Changes in running mechanics and spring–mass behavior induced by a mountain ultra-marathon race
Changes in running mechanics and spring–mass behavior due to fatigue induced by a mountain ultra-marathon race (MUM, 166km, total positive and negative elevation of 9500m) were studied in 18 ultra-marathon runners. Mechanical measurements were undertaken pre- and 3h post-MUM at 12kmh−1 on a 7m long...
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| Published in | Journal of biomechanics Vol. 44; no. 6; pp. 1104 - 1107 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
Kidlington
Elsevier Ltd
07.04.2011
Elsevier Elsevier Limited |
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 0021-9290 1873-2380 1873-2380 |
| DOI | 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2011.01.028 |
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| Abstract | Changes in running mechanics and spring–mass behavior due to fatigue induced by a mountain ultra-marathon race (MUM, 166km, total positive and negative elevation of 9500m) were studied in 18 ultra-marathon runners. Mechanical measurements were undertaken pre- and 3h post-MUM at 12kmh−1 on a 7m long pressure walkway: contact (tc), aerial (ta) times, step frequency (f), and running velocity (v) were sampled and averaged over 5–8 steps. From these variables, spring–mass parameters of peak vertical ground reaction force (Fmax), vertical downward displacement of the center of mass (Δz), leg length change (ΔL), vertical (kvert) and leg (kleg) stiffness were computed. After the MUM, there was a significant increase in f (5.9±5.5%; P<0.001) associated with reduced ta (−18.5±17.4%; P<0.001) with no change in tc, and a significant decrease in both Δz and Fmax (−11.6±10.5 and −6.3±7.3%, respectively; P<0.001). kvert increased by 5.6±11.7% (P=0.053), and kleg remained unchanged. These results show that 3h post-MUM, subjects ran with a reduced vertical oscillation of their spring–mass system. This is consistent with (i) previous studies concerning muscular structure/function impairment in running and (ii) the hypothesis that these changes in the running pattern could be associated with lower overall impact (especially during the braking phase) supported by the locomotor system at each step, potentially leading to reduced pain during running. |
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| AbstractList | Changes in running mechanics and spring–mass behavior due to fatigue induced by a mountain ultra-marathon race (MUM, 166km, total positive and negative elevation of 9500m) were studied in 18 ultra-marathon runners. Mechanical measurements were undertaken pre- and 3h post-MUM at 12kmh−1 on a 7m long pressure walkway: contact (tc), aerial (ta) times, step frequency (f), and running velocity (v) were sampled and averaged over 5–8 steps. From these variables, spring–mass parameters of peak vertical ground reaction force (Fmax), vertical downward displacement of the center of mass (Δz), leg length change (ΔL), vertical (kvert) and leg (kleg) stiffness were computed. After the MUM, there was a significant increase in f (5.9±5.5%; P<0.001) associated with reduced ta (−18.5±17.4%; P<0.001) with no change in tc, and a significant decrease in both Δz and Fmax (−11.6±10.5 and −6.3±7.3%, respectively; P<0.001). kvert increased by 5.6±11.7% (P=0.053), and kleg remained unchanged. These results show that 3h post-MUM, subjects ran with a reduced vertical oscillation of their spring–mass system. This is consistent with (i) previous studies concerning muscular structure/function impairment in running and (ii) the hypothesis that these changes in the running pattern could be associated with lower overall impact (especially during the braking phase) supported by the locomotor system at each step, potentially leading to reduced pain during running. Changes in running mechanics and spring-mass behavior due to fatigue induced by a mountain ultra-marathon race (MUM, 166km, total positive and negative elevation of 9500m) were studied in 18 ultra-marathon runners. Mechanical measurements were undertaken pre- and 3h post-MUM at 12km h(-1) on a 7m long pressure walkway: contact (t(c)), aerial (t(a)) times, step frequency (f), and running velocity (v) were sampled and averaged over 5-8 steps. From these variables, spring-mass parameters of peak vertical ground reaction force (F(max)), vertical downward displacement of the center of mass (Δz), leg length change (ΔL), vertical (k(vert)) and leg (k(leg)) stiffness were computed. After the MUM, there was a significant increase in f (5.9±5.5%; P<0.001) associated with reduced t(a) (-18.5±17.4%; P<0.001) with no change in t(c), and a significant decrease in both Δz and F(max) (-11.6±10.5 and -6.3±7.3%, respectively; P<0.001). k(vert) increased by 5.6±11.7% (P=0.053), and k(leg) remained unchanged. These results show that 3h post-MUM, subjects ran with a reduced vertical oscillation of their spring-mass system. This is consistent with (i) previous studies concerning muscular structure/function impairment in running and (ii) the hypothesis that these changes in the running pattern could be associated with lower overall impact (especially during the braking phase) supported by the locomotor system at each step, potentially leading to reduced pain during running. Changes in running mechanics and spring-mass behavior due to fatigue induced by a mountain ultra-marathon race (MUM, 166km, total positive and negative elevation of 9500m) were studied in 18 ultra-marathon runners. Mechanical measurements were undertaken pre- and 3h post-MUM at 12kmh-1 on a 7m long pressure walkway: contact (tc ), aerial (ta ) times, step frequency (f ), and running velocity (v ) were sampled and averaged over 5-8 steps. From these variables, spring-mass parameters of peak vertical ground reaction force (Fmax ), vertical downward displacement of the center of mass (Δz), leg length change (ΔL), vertical (kvert ) and leg (kleg ) stiffness were computed. After the MUM, there was a significant increase in f (5.9±5.5%; P <0.001) associated with reduced ta (-18.5±17.4%; P <0.001) with no change in tc , and a significant decrease in both Δz and Fmax (-11.6±10.5 and -6.3±7.3%, respectively; P <0.001). kvert increased by 5.6±11.7% (P =0.053), and kleg remained unchanged. These results show that 3h post-MUM, subjects ran with a reduced vertical oscillation of their spring-mass system. This is consistent with (i) previous studies concerning muscular structure/function impairment in running and (ii) the hypothesis that these changes in the running pattern could be associated with lower overall impact (especially during the braking phase) supported by the locomotor system at each step, potentially leading to reduced pain during running. Abstract Changes in running mechanics and spring–mass behavior due to fatigue induced by a mountain ultra-marathon race (MUM, 166 km, total positive and negative elevation of 9500 m) were studied in 18 ultra-marathon runners. Mechanical measurements were undertaken pre- and 3 h post-MUM at 12 km h−1 on a 7 m long pressure walkway: contact ( t c ), aerial ( t a ) times, step frequency ( f ), and running velocity ( v ) were sampled and averaged over 5–8 steps. From these variables, spring–mass parameters of peak vertical ground reaction force ( F max ), vertical downward displacement of the center of mass (Δz), leg length change (ΔL), vertical ( k vert ) and leg ( k leg ) stiffness were computed. After the MUM, there was a significant increase in f (5.9±5.5%; P <0.001) associated with reduced t a (−18.5±17.4%; P <0.001) with no change in t c , and a significant decrease in both Δz and F max (−11.6±10.5 and −6.3±7.3%, respectively; P <0.001). k vert increased by 5.6±11.7% ( P =0.053), and k leg remained unchanged. These results show that 3 h post-MUM, subjects ran with a reduced vertical oscillation of their spring–mass system. This is consistent with (i) previous studies concerning muscular structure/function impairment in running and (ii) the hypothesis that these changes in the running pattern could be associated with lower overall impact (especially during the braking phase) supported by the locomotor system at each step, potentially leading to reduced pain during running. Changes in running mechanics and spring-mass behavior due to fatigue induced by a mountain ultra-marathon race (MUM, 166km, total positive and negative elevation of 9500m) were studied in 18 ultra-marathon runners. Mechanical measurements were undertaken pre- and 3h post-MUM at 12km h(-1) on a 7m long pressure walkway: contact (t(c)), aerial (t(a)) times, step frequency (f), and running velocity (v) were sampled and averaged over 5-8 steps. From these variables, spring-mass parameters of peak vertical ground reaction force (F(max)), vertical downward displacement of the center of mass (Δz), leg length change (ΔL), vertical (k(vert)) and leg (k(leg)) stiffness were computed. After the MUM, there was a significant increase in f (5.9±5.5%; P<0.001) associated with reduced t(a) (-18.5±17.4%; P<0.001) with no change in t(c), and a significant decrease in both Δz and F(max) (-11.6±10.5 and -6.3±7.3%, respectively; P<0.001). k(vert) increased by 5.6±11.7% (P=0.053), and k(leg) remained unchanged. These results show that 3h post-MUM, subjects ran with a reduced vertical oscillation of their spring-mass system. This is consistent with (i) previous studies concerning muscular structure/function impairment in running and (ii) the hypothesis that these changes in the running pattern could be associated with lower overall impact (especially during the braking phase) supported by the locomotor system at each step, potentially leading to reduced pain during running.Changes in running mechanics and spring-mass behavior due to fatigue induced by a mountain ultra-marathon race (MUM, 166km, total positive and negative elevation of 9500m) were studied in 18 ultra-marathon runners. Mechanical measurements were undertaken pre- and 3h post-MUM at 12km h(-1) on a 7m long pressure walkway: contact (t(c)), aerial (t(a)) times, step frequency (f), and running velocity (v) were sampled and averaged over 5-8 steps. From these variables, spring-mass parameters of peak vertical ground reaction force (F(max)), vertical downward displacement of the center of mass (Δz), leg length change (ΔL), vertical (k(vert)) and leg (k(leg)) stiffness were computed. After the MUM, there was a significant increase in f (5.9±5.5%; P<0.001) associated with reduced t(a) (-18.5±17.4%; P<0.001) with no change in t(c), and a significant decrease in both Δz and F(max) (-11.6±10.5 and -6.3±7.3%, respectively; P<0.001). k(vert) increased by 5.6±11.7% (P=0.053), and k(leg) remained unchanged. These results show that 3h post-MUM, subjects ran with a reduced vertical oscillation of their spring-mass system. This is consistent with (i) previous studies concerning muscular structure/function impairment in running and (ii) the hypothesis that these changes in the running pattern could be associated with lower overall impact (especially during the braking phase) supported by the locomotor system at each step, potentially leading to reduced pain during running. Changes in running mechanics and spring-mass behavior due to fatigue induced by a mountain ultra-marathon race (MUM, 166 km, total positive and negative elevation of 9500 m) were studied in 18 ultra-marathon runners. Mechanical measurements were undertaken pre- and 3 h post-MUM at 12 km h[super]-1 on a 7 m long pressure walkway: contact (t sub(c)), aerial (t sub(a)) times, step frequency (f), and running velocity (v) were sampled and averaged over 5-8 steps. From these variables, spring-mass parameters of peak vertical ground reaction force (F sub(max)), vertical downward displacement of the center of mass ( Delta z), leg length change ( Delta L), vertical (k sub(vert)) and leg (k sub(leg)) stiffness were computed. After the MUM, there was a significant increase in f (5.9+/-5.5%; P<0.001) associated with reduced t sub(a) (-18.5+/-17.4%; P<0.001) with no change in t sub(c), and a significant decrease in both Delta z and F sub(max) (-11.6+/-10.5 and -6.3+/-7.3%, respectively; P<0.001). k sub(vert) increased by 5.6+/-11.7% (P=0.053), and k sub(leg) remained unchanged. These results show that 3 h post-MUM, subjects ran with a reduced vertical oscillation of their spring-mass system. This is consistent with (i) previous studies concerning muscular structure/function impairment in running and (ii) the hypothesis that these changes in the running pattern could be associated with lower overall impact (especially during the braking phase) supported by the locomotor system at each step, potentially leading to reduced pain during running. |
| Author | Tomazin, K. Millet, G.Y. Edouard, P. Morin, J.B. |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: J.B. surname: Morin fullname: Morin, J.B. email: jean.benoit.morin@univ-st-etienne.fr organization: Université de Lyon, F-42023 Saint-Etienne, France – sequence: 2 givenname: K. surname: Tomazin fullname: Tomazin, K. organization: Université de Lyon, F-42023 Saint-Etienne, France – sequence: 3 givenname: P. surname: Edouard fullname: Edouard, P. organization: Université de Lyon, F-42023 Saint-Etienne, France – sequence: 4 givenname: G.Y. surname: Millet fullname: Millet, G.Y. organization: Université de Lyon, F-42023 Saint-Etienne, France |
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| Keywords | Step kinematics Fatigue Stiffness Ultra-endurance Human Physical exercise Striated muscle Running locomotion Biomechanics Sport Kinematics Race Adult Endurance Marathon Biomedical engineering |
| Language | English |
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| Snippet | Changes in running mechanics and spring–mass behavior due to fatigue induced by a mountain ultra-marathon race (MUM, 166km, total positive and negative... Abstract Changes in running mechanics and spring–mass behavior due to fatigue induced by a mountain ultra-marathon race (MUM, 166 km, total positive and... Changes in running mechanics and spring-mass behavior due to fatigue induced by a mountain ultra-marathon race (MUM, 166km, total positive and negative... Changes in running mechanics and spring-mass behavior due to fatigue induced by a mountain ultra-marathon race (MUM, 166 km, total positive and negative... |
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| SubjectTerms | Adult Biological and medical sciences Body Mass Index Fatigue Female Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology Humans Life Sciences Male Marathons Mechanics Middle Aged Models, Biological Muscle, Skeletal - physiology Musculoskeletal system Personal relationships Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Running Running - physiology Sleep Step kinematics Stiffness Time Factors Track & field Ultra-endurance Vertebrates: body movement. Posture. Locomotion. Flight. Swimming. Physical exercise. Rest. Sports |
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| Title | Changes in running mechanics and spring–mass behavior induced by a mountain ultra-marathon race |
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