Genome-wide association study of major depressive disorder: new results, meta-analysis, and lessons learned

• Published in: Molecular psychiatry Vol. 17; no. 1; pp. 36 - 48
• Main Authors: Wray, N R, Pergadia, M L, Blackwood, D H R, Penninx, B W J H, Gordon, S D, Nyholt, D R, Ripke, S, MacIntyre, D J, McGhee, K A, Maclean, A W, Smit, J H, Hottenga, J J, Willemsen, G, Middeldorp, C M, de Geus, E J C, Lewis, C M, McGuffin, P, Hickie, I B, van den Oord, E J C G, Liu, J Z, Macgregor, S, McEvoy, B P, Byrne, E M, Medland, S E, Statham, D J, Henders, A K, Heath, A C, Montgomery, G W, Martin, N G, Boomsma, D I, Madden, P A F, Sullivan, P F
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: London Nature Publishing Group UK 01.01.2012; Nature Publishing Group
• Subjects: 631/208/205/2138; 692/699/476/1414; Adenylate cyclase; Adenylyl Cyclases - genetics; Adolescent; Adult; Adult and adolescent clinical studies; Affective disorders; Behavioral Sciences; Biological and medical sciences; Biological Psychology; Bipolar disorder; Calcium Channels, L-Type - genetics; Care and treatment; Depression; Depressive Disorder, Major - genetics; Diagnosis; Etiology; Female; Galanin; Galanin - genetics; Genetic aspects; Genetic Predisposition to Disease - genetics; Genome-Wide Association Study; Genotype; Humans; Identification and classification; Liability; Major depressive disorder; Male; Medical sciences; Medicine; Medicine & Public Health; Mental disorders; Middle Aged; Mood disorders; Neurosciences; Odds Ratio; Original; original-article; Pharmacotherapy; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide - genetics; Principal Component Analysis; Psychiatry; Psychology. Psychoanalysis. Psychiatry; Psychopathology. Psychiatry; Reviews; Risk factors; Schizophrenia; Sex Factors; Single nucleotide polymorphisms; Single-nucleotide polymorphism; Systematic review; Young Adult; Australia; major depressive disorder; genome-wide association study; depression; Mood disorder; GAL; Depression; ADCY3; Review; CACNA1C; Metaanalysis
• ISSN: 1359-4184; 1476-5578; 1476-5578
• DOI: 10.1038/mp.2010.109

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a common complex disorder with a partly genetic etiology. We conducted a genome-wide association study of the MDD2000+ sample (2431 cases, 3673 screened controls and >1 M imputed single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)). No SNPs achieved genome-wide significance either in the MDD2000+ study, or in meta-analysis with two other studies totaling 5763 cases and 6901 controls. These results imply that common variants of intermediate or large effect do not have main effects in the genetic architecture of MDD. Suggestive but notable results were (a) gene-based tests suggesting roles for adenylate cyclase 3 ( ADCY3 , 2p23.3) and galanin ( GAL , 11q13.3); published functional evidence relates both of these to MDD and serotonergic signaling; (b) support for the bipolar disorder risk variant SNP rs1006737 in CACNA1C ( P =0.020, odds ratio=1.10); and (c) lack of support for rs2251219, a SNP identified in a meta-analysis of affective disorder studies ( P =0.51). We estimate that sample sizes 1.8- to 2.4-fold greater are needed for association studies of MDD compared with those for schizophrenia to detect variants that explain the same proportion of total variance in liability. Larger study cohorts characterized for genetic and environmental risk factors accumulated prospectively are likely to be needed to dissect more fully the etiology of MDD.