From Micropores to Ultra-micropores inside Hard Carbon: Toward Enhanced Capacity in Room-/Low-Temperature Sodium-Ion Storage
Highlights Hard-carbon anode dominated with ultra-micropores (< 0.5 nm) was synthesized for sodium-ion batteries via a molten diffusion–carbonization method. The ultra-micropores dominated carbon anode displays an enhanced capacity, which originates from the extra sodium-ion storage sites of the...
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| Published in | Nano-micro letters Vol. 13; no. 1; pp. 98 - 14 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , , , , , , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
Singapore
Springer Nature Singapore
01.12.2021
Springer Nature B.V SpringerOpen |
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
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| Abstract | Highlights
Hard-carbon anode dominated with ultra-micropores (< 0.5 nm) was synthesized for sodium-ion batteries via a molten diffusion–carbonization method.
The ultra-micropores dominated carbon anode displays an enhanced capacity, which originates from the extra sodium-ion storage sites of the designed ultra-micropores.
The thick electrode (~ 19 mg cm
−2
) with a high areal capacity of 6.14 mAh cm
−2
displays an ultrahigh cycling stability and an outstanding low-temperature performance.
Pore structure of hard carbon has a fundamental influence on the electrochemical properties in sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). Ultra-micropores (< 0.5 nm) of hard carbon can function as ionic sieves to reduce the diffusion of slovated Na
+
but allow the entrance of naked Na
+
into the pores, which can reduce the interficial contact between the electrolyte and the inner pores without sacrificing the fast diffusion kinetics. Herein, a molten diffusion–carbonization method is proposed to transform the micropores (> 1 nm) inside carbon into ultra-micropores (< 0.5 nm). Consequently, the designed carbon anode displays an enhanced capacity of 346 mAh g
−1
at 30 mA g
−1
with a high ICE value of ~ 80.6% and most of the capacity (~ 90%) is below 1 V. Moreover, the high-loading electrode (~ 19 mg cm
−2
) exhibits a good temperature endurance with a high areal capacity of 6.14 mAh cm
−2
at 25 °C and 5.32 mAh cm
−2
at − 20 °C. Based on the in situ X-ray diffraction and ex situ solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance results, the designed ultra-micropores provide the extra Na
+
storage sites, which mainly contributes to the enhanced capacity. This proposed strategy shows a good potential for the development of high-performance SIBs. |
|---|---|
| AbstractList | Highlights Hard-carbon anode dominated with ultra-micropores (< 0.5 nm) was synthesized for sodium-ion batteries via a molten diffusion–carbonization method. The ultra-micropores dominated carbon anode displays an enhanced capacity, which originates from the extra sodium-ion storage sites of the designed ultra-micropores. The thick electrode (~ 19 mg cm−2) with a high areal capacity of 6.14 mAh cm−2 displays an ultrahigh cycling stability and an outstanding low-temperature performance. Abstract Pore structure of hard carbon has a fundamental influence on the electrochemical properties in sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). Ultra-micropores (< 0.5 nm) of hard carbon can function as ionic sieves to reduce the diffusion of slovated Na+ but allow the entrance of naked Na+ into the pores, which can reduce the interficial contact between the electrolyte and the inner pores without sacrificing the fast diffusion kinetics. Herein, a molten diffusion–carbonization method is proposed to transform the micropores (> 1 nm) inside carbon into ultra-micropores (< 0.5 nm). Consequently, the designed carbon anode displays an enhanced capacity of 346 mAh g−1 at 30 mA g−1 with a high ICE value of ~ 80.6% and most of the capacity (~ 90%) is below 1 V. Moreover, the high-loading electrode (~ 19 mg cm−2) exhibits a good temperature endurance with a high areal capacity of 6.14 mAh cm−2 at 25 °C and 5.32 mAh cm−2 at − 20 °C. Based on the in situ X-ray diffraction and ex situ solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance results, the designed ultra-micropores provide the extra Na+ storage sites, which mainly contributes to the enhanced capacity. This proposed strategy shows a good potential for the development of high-performance SIBs. Hard-carbon anode dominated with ultra-micropores (< 0.5 nm) was synthesized for sodium-ion batteries via a molten diffusion-carbonization method. The ultra-micropores dominated carbon anode displays an enhanced capacity, which originates from the extra sodium-ion storage sites of the designed ultra-micropores. The thick electrode (~ 19 mg cm-2) with a high areal capacity of 6.14 mAh cm-2 displays an ultrahigh cycling stability and an outstanding low-temperature performance. Pore structure of hard carbon has a fundamental influence on the electrochemical properties in sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). Ultra-micropores (< 0.5 nm) of hard carbon can function as ionic sieves to reduce the diffusion of slovated Na+ but allow the entrance of naked Na+ into the pores, which can reduce the interficial contact between the electrolyte and the inner pores without sacrificing the fast diffusion kinetics. Herein, a molten diffusion-carbonization method is proposed to transform the micropores (> 1 nm) inside carbon into ultra-micropores (< 0.5 nm). Consequently, the designed carbon anode displays an enhanced capacity of 346 mAh g-1 at 30 mA g-1 with a high ICE value of ~ 80.6% and most of the capacity (~ 90%) is below 1 V. Moreover, the high-loading electrode (~ 19 mg cm-2) exhibits a good temperature endurance with a high areal capacity of 6.14 mAh cm-2 at 25 °C and 5.32 mAh cm-2 at - 20 °C. Based on the in situ X-ray diffraction and ex situ solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance results, the designed ultra-micropores provide the extra Na+ storage sites, which mainly contributes to the enhanced capacity. This proposed strategy shows a good potential for the development of high-performance SIBs.HIGHLIGHTSHard-carbon anode dominated with ultra-micropores (< 0.5 nm) was synthesized for sodium-ion batteries via a molten diffusion-carbonization method. The ultra-micropores dominated carbon anode displays an enhanced capacity, which originates from the extra sodium-ion storage sites of the designed ultra-micropores. The thick electrode (~ 19 mg cm-2) with a high areal capacity of 6.14 mAh cm-2 displays an ultrahigh cycling stability and an outstanding low-temperature performance. Pore structure of hard carbon has a fundamental influence on the electrochemical properties in sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). Ultra-micropores (< 0.5 nm) of hard carbon can function as ionic sieves to reduce the diffusion of slovated Na+ but allow the entrance of naked Na+ into the pores, which can reduce the interficial contact between the electrolyte and the inner pores without sacrificing the fast diffusion kinetics. Herein, a molten diffusion-carbonization method is proposed to transform the micropores (> 1 nm) inside carbon into ultra-micropores (< 0.5 nm). Consequently, the designed carbon anode displays an enhanced capacity of 346 mAh g-1 at 30 mA g-1 with a high ICE value of ~ 80.6% and most of the capacity (~ 90%) is below 1 V. Moreover, the high-loading electrode (~ 19 mg cm-2) exhibits a good temperature endurance with a high areal capacity of 6.14 mAh cm-2 at 25 °C and 5.32 mAh cm-2 at - 20 °C. Based on the in situ X-ray diffraction and ex situ solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance results, the designed ultra-micropores provide the extra Na+ storage sites, which mainly contributes to the enhanced capacity. This proposed strategy shows a good potential for the development of high-performance SIBs. Highlights Hard-carbon anode dominated with ultra-micropores (< 0.5 nm) was synthesized for sodium-ion batteries via a molten diffusion–carbonization method. The ultra-micropores dominated carbon anode displays an enhanced capacity, which originates from the extra sodium-ion storage sites of the designed ultra-micropores. The thick electrode (~ 19 mg cm −2 ) with a high areal capacity of 6.14 mAh cm −2 displays an ultrahigh cycling stability and an outstanding low-temperature performance. Pore structure of hard carbon has a fundamental influence on the electrochemical properties in sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). Ultra-micropores (< 0.5 nm) of hard carbon can function as ionic sieves to reduce the diffusion of slovated Na + but allow the entrance of naked Na + into the pores, which can reduce the interficial contact between the electrolyte and the inner pores without sacrificing the fast diffusion kinetics. Herein, a molten diffusion–carbonization method is proposed to transform the micropores (> 1 nm) inside carbon into ultra-micropores (< 0.5 nm). Consequently, the designed carbon anode displays an enhanced capacity of 346 mAh g −1 at 30 mA g −1 with a high ICE value of ~ 80.6% and most of the capacity (~ 90%) is below 1 V. Moreover, the high-loading electrode (~ 19 mg cm −2 ) exhibits a good temperature endurance with a high areal capacity of 6.14 mAh cm −2 at 25 °C and 5.32 mAh cm −2 at − 20 °C. Based on the in situ X-ray diffraction and ex situ solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance results, the designed ultra-micropores provide the extra Na + storage sites, which mainly contributes to the enhanced capacity. This proposed strategy shows a good potential for the development of high-performance SIBs. HighlightsHard-carbon anode dominated with ultra-micropores (< 0.5 nm) was synthesized for sodium-ion batteries via a molten diffusion–carbonization method.The ultra-micropores dominated carbon anode displays an enhanced capacity, which originates from the extra sodium-ion storage sites of the designed ultra-micropores.The thick electrode (~ 19 mg cm−2) with a high areal capacity of 6.14 mAh cm−2 displays an ultrahigh cycling stability and an outstanding low-temperature performance. Pore structure of hard carbon has a fundamental influence on the electrochemical properties in sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). Ultra-micropores (< 0.5 nm) of hard carbon can function as ionic sieves to reduce the diffusion of slovated Na+ but allow the entrance of naked Na+ into the pores, which can reduce the interficial contact between the electrolyte and the inner pores without sacrificing the fast diffusion kinetics. Herein, a molten diffusion–carbonization method is proposed to transform the micropores (> 1 nm) inside carbon into ultra-micropores (< 0.5 nm). Consequently, the designed carbon anode displays an enhanced capacity of 346 mAh g−1 at 30 mA g−1 with a high ICE value of ~ 80.6% and most of the capacity (~ 90%) is below 1 V. Moreover, the high-loading electrode (~ 19 mg cm−2) exhibits a good temperature endurance with a high areal capacity of 6.14 mAh cm−2 at 25 °C and 5.32 mAh cm−2 at − 20 °C. Based on the in situ X-ray diffraction and ex situ solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance results, the designed ultra-micropores provide the extra Na+ storage sites, which mainly contributes to the enhanced capacity. This proposed strategy shows a good potential for the development of high-performance SIBs. Hard-carbon anode dominated with ultra-micropores (< 0.5 nm) was synthesized for sodium-ion batteries via a molten diffusion-carbonization method. The ultra-micropores dominated carbon anode displays an enhanced capacity, which originates from the extra sodium-ion storage sites of the designed ultra-micropores. The thick electrode (~ 19 mg cm ) with a high areal capacity of 6.14 mAh cm displays an ultrahigh cycling stability and an outstanding low-temperature performance. Pore structure of hard carbon has a fundamental influence on the electrochemical properties in sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). Ultra-micropores (< 0.5 nm) of hard carbon can function as ionic sieves to reduce the diffusion of slovated Na but allow the entrance of naked Na into the pores, which can reduce the interficial contact between the electrolyte and the inner pores without sacrificing the fast diffusion kinetics. Herein, a molten diffusion-carbonization method is proposed to transform the micropores (> 1 nm) inside carbon into ultra-micropores (< 0.5 nm). Consequently, the designed carbon anode displays an enhanced capacity of 346 mAh g at 30 mA g with a high ICE value of ~ 80.6% and most of the capacity (~ 90%) is below 1 V. Moreover, the high-loading electrode (~ 19 mg cm ) exhibits a good temperature endurance with a high areal capacity of 6.14 mAh cm at 25 °C and 5.32 mAh cm at - 20 °C. Based on the in situ X-ray diffraction and ex situ solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance results, the designed ultra-micropores provide the extra Na storage sites, which mainly contributes to the enhanced capacity. This proposed strategy shows a good potential for the development of high-performance SIBs. |
| ArticleNumber | 98 |
| Author | Chen, Wei Yang, Quan-Hong Zhang, Weichao Wang, Xiaowei Cui, Xinhang Yang, Jinlin Lian, Xu Zhang, Kexin Lin, Ming Loh, Kian Ping Zou, Ruqiang Dai, Wenrui |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Jinlin surname: Yang fullname: Yang, Jinlin organization: Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, National University of Singapore (Suzhou) Research Institute – sequence: 2 givenname: Xiaowei surname: Wang fullname: Wang, Xiaowei organization: Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore – sequence: 3 givenname: Wenrui surname: Dai fullname: Dai, Wenrui organization: Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, National University of Singapore (Suzhou) Research Institute – sequence: 4 givenname: Xu surname: Lian fullname: Lian, Xu organization: Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore – sequence: 5 givenname: Xinhang surname: Cui fullname: Cui, Xinhang organization: National University of Singapore (Suzhou) Research Institute, Department of Physics, National University of Singapore – sequence: 6 givenname: Weichao surname: Zhang fullname: Zhang, Weichao organization: Nanoyang Group, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University – sequence: 7 givenname: Kexin surname: Zhang fullname: Zhang, Kexin organization: Beijing Key Laboratory for Theory and Technology of Advanced Battery Materials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University – sequence: 8 givenname: Ming surname: Lin fullname: Lin, Ming organization: Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency of Science, Technology, and Research (ASTAR) – sequence: 9 givenname: Ruqiang surname: Zou fullname: Zou, Ruqiang organization: Beijing Key Laboratory for Theory and Technology of Advanced Battery Materials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University – sequence: 10 givenname: Kian Ping surname: Loh fullname: Loh, Kian Ping organization: Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore – sequence: 11 givenname: Quan-Hong surname: Yang fullname: Yang, Quan-Hong email: qhyangcn@tju.edu.cn organization: Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Nanoyang Group, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University – sequence: 12 givenname: Wei surname: Chen fullname: Chen, Wei email: phycw@nus.edu.sg organization: Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, National University of Singapore (Suzhou) Research Institute, Department of Physics, National University of Singapore |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34138264$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| ContentType | Journal Article |
| Copyright | The Author(s) 2021 The Author(s) 2021. This work is published under http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License. |
| Copyright_xml | – notice: The Author(s) 2021 – notice: The Author(s) 2021. This work is published under http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License. |
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| DOI | 10.1007/s40820-020-00587-y |
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| Keywords | Carbon anode Low-voltage capacity Ultra-micropores Extra sodium-ion storage sites High areal capacity |
| Language | English |
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Hard-carbon anode dominated with ultra-micropores (< 0.5 nm) was synthesized for sodium-ion batteries via a molten diffusion–carbonization method.... Hard-carbon anode dominated with ultra-micropores (< 0.5 nm) was synthesized for sodium-ion batteries via a molten diffusion-carbonization method. The... HighlightsHard-carbon anode dominated with ultra-micropores (< 0.5 nm) was synthesized for sodium-ion batteries via a molten diffusion–carbonization method.The... Hard-carbon anode dominated with ultra-micropores (< 0.5 nm) was synthesized for sodium-ion batteries via a molten diffusion-carbonization method. The... Highlights Hard-carbon anode dominated with ultra-micropores (< 0.5 nm) was synthesized for sodium-ion batteries via a molten diffusion–carbonization method.... |
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| SubjectTerms | Anodes Carbon Carbon anode Carbonization Chemical synthesis Diffusion rate Displays Electrochemical analysis Engineering Extra sodium-ion storage sites High areal capacity Ion storage Low temperature Low-voltage capacity Na-ion batteries Nanoscale Science and Technology Nanotechnology Nanotechnology and Microengineering NMR Nuclear magnetic resonance Porosity Rechargeable batteries Sodium Sodium-ion batteries Ultra-micropores |
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| Title | From Micropores to Ultra-micropores inside Hard Carbon: Toward Enhanced Capacity in Room-/Low-Temperature Sodium-Ion Storage |
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