Physical activity in relation to urban environments in 14 cities worldwide: a cross-sectional study
Physical inactivity is a global pandemic responsible for over 5 million deaths annually through its effects on multiple non-communicable diseases. We aimed to document how objectively measured attributes of the urban environment are related to objectively measured physical activity, in an internatio...
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| Published in | The Lancet (British edition) Vol. 387; no. 10034; pp. 2207 - 2217 |
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| Main Authors | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
England
Elsevier Ltd
28.05.2016
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| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
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| Abstract | Physical inactivity is a global pandemic responsible for over 5 million deaths annually through its effects on multiple non-communicable diseases. We aimed to document how objectively measured attributes of the urban environment are related to objectively measured physical activity, in an international sample of adults.
We based our analyses on the International Physical activity and Environment Network (IPEN) adult study, which was a coordinated, international, cross-sectional study. Participants were sampled from neighbourhoods with varied levels of walkability and socioeconomic status. The present analyses of data from the IPEN adult study included 6822 adults aged 18–66 years from 14 cities in ten countries on five continents. Indicators of walkability, public transport access, and park access were assessed in 1·0 km and 0·5 km street network buffers around each participant's residential address with geographic information systems. Mean daily minutes of moderate-to-vigorous-intensity physical activity were measured with 4–7 days of accelerometer monitoring. Associations between environmental attributes and physical activity were estimated using generalised additive mixed models with gamma variance and logarithmic link functions.
Four of six environmental attributes were significantly, positively, and linearly related to physical activity in the single variable models: net residential density (exp[b] 1·006 [95% CI 1·003–1·009]; p=0·001), intersection density (1·069 [1·011–1·130]; p=0·019), public transport density (1·037 [1·018–1·056]; p=0·0007), and number of parks (1·146 [1·033–1·272]; p=0·010). Mixed land use and distance to nearest public transport point were not related to physical activity. The difference in physical activity between participants living in the most and least activity-friendly neighbourhoods ranged from 68 min/week to 89 min/week, which represents 45–59% of the 150 min/week recommended by guidelines.
Design of urban environments has the potential to contribute substantially to physical activity. Similarity of findings across cities suggests the promise of engaging urban planning, transportation, and parks sectors in efforts to reduce the health burden of the global physical inactivity pandemic.
Funding for coordination of the IPEN adult study, including the present analysis, was provided by the National Cancer Institute of National Institutes of Health (CA127296) with studies in each country funded by different sources. |
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| AbstractList | Summary Background Physical inactivity is a global pandemic responsible for over 5 million deaths annually through its effects on multiple non-communicable diseases. We aimed to document how objectively measured attributes of the urban environment are related to objectively measured physical activity, in an international sample of adults. Methods We based our analyses on the International Physical activity and Environment Network (IPEN) adult study, which was a coordinated, international, cross-sectional study. Participants were sampled from neighbourhoods with varied levels of walkability and socioeconomic status. The present analyses of data from the IPEN adult study included 6822 adults aged 18–66 years from 14 cities in ten countries on five continents. Indicators of walkability, public transport access, and park access were assessed in 1·0 km and 0·5 km street network buffers around each participant's residential address with geographic information systems. Mean daily minutes of moderate-to-vigorous-intensity physical activity were measured with 4–7 days of accelerometer monitoring. Associations between environmental attributes and physical activity were estimated using generalised additive mixed models with gamma variance and logarithmic link functions. Results Four of six environmental attributes were significantly, positively, and linearly related to physical activity in the single variable models: net residential density (exp[b] 1·006 [95% CI 1·003–1·009]; p=0·001), intersection density (1·069 [1·011–1·130]; p=0·019), public transport density (1·037 [1·018–1·056]; p=0·0007), and number of parks (1·146 [1·033–1·272]; p=0·010). Mixed land use and distance to nearest public transport point were not related to physical activity. The difference in physical activity between participants living in the most and least activity-friendly neighbourhoods ranged from 68 min/week to 89 min/week, which represents 45–59% of the 150 min/week recommended by guidelines. Interpretation Design of urban environments has the potential to contribute substantially to physical activity. Similarity of findings across cities suggests the promise of engaging urban planning, transportation, and parks sectors in efforts to reduce the health burden of the global physical inactivity pandemic. Funding Funding for coordination of the IPEN adult study, including the present analysis, was provided by the National Cancer Institute of National Institutes of Health (CA127296) with studies in each country funded by different sources. Physical inactivity is a global pandemic responsible for over 5 million deaths annually through its effects on multiple non-communicable diseases. We aimed to document how objectively measured attributes of the urban environment are related to objectively measured physical activity, in an international sample of adults. We based our analyses on the International Physical activity and Environment Network (IPEN) adult study, which was a coordinated, international, cross-sectional study. Participants were sampled from neighbourhoods with varied levels of walkability and socioeconomic status. The present analyses of data from the IPEN adult study included 6822 adults aged 18–66 years from 14 cities in ten countries on five continents. Indicators of walkability, public transport access, and park access were assessed in 1·0 km and 0·5 km street network buffers around each participant's residential address with geographic information systems. Mean daily minutes of moderate-to-vigorous-intensity physical activity were measured with 4–7 days of accelerometer monitoring. Associations between environmental attributes and physical activity were estimated using generalised additive mixed models with gamma variance and logarithmic link functions. Four of six environmental attributes were significantly, positively, and linearly related to physical activity in the single variable models: net residential density (exp[b] 1·006 [95% CI 1·003–1·009]; p=0·001), intersection density (1·069 [1·011–1·130]; p=0·019), public transport density (1·037 [1·018–1·056]; p=0·0007), and number of parks (1·146 [1·033–1·272]; p=0·010). Mixed land use and distance to nearest public transport point were not related to physical activity. The difference in physical activity between participants living in the most and least activity-friendly neighbourhoods ranged from 68 min/week to 89 min/week, which represents 45–59% of the 150 min/week recommended by guidelines. Design of urban environments has the potential to contribute substantially to physical activity. Similarity of findings across cities suggests the promise of engaging urban planning, transportation, and parks sectors in efforts to reduce the health burden of the global physical inactivity pandemic. Funding for coordination of the IPEN adult study, including the present analysis, was provided by the National Cancer Institute of National Institutes of Health (CA127296) with studies in each country funded by different sources. Background Physical inactivity is a global pandemic responsible for over 5 million deaths annually through its effects on multiple non-communicable diseases. We aimed to document how objectively measured attributes of the urban environment are related to objectively measured physical activity, in an international sample of adults. Methods We based our analyses on the International Physical activity and Environment Network (IPEN) adult study, which was a coordinated, international, cross-sectional study. Participants were sampled from neighbourhoods with varied levels of walkability and socioeconomic status. The present analyses of data from the IPEN adult study included 6822 adults aged 18-66 years from 14 cities in ten countries on five continents. Indicators of walkability, public transport access, and park access were assessed in 1.0 km and 0.5 km street network buffers around each participant's residential address with geographic information systems. Mean daily minutes of moderate-to-vigorous-intensity physical activity were measured with 4-7 days of accelerometer monitoring. Associations between environmental attributes and physical activity were estimated using generalised additive mixed models with gamma variance and logarithmic link functions. Results Four of six environmental attributes were significantly, positively, and linearly related to physical activity in the single variable models: net residential density (exp[b] 1.006 [95% CI 1.003-1.009]; p=0.001), intersection density (1.069 [1.011-1.130]; p=0.019), public transport density (1.037 [1.018-1.056]; p=0.0007), and number of parks (1.146 [1.033-1.272]; p=0.010). Mixed land use and distance to nearest public transport point were not related to physical activity. The difference in physical activity between participants living in the most and least activity-friendly neighbourhoods ranged from 68 min/week to 89 min/week, which represents 45-59% of the 150 min/week recommended by guidelines. Interpretation Design of urban environments has the potential to contribute substantially to physical activity. Similarity of findings across cities suggests the promise of engaging urban planning, transportation, and parks sectors in efforts to reduce the health burden of the global physical inactivity pandemic. Funding Funding for coordination of the IPEN adult study, including the present analysis, was provided by the National Cancer Institute of National Institutes of Health (CA127296) with studies in each country funded by different sources. |
| Author | Troelsen, Jens Sallis, James F Smith, Graham Lai, Poh-Chin Van Dyck, Delfien Cerin, Ester Salvo, Deborah Conway, Terry L Pratt, Michael Sarmiento, Olga L Owen, Neville Cain, Kelli L Reis, Rodrigo De Bourdeaudhuij, Ilse Frank, Lawrence D Schofield, Grant Kerr, Jacqueline Schipperijn, Jasper Davey, Rachel Adams, Marc A Mitáš, Josef |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: James F surname: Sallis fullname: Sallis, James F email: jsallis@ucsd.edu organization: Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA – sequence: 2 givenname: Ester surname: Cerin fullname: Cerin, Ester organization: The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China – sequence: 3 givenname: Terry L surname: Conway fullname: Conway, Terry L organization: Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA – sequence: 4 givenname: Marc A surname: Adams fullname: Adams, Marc A organization: School of Nutrition and Health Promotion and Global Institute of Sustainability, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA – sequence: 5 givenname: Lawrence D surname: Frank fullname: Frank, Lawrence D organization: Health and Community Design Lab, Schools of Population and Public Health and Community and Regional Planning, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada – sequence: 6 givenname: Michael surname: Pratt fullname: Pratt, Michael organization: Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA – sequence: 7 givenname: Deborah surname: Salvo fullname: Salvo, Deborah organization: Michael and Susan Dell Center for Healthy Living, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Public Health, Austin Regional Campus, Austin, TX, USA – sequence: 8 givenname: Jasper surname: Schipperijn fullname: Schipperijn, Jasper organization: Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark – sequence: 9 givenname: Graham surname: Smith fullname: Smith, Graham organization: Institute for Environment, Sustainability and Regeneration, Staffordshire University, Stoke-on-Trent, UK – sequence: 10 givenname: Kelli L surname: Cain fullname: Cain, Kelli L organization: Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA – sequence: 11 givenname: Rachel surname: Davey fullname: Davey, Rachel organization: Centre for Research and Action in Public Health, University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT, Australia – sequence: 12 givenname: Jacqueline surname: Kerr fullname: Kerr, Jacqueline organization: Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA – sequence: 13 givenname: Poh-Chin surname: Lai fullname: Lai, Poh-Chin organization: Department of Geography, The University of Hong Kong, China – sequence: 14 givenname: Josef surname: Mitáš fullname: Mitáš, Josef organization: Institute of Active Lifestyle, Faculty of Physical Culture, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic – sequence: 15 givenname: Rodrigo surname: Reis fullname: Reis, Rodrigo organization: Pontiff Catholic University of Parana, Curitiba, Brazil – sequence: 16 givenname: Olga L surname: Sarmiento fullname: Sarmiento, Olga L organization: School of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Bogota, Colombia – sequence: 17 givenname: Grant surname: Schofield fullname: Schofield, Grant organization: Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand – sequence: 18 givenname: Jens surname: Troelsen fullname: Troelsen, Jens organization: Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark – sequence: 19 givenname: Delfien surname: Van Dyck fullname: Van Dyck, Delfien organization: Department of Movement and Sport Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium – sequence: 20 givenname: Ilse surname: De Bourdeaudhuij fullname: De Bourdeaudhuij, Ilse organization: Department of Movement and Sport Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium – sequence: 21 givenname: Neville surname: Owen fullname: Owen, Neville organization: Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27045735$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| Notes | ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 23 GS contributed data collection, drafted sections, and edited the manuscript. JS contributed to data collection, drafted sections, and edited the manuscript. MP contributed to securing funding, site selection, study design, data collection, and edited the manuscript. KLC contributed to study design, international data coordination, secured funding, data collection, led creation of accelerometer variables, drafted sections, and edited the manuscript. RD contributed to securing funding, data collection, and edited the manuscript. JK contributed to study design, international data coordination, secured funding, and edited the manuscript. P-CL contributed to data collection and edited the manuscript. JM contributed to securing funding, data collection, and edited the manuscript. RR contributed to securing funding, data collection, and edited the manuscript. OLS contributed to securing funding, data collection and edited the manuscript. GS contributed to securing funding, data collection, and edited the manuscript. JT contributed to securing funding, data collection, and edited the manuscript. DVD contributed to data collection and edited the manuscript. IDB contributed to study design, international data coordination, securing funding, data collection, and edited the manuscript. NO contributed to study design, international data coordination, securing funding, data interpretation, and edited the manuscript. JFS was the lead author and led study design, international data coordination, securing funding for international coordination, literature search, and data interpretation. EC contributed to study design, securing funding, literature search, data collection, data analysis, data interpretation, drafted sections, and edited the manuscript. TLC contributed to study design, international data coordination, data collection, data interpretation, drafted sections, and edited the manuscript. MAA contributed to international data coordination, creation of GIS variables, drafted sections, and edited the manuscript. LDF contributed to study design, international data coordination, creation of GIS variables, data interpretation, drafted sections, and edited the manuscript. DS contributed to literature search, site selection, data collection, drafted sections, and edited the manuscript. Contributors |
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| Snippet | Physical inactivity is a global pandemic responsible for over 5 million deaths annually through its effects on multiple non-communicable diseases. We aimed to... Summary Background Physical inactivity is a global pandemic responsible for over 5 million deaths annually through its effects on multiple non-communicable... Background Physical inactivity is a global pandemic responsible for over 5 million deaths annually through its effects on multiple non-communicable diseases.... |
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| SubjectTerms | Adolescent Adult Aged Cities - statistics & numerical data City Planning Cross-Sectional Studies Environment Design Exercise - physiology Female Humans Internal Medicine Male Middle Aged Monitoring, Ambulatory Urban Health - statistics & numerical data Walking - physiology Young Adult |
| Title | Physical activity in relation to urban environments in 14 cities worldwide: a cross-sectional study |
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