Fast and accurate imputation of genotypes from noisy low-coverage sequencing data in bi-parental populations
Genotyping of bi-parental populations can be performed with low-coverage next-generation sequencing (LC-NGS). This allows the creation of highly saturated genetic maps at reasonable cost, precisely localized recombination breakpoints (i.e., the crossovers), and minimized mapping intervals for quanti...
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Published in | PloS one Vol. 20; no. 1; p. e0314759 |
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Main Authors | , , , , , |
Format | Journal Article |
Language | English |
Published |
United States
Public Library of Science
30.01.2025
Public Library of Science (PLoS) |
Subjects | |
Online Access | Get full text |
ISSN | 1932-6203 1932-6203 |
DOI | 10.1371/journal.pone.0314759 |
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Abstract | Genotyping of bi-parental populations can be performed with low-coverage next-generation sequencing (LC-NGS). This allows the creation of highly saturated genetic maps at reasonable cost, precisely localized recombination breakpoints (i.e., the crossovers), and minimized mapping intervals for quantitative-trait locus analysis. The main issues with these low-coverage genotyping methods are (1) poor performance at heterozygous loci, (2) high percentage of missing data, (3) local errors due to erroneous mapping of sequencing reads and reference genome mistakes, and (4) global, technical errors inherent to NGS itself. Recent methods like Tassel-FSFHap or LB-Impute are excellent at addressing issues 1 and 2, but nonetheless perform poorly when issues 3 and 4 are persistent in a dataset (i.e., "noisy" data). Here, we present a new algorithm for imputation of LC-NGS data that eliminates the need of complex pre-filtering of noisy data, accurately types heterozygous chromosomal regions, precisely estimates crossover positions, corrects erroneous data, and imputes missing data. The imputation of genotypes and recombination breakpoints is based on maximum-likelihood estimation. We compare its performance with Tassel-FSFHap and LB-Impute using simulated data and two real datasets. NOISYmputer is consistently more efficient than the two other software tested and reaches average breakpoint precision of 99.9% and average recall of 99.6% on illumina simulated dataset. NOISYmputer consistently provides precise map size estimations when applied to real datasets while alternative tools may exhibit errors ranging from 3 to 1845 times the real size of the chromosomes in centimorgans. Furthermore, the algorithm is not only highly effective in terms of precision and recall but is also particularly economical in its use of RAM and computation time, being much faster than Hidden Markov Model methods.
NOISYmputer and its source code are available as a multiplatform (Linux, macOS, Windows) Java executable at the URL https://gitlab.cirad.fr/noisymputer/noisymputerstandalone/-/tree/1.0.0-RELEASE?reftype=tags. |
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AbstractList | MotivationGenotyping of bi-parental populations can be performed with low-coverage next-generation sequencing (LC-NGS). This allows the creation of highly saturated genetic maps at reasonable cost, precisely localized recombination breakpoints (i.e., the crossovers), and minimized mapping intervals for quantitative-trait locus analysis. The main issues with these low-coverage genotyping methods are (1) poor performance at heterozygous loci, (2) high percentage of missing data, (3) local errors due to erroneous mapping of sequencing reads and reference genome mistakes, and (4) global, technical errors inherent to NGS itself. Recent methods like Tassel-FSFHap or LB-Impute are excellent at addressing issues 1 and 2, but nonetheless perform poorly when issues 3 and 4 are persistent in a dataset (i.e., “noisy” data). Here, we present a new algorithm for imputation of LC-NGS data that eliminates the need of complex pre-filtering of noisy data, accurately types heterozygous chromosomal regions, precisely estimates crossover positions, corrects erroneous data, and imputes missing data. The imputation of genotypes and recombination breakpoints is based on maximum-likelihood estimation. We compare its performance with Tassel-FSFHap and LB-Impute using simulated data and two real datasets. NOISYmputer is consistently more efficient than the two other software tested and reaches average breakpoint precision of 99.9% and average recall of 99.6% on illumina simulated dataset. NOISYmputer consistently provides precise map size estimations when applied to real datasets while alternative tools may exhibit errors ranging from 3 to 1845 times the real size of the chromosomes in centimorgans. Furthermore, the algorithm is not only highly effective in terms of precision and recall but is also particularly economical in its use of RAM and computation time, being much faster than Hidden Markov Model methods.AvailabilityNOISYmputer and its source code are available as a multiplatform (Linux, macOS, Windows) Java executable at the URL https://gitlab.cirad.fr/noisymputer/noisymputerstandalone/-/tree/1.0.0-RELEASE?reftype=tags. Motivation Genotyping of bi-parental populations can be performed with low-coverage next-generation sequencing (LC-NGS). This allows the creation of highly saturated genetic maps at reasonable cost, precisely localized recombination breakpoints (i.e., the crossovers), and minimized mapping intervals for quantitative-trait locus analysis. The main issues with these low-coverage genotyping methods are (1) poor performance at heterozygous loci, (2) high percentage of missing data, (3) local errors due to erroneous mapping of sequencing reads and reference genome mistakes, and (4) global, technical errors inherent to NGS itself. Recent methods like Tassel-FSFHap or LB-Impute are excellent at addressing issues 1 and 2, but nonetheless perform poorly when issues 3 and 4 are persistent in a dataset (i.e., "noisy" data). Here, we present a new algorithm for imputation of LC-NGS data that eliminates the need of complex pre-filtering of noisy data, accurately types heterozygous chromosomal regions, precisely estimates crossover positions, corrects erroneous data, and imputes missing data. The imputation of genotypes and recombination breakpoints is based on maximum-likelihood estimation. We compare its performance with Tassel-FSFHap and LB-Impute using simulated data and two real datasets. NOISYmputer is consistently more efficient than the two other software tested and reaches average breakpoint precision of 99.9% and average recall of 99.6% on illumina simulated dataset. NOISYmputer consistently provides precise map size estimations when applied to real datasets while alternative tools may exhibit errors ranging from 3 to 1845 times the real size of the chromosomes in centimorgans. Furthermore, the algorithm is not only highly effective in terms of precision and recall but is also particularly economical in its use of RAM and computation time, being much faster than Hidden Markov Model methods. Availability NOISYmputer and its source code are available as a multiplatform (Linux, macOS, Windows) Java executable at the URL Genotyping of bi-parental populations can be performed with low-coverage next-generation sequencing (LC-NGS). This allows the creation of highly saturated genetic maps at reasonable cost, precisely localized recombination breakpoints (i.e., the crossovers), and minimized mapping intervals for quantitative-trait locus analysis. The main issues with these low-coverage genotyping methods are (1) poor performance at heterozygous loci, (2) high percentage of missing data, (3) local errors due to erroneous mapping of sequencing reads and reference genome mistakes, and (4) global, technical errors inherent to NGS itself. Recent methods like Tassel-FSFHap or LB-Impute are excellent at addressing issues 1 and 2, but nonetheless perform poorly when issues 3 and 4 are persistent in a dataset (i.e., "noisy" data). Here, we present a new algorithm for imputation of LC-NGS data that eliminates the need of complex pre-filtering of noisy data, accurately types heterozygous chromosomal regions, precisely estimates crossover positions, corrects erroneous data, and imputes missing data. The imputation of genotypes and recombination breakpoints is based on maximum-likelihood estimation. We compare its performance with Tassel-FSFHap and LB-Impute using simulated data and two real datasets. NOISYmputer is consistently more efficient than the two other software tested and reaches average breakpoint precision of 99.9% and average recall of 99.6% on illumina simulated dataset. NOISYmputer consistently provides precise map size estimations when applied to real datasets while alternative tools may exhibit errors ranging from 3 to 1845 times the real size of the chromosomes in centimorgans. Furthermore, the algorithm is not only highly effective in terms of precision and recall but is also particularly economical in its use of RAM and computation time, being much faster than Hidden Markov Model methods. NOISYmputer and its source code are available as a multiplatform (Linux, macOS, Windows) Java executable at the URL https://gitlab.cirad.fr/noisymputer/noisymputerstandalone/-/tree/1.0.0-RELEASE?reftype=tags. Genotyping of bi-parental populations can be performed with low-coverage next-generation sequencing (LC-NGS). This allows the creation of highly saturated genetic maps at reasonable cost, precisely localized recombination breakpoints (i.e., the crossovers), and minimized mapping intervals for quantitative-trait locus analysis. The main issues with these low-coverage genotyping methods are (1) poor performance at heterozygous loci, (2) high percentage of missing data, (3) local errors due to erroneous mapping of sequencing reads and reference genome mistakes, and (4) global, technical errors inherent to NGS itself. Recent methods like Tassel-FSFHap or LB-Impute are excellent at addressing issues 1 and 2, but nonetheless perform poorly when issues 3 and 4 are persistent in a dataset (i.e., "noisy" data). Here, we present a new algorithm for imputation of LC-NGS data that eliminates the need of complex pre-filtering of noisy data, accurately types heterozygous chromosomal regions, precisely estimates crossover positions, corrects erroneous data, and imputes missing data. The imputation of genotypes and recombination breakpoints is based on maximum-likelihood estimation. We compare its performance with Tassel-FSFHap and LB-Impute using simulated data and two real datasets. NOISYmputer is consistently more efficient than the two other software tested and reaches average breakpoint precision of 99.9% and average recall of 99.6% on illumina simulated dataset. NOISYmputer consistently provides precise map size estimations when applied to real datasets while alternative tools may exhibit errors ranging from 3 to 1845 times the real size of the chromosomes in centimorgans. Furthermore, the algorithm is not only highly effective in terms of precision and recall but is also particularly economical in its use of RAM and computation time, being much faster than Hidden Markov Model methods.MOTIVATIONGenotyping of bi-parental populations can be performed with low-coverage next-generation sequencing (LC-NGS). This allows the creation of highly saturated genetic maps at reasonable cost, precisely localized recombination breakpoints (i.e., the crossovers), and minimized mapping intervals for quantitative-trait locus analysis. The main issues with these low-coverage genotyping methods are (1) poor performance at heterozygous loci, (2) high percentage of missing data, (3) local errors due to erroneous mapping of sequencing reads and reference genome mistakes, and (4) global, technical errors inherent to NGS itself. Recent methods like Tassel-FSFHap or LB-Impute are excellent at addressing issues 1 and 2, but nonetheless perform poorly when issues 3 and 4 are persistent in a dataset (i.e., "noisy" data). Here, we present a new algorithm for imputation of LC-NGS data that eliminates the need of complex pre-filtering of noisy data, accurately types heterozygous chromosomal regions, precisely estimates crossover positions, corrects erroneous data, and imputes missing data. The imputation of genotypes and recombination breakpoints is based on maximum-likelihood estimation. We compare its performance with Tassel-FSFHap and LB-Impute using simulated data and two real datasets. NOISYmputer is consistently more efficient than the two other software tested and reaches average breakpoint precision of 99.9% and average recall of 99.6% on illumina simulated dataset. NOISYmputer consistently provides precise map size estimations when applied to real datasets while alternative tools may exhibit errors ranging from 3 to 1845 times the real size of the chromosomes in centimorgans. Furthermore, the algorithm is not only highly effective in terms of precision and recall but is also particularly economical in its use of RAM and computation time, being much faster than Hidden Markov Model methods.NOISYmputer and its source code are available as a multiplatform (Linux, macOS, Windows) Java executable at the URL https://gitlab.cirad.fr/noisymputer/noisymputerstandalone/-/tree/1.0.0-RELEASE?reftype=tags.AVAILABILITYNOISYmputer and its source code are available as a multiplatform (Linux, macOS, Windows) Java executable at the URL https://gitlab.cirad.fr/noisymputer/noisymputerstandalone/-/tree/1.0.0-RELEASE?reftype=tags. Motivation: Genotyping of bi-parental populations can be performed with low-coverage next-generation sequencing (LC-NGS). This allows the creation of highly saturated genetic maps at reasonable cost, precisely localized recombination breakpoints (i.e., the crossovers), and minimized mapping intervals for quantitative-trait locus analysis. The main issues with these low-coverage genotyping methods are (1) poor performance at heterozygous loci, (2) high percentage of missing data, (3) local errors due to erroneous mapping of sequencing reads and reference genome mistakes, and (4) global, technical errors inherent to NGS itself. Recent methods like Tassel-FSFHap or LB-Impute are excellent at addressing issues 1 and 2, but nonetheless perform poorly when issues 3 and 4 are persistent in a dataset (i.e., "noisy" data). Here, we present a new algorithm for imputation of LC-NGS data that eliminates the need of complex pre-filtering of noisy data, accurately types heterozygous chromosomal regions, precisely estimates crossover positions, corrects erroneous data, and imputes missing data. The imputation of genotypes and recombination breakpoints is based on maximum-likelihood estimation. We compare its performance with Tassel-FSFHap and LB-Impute using simulated data and two real datasets. NOISYmputer is consistently more efficient than the two other software tested and reaches average breakpoint precision of 99.9% and average recall of 99.6% on illumina simulated dataset. NOISYmputer consistently provides precise map size estimations when applied to real datasets while alternative tools may exhibit errors ranging from 3 to 1845 times the real size of the chromosomes in centimorgans. Furthermore, the algorithm is not only highly effective in terms of precision and recall but is also particularly economical in its use of RAM and computation time, being much faster than Hidden Markov Model methods.Availability: NOISYmputer and its source code are available as a multiplatform (Linux, macOS, Windows) Java executable at the URL https://gitlab.cirad.fr/noisymputer/noisymputerstandalone/-/tree/1.0.0-RELEASE Motivation Genotyping of bi-parental populations can be performed with low-coverage next-generation sequencing (LC-NGS). This allows the creation of highly saturated genetic maps at reasonable cost, precisely localized recombination breakpoints (i.e., the crossovers), and minimized mapping intervals for quantitative-trait locus analysis. The main issues with these low-coverage genotyping methods are (1) poor performance at heterozygous loci, (2) high percentage of missing data, (3) local errors due to erroneous mapping of sequencing reads and reference genome mistakes, and (4) global, technical errors inherent to NGS itself. Recent methods like Tassel-FSFHap or LB-Impute are excellent at addressing issues 1 and 2, but nonetheless perform poorly when issues 3 and 4 are persistent in a dataset (i.e., “noisy” data). Here, we present a new algorithm for imputation of LC-NGS data that eliminates the need of complex pre-filtering of noisy data, accurately types heterozygous chromosomal regions, precisely estimates crossover positions, corrects erroneous data, and imputes missing data. The imputation of genotypes and recombination breakpoints is based on maximum-likelihood estimation. We compare its performance with Tassel-FSFHap and LB-Impute using simulated data and two real datasets. NOISYmputer is consistently more efficient than the two other software tested and reaches average breakpoint precision of 99.9% and average recall of 99.6% on illumina simulated dataset. NOISYmputer consistently provides precise map size estimations when applied to real datasets while alternative tools may exhibit errors ranging from 3 to 1845 times the real size of the chromosomes in centimorgans. Furthermore, the algorithm is not only highly effective in terms of precision and recall but is also particularly economical in its use of RAM and computation time, being much faster than Hidden Markov Model methods. Availability NOISYmputer and its source code are available as a multiplatform (Linux, macOS, Windows) Java executable at the URL https://gitlab.cirad.fr/noisymputer/noisymputerstandalone/-/tree/1.0.0-RELEASE?reftype=tags. |
Audience | Academic |
Author | Boizet, Alice Triay, Cécile Fragoso, Christopher Lorieux, Mathias Rami, Jean-François Gkanogiannis, Anestis |
AuthorAffiliation | Bocconi University: Universita Bocconi, ITALY 4 Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, CT, United States of America 1 DIADE, IRD, Cirad, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France 3 Verinomics, Inc., New Haven, CT, United States of America 5 Agrobiotechnology Unit, Alliance Bioversity-CIAT, International Center for Tropical Agriculture, Cali, Colombia 2 AGAP, Cirad, INRAE, Montpellier SupAgro, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France |
AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: Bocconi University: Universita Bocconi, ITALY – name: 2 AGAP, Cirad, INRAE, Montpellier SupAgro, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France – name: 5 Agrobiotechnology Unit, Alliance Bioversity-CIAT, International Center for Tropical Agriculture, Cali, Colombia – name: 1 DIADE, IRD, Cirad, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France – name: 3 Verinomics, Inc., New Haven, CT, United States of America – name: 4 Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, CT, United States of America |
Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Cécile orcidid: 0000-0002-7339-0762 surname: Triay fullname: Triay, Cécile – sequence: 2 givenname: Alice orcidid: 0000-0003-4096-6689 surname: Boizet fullname: Boizet, Alice – sequence: 3 givenname: Christopher orcidid: 0000-0001-5330-2588 surname: Fragoso fullname: Fragoso, Christopher – sequence: 4 givenname: Anestis orcidid: 0000-0002-6441-0688 surname: Gkanogiannis fullname: Gkanogiannis, Anestis – sequence: 5 givenname: Jean-François orcidid: 0000-0002-5679-3877 surname: Rami fullname: Rami, Jean-François – sequence: 6 givenname: Mathias orcidid: 0000-0001-9864-3933 surname: Lorieux fullname: Lorieux, Mathias |
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References | AP Dempster (pone.0314759.ref012) 1977; 39 B Howie (pone.0314759.ref008) 2012; 44 CA Fragoso (pone.0314759.ref010) 2016; 202 DD Kosambi (pone.0314759.ref011) 1944 K Swarts (pone.0314759.ref009) 2014; 7 X Huang (pone.0314759.ref003) 2009; 19 C Xu (pone.0314759.ref004) 2017; 37 H Cramér (pone.0314759.ref013) 1999 RJ Elshire (pone.0314759.ref002) 2011; 6 BL Browning (pone.0314759.ref007) 2021; 108 C Heffelfinger (pone.0314759.ref005) 2014; 15 T Furuta (pone.0314759.ref014) 2023; 224 SR Browning (pone.0314759.ref006) 2007; 81 JW Davey (pone.0314759.ref001) 2010; 9 |
References_xml | – volume: 202 start-page: 487 issue: 2 year: 2016 ident: pone.0314759.ref010 article-title: Imputing Genotypes in Biallelic Populations from Low-Coverage Sequence Data publication-title: Genetics doi: 10.1534/genetics.115.182071 – volume: 9 start-page: 416 issue: 5-6 year: 2010 ident: pone.0314759.ref001 article-title: RADSeq: next-generation population genetics publication-title: Briefings in Functional Genomics doi: 10.1093/bfgp/elq031 – volume: 15 start-page: 979 issue: 1 year: 2014 ident: pone.0314759.ref005 article-title: Flexible and scalable genotyping-by-sequencing strategies for population studies publication-title: BMC Genomics doi: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-979 – volume: 19 start-page: 1068 issue: 6 year: 2009 ident: pone.0314759.ref003 article-title: High-throughput genotyping by whole-genome resequencing publication-title: Genome Research doi: 10.1101/gr.089516.108 – volume-title: Mathematical Methods of Statistics year: 1999 ident: pone.0314759.ref013 – volume: 108 start-page: 1880 issue: 10 year: 2021 ident: pone.0314759.ref007 article-title: Fast two-stage phasing of large-scale sequence data publication-title: The American Journal of Human Genetics doi: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2021.08.005 – volume: 7 issue: 3 year: 2014 ident: pone.0314759.ref009 article-title: Novel Methods to Optimize Genotypic Imputation for Low-Coverage, Next-Generation Sequence Data in Crop Plants publication-title: The Plant Genome doi: 10.3835/plantgenome2014.05.0023 – volume: 37 start-page: 20 issue: 3 year: 2017 ident: pone.0314759.ref004 article-title: Development of a maize 55 K SNP array with improved genome coverage for molecular breeding publication-title: Molecular Breeding doi: 10.1007/s11032-017-0622-z – start-page: 125 volume-title: D.D. Kosambi: Selected Works in Mathematics and Statistics year: 1944 ident: pone.0314759.ref011 – volume: 44 start-page: 955 issue: 8 year: 2012 ident: pone.0314759.ref008 article-title: Fast and accurate genotype imputation in genome-wide association studies through pre-phasing publication-title: Nature Genetics doi: 10.1038/ng.2354 – volume: 224 start-page: iyad055 issue: 2 year: 2023 ident: pone.0314759.ref014 article-title: GBScleanR: robust genotyping error correction using a hidden Markov model with error pattern recognition publication-title: Genetics doi: 10.1093/genetics/iyad055 – volume: 81 start-page: 1084 issue: 5 year: 2007 ident: pone.0314759.ref006 article-title: Rapid and Accurate Haplotype Phasing and Missing-Data Inference for Whole-Genome Association Studies By Use of Localized Haplotype Clustering publication-title: The American Journal of Human Genetics doi: 10.1086/521987 – volume: 6 start-page: e19379 issue: 5 year: 2011 ident: pone.0314759.ref002 article-title: A Robust, Simple Genotyping-by-Sequencing (GBS) Approach for High Diversity Species publication-title: PLoS ONE doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019379 – volume: 39 start-page: 1 issue: 1 year: 1977 ident: pone.0314759.ref012 article-title: Maximum Likelihood from Incomplete Data via the EM Algorithm publication-title: Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B (Methodological) doi: 10.1111/j.2517-6161.1977.tb01600.x |
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Snippet | Genotyping of bi-parental populations can be performed with low-coverage next-generation sequencing (LC-NGS). This allows the creation of highly saturated... Motivation Genotyping of bi-parental populations can be performed with low-coverage next-generation sequencing (LC-NGS). This allows the creation of highly... MotivationGenotyping of bi-parental populations can be performed with low-coverage next-generation sequencing (LC-NGS). This allows the creation of highly... Motivation: Genotyping of bi-parental populations can be performed with low-coverage next-generation sequencing (LC-NGS). This allows the creation of highly... Motivation Genotyping of bi-parental populations can be performed with low-coverage next-generation sequencing (LC-NGS). This allows the creation of highly... |
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