A National Survey of Stress Reactions after the September 11, 2001, Terrorist Attacks
After the September 11 terrorist attacks, Americans experienced symptoms of psychological stress. This survey of U.S. adults performed just five days after the attacks quantifies the extent of the stress reactions. The terrorist attacks against the United States on September 11, 2001, shook the nati...
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| Published in | The New England journal of medicine Vol. 345; no. 20; pp. 1507 - 1512 |
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| Main Authors | , , , , , , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
Boston, MA
Massachusetts Medical Society
15.11.2001
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| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
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| Abstract | After the September 11 terrorist attacks, Americans experienced symptoms of psychological stress. This survey of U.S. adults performed just five days after the attacks quantifies the extent of the stress reactions.
The terrorist attacks against the United States on September 11, 2001, shook the nation. Television coverage was immediate, graphic, and pervasive.
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Newscasts included remarkable video footage showing two airplanes crashing into the World Trade Center and the aftermath of four airplane crashes.
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People who are present at a traumatic event often have symptoms of stress, but there is evidence that adults and children need not be present to have stress symptoms,
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especially if they consider themselves similar to the victims.
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The events on September 11 were widely described as attacks on America, and most or all Americans . . . |
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| AbstractList | People who are not present at a traumatic event may also experience stress reactions. We assessed the immediate mental health effects of the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001.
Using random-digit dialing three to five days after September 11, we interviewed a nationally representative sample of 569 U.S. adults about their reactions to the terrorist attacks and their perceptions of their children's reactions.
Forty-four percent of the adults reported one or more substantial stress symptoms; 91 percent had one or more symptoms to at least some degree. Respondents throughout the country reported stress syndromes. They coped by talking with others (98 percent), turning to religion (90 percent), participating in group activities (60 percent), and making donations (36 percent). Eighty-five percent of parents reported that they or other adults in the household had talked to their children about the attacks for an hour or more; 34 percent restricted their children's television viewing. Thirty-five percent of children had one or more stress symptoms, and 47 percent were worried about their own safety or the safety of loved ones.
After the September 11 terrorist attacks, Americans across the country, including children, had substantial symptoms of stress. Even clinicians who practice in regions that are far from the recent attacks should be prepared to assist people with trauma-related symptoms of stress. After the September 11 terrorist attacks, Americans experienced symptoms of psychological stress. This survey of U.S. adults performed just five days after the attacks quantifies the extent of the stress reactions. The terrorist attacks against the United States on September 11, 2001, shook the nation. Television coverage was immediate, graphic, and pervasive. 1 – 3 Newscasts included remarkable video footage showing two airplanes crashing into the World Trade Center and the aftermath of four airplane crashes. 2 , 3 People who are present at a traumatic event often have symptoms of stress, but there is evidence that adults and children need not be present to have stress symptoms, 4 – 6 especially if they consider themselves similar to the victims. 4 The events on September 11 were widely described as attacks on America, and most or all Americans . . . Background People who are not present at a traumatic event may experience stress reactions. We assessed the immediate mental health effects of the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001. Methods Using random-digit dialing three to five days after September 11, we interviewed a nationally representative sample of 560 U.S. adults about their reactions to the terrorist attacks and their perceptions of their children's reactions. Results Forty-four percent of the adults reported one or more substantial symptoms of stress; 90 percent had one or more symptoms to at least some degree. Respondents throughout the country reported stress symptoms. They coped by talking with others (98 percent), turning to religion (90 percent), participating in group activities (60 percent), and making donations (36 percent). Eighty-four percent of parents reported that they or other adults in the household had talked to their children about the attacks for an hour or more; 34 percent restricted their children's television viewing. Thirty-five percent of children had one or more stress symptoms, and 47 percent were worried about their own safety or the safety of loved ones. Conclusions After the September 11 terrorist attacks, Americans across the country, including children, had substantial symptoms of stress. Even clinicians who practice in regions that are far from the recent attacks should be prepared to assist people with trauma-related symptoms of stress. BACKGROUNDPeople who are not present at a traumatic event may also experience stress reactions. We assessed the immediate mental health effects of the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001.METHODSUsing random-digit dialing three to five days after September 11, we interviewed a nationally representative sample of 569 U.S. adults about their reactions to the terrorist attacks and their perceptions of their children's reactions.RESULTSForty-four percent of the adults reported one or more substantial stress symptoms; 91 percent had one or more symptoms to at least some degree. Respondents throughout the country reported stress syndromes. They coped by talking with others (98 percent), turning to religion (90 percent), participating in group activities (60 percent), and making donations (36 percent). Eighty-five percent of parents reported that they or other adults in the household had talked to their children about the attacks for an hour or more; 34 percent restricted their children's television viewing. Thirty-five percent of children had one or more stress symptoms, and 47 percent were worried about their own safety or the safety of loved ones.CONCLUSIONSAfter the September 11 terrorist attacks, Americans across the country, including children, had substantial symptoms of stress. Even clinicians who practice in regions that are far from the recent attacks should be prepared to assist people with trauma-related symptoms of stress. |
| Author | Stein, Bradley D Berry, Sandra H Morrison, Janina L Schuster, Mark A Marshall, Grant N Elliott, Marc N Zhou, Annie J Kanouse, David E Jaycox, Lisa H Collins, Rebecca L |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Mark A surname: Schuster fullname: Schuster, Mark A – sequence: 2 givenname: Bradley D surname: Stein fullname: Stein, Bradley D – sequence: 3 givenname: Lisa H surname: Jaycox fullname: Jaycox, Lisa H – sequence: 4 givenname: Rebecca L surname: Collins fullname: Collins, Rebecca L – sequence: 5 givenname: Grant N surname: Marshall fullname: Marshall, Grant N – sequence: 6 givenname: Marc N surname: Elliott fullname: Elliott, Marc N – sequence: 7 givenname: Annie J surname: Zhou fullname: Zhou, Annie J – sequence: 8 givenname: David E surname: Kanouse fullname: Kanouse, David E – sequence: 9 givenname: Janina L surname: Morrison fullname: Morrison, Janina L – sequence: 10 givenname: Sandra H surname: Berry fullname: Berry, Sandra H |
| BackLink | http://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=14139198$$DView record in Pascal Francis https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11794216$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| CODEN | NEJMAG |
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| References | 11856809 - N Engl J Med. 2002 Feb 21;346(8):629-30 11794199 - N Engl J Med. 2001 Nov 15;345(20):1490 12000823 - N Engl J Med. 2002 May 9;346(19):1495-8; author reply 1495-8 Shore JH (r018) 1986; 143 Breslau N (r021) 1991; 48 Kiser L (r038) 1993; 150 Pfefferbaum B (r026) 2000; 63 r022 r023 r017 r039 Pfefferbaum B (r027) 1999; 156 r013 r035 r014 r037 r016 Stein MB (r019) 1997; 154 Kessler RC (r020) 1995; 52 Terr LC (r005) 1999; 156 Yacoubian VV (r032) 1989; 53 r010 r011 r033 r012 r034 r030 r028 r029 r008 r009 r024 r025 r004 |
| References_xml | – volume: 143 start-page: 590 year: 1986 ident: r018 publication-title: Am J Psychiatry doi: 10.1176/ajp.143.12.1617 contributor: fullname: Shore JH – ident: r039 doi: 10.1525/9780520329850 – ident: r034 – ident: r024 doi: 10.1056/NEJM198712243172604 – volume: 53 start-page: 331 year: 1989 ident: r032 publication-title: Bull Menninger Clin contributor: fullname: Yacoubian VV – ident: r017 doi: 10.1002/jts.2490070207 – ident: r028 – ident: r023 doi: 10.1017/S0033291700022352 – ident: r010 doi: 10.1046/j.1525-1497.1999.01049.x – volume: 52 start-page: 1048 year: 1995 ident: r020 publication-title: Arch Gen Psychiatry doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1995.03950240066012 contributor: fullname: Kessler RC – ident: r016 doi: 10.1007/BF02287236 – volume: 154 start-page: 1114 year: 1997 ident: r019 publication-title: Am J Psychiatry doi: 10.1176/ajp.154.8.1114 contributor: fullname: Stein MB – ident: r008 – ident: r033 – ident: r013 doi: 10.1097/00004583-199111000-00011 – ident: r035 – ident: r014 doi: 10.1097/00004583-200001000-00014 – volume: 63 start-page: 358 year: 2000 ident: r026 publication-title: Psychiatry doi: 10.1080/00332747.2000.11024929 contributor: fullname: Pfefferbaum B – volume: 156 start-page: 1069 year: 1999 ident: r027 publication-title: Am J Psychiatry doi: 10.1176/ajp.156.7.1069 contributor: fullname: Pfefferbaum B – volume: 150 start-page: 87 year: 1993 ident: r038 publication-title: Am J Psychiatry doi: 10.1176/ajp.150.1.87 contributor: fullname: Kiser L – ident: r012 doi: 10.1001/jama.282.8.755 – ident: r029 doi: 10.1093/oso/9780195069945.001.0001 – ident: r025 – ident: r037 doi: 10.1111/j.1460-2466.1982.tb00480.x – ident: r030 doi: 10.1016/S1054-139X(00)00129-4 – ident: r004 doi: 10.1111/j.2044-8341.1993.tb01741.x – ident: r009 doi: 10.1001/archinte.158.21.2329 – volume: 48 start-page: 216 year: 1991 ident: r021 publication-title: Arch Gen Psychiatry doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1991.01810270028003 contributor: fullname: Breslau N – ident: r022 doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.55.7.626 – volume: 156 start-page: 1536 year: 1999 ident: r005 publication-title: Am J Psychiatry doi: 10.1176/ajp.156.10.1536 contributor: fullname: Terr LC – ident: r011 doi: 10.1016/S0005-7967(99)00061-3 |
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| Snippet | After the September 11 terrorist attacks, Americans experienced symptoms of psychological stress. This survey of U.S. adults performed just five days after the... People who are not present at a traumatic event may also experience stress reactions. We assessed the immediate mental health effects of the terrorist attacks... Background People who are not present at a traumatic event may experience stress reactions. We assessed the immediate mental health effects of the terrorist... BACKGROUNDPeople who are not present at a traumatic event may also experience stress reactions. We assessed the immediate mental health effects of the... |
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| SubjectTerms | Adaptation, Psychological Adolescent Adult Adult and adolescent clinical studies Aircraft Anxiety disorders. Neuroses Biological and medical sciences Child Child, Preschool Children & youth Data Collection Female Humans Interpersonal Relations Interviews Male Medical sciences New York City Population Post-traumatic stress disorder Psychology, Child Psychology. Psychoanalysis. Psychiatry Psychopathology. Psychiatry Random Allocation Religion Safety Sensitivity analysis Stress Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic - epidemiology Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic - etiology Stress, Psychological - epidemiology Stress, Psychological - etiology Stress, Psychological - psychology Television Terrorism Terrorism - psychology United States - epidemiology Volunteers - statistics & numerical data |
| Title | A National Survey of Stress Reactions after the September 11, 2001, Terrorist Attacks |
| URI | http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJM200111153452024 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11794216 https://www.proquest.com/docview/223944486/abstract/ https://search.proquest.com/docview/72248746 |
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