX-2 inhibitors with anticoagulants was 0.1, and of low-dose aspirin with anticoagulants was 1.9. Based on a case series analysis, concomitant use of nsNSAIDs, COX-2 inhibitors, or low-dose aspirin with SSRIs significantly increases the risk of UGIB. Concomitant use of nsNSAIDs or low-dose aspirin, but not COX-2 inhibitors, with corticosteroids, aldosterone antagonists, or anticoagulants produces significant excess risk of UGIB.