The Risk of Virologic Failure Decreases with Duration of HIV Suppression, at Greater than 50% Adherence to Antiretroviral Therapy

We hypothesized that the percent adherence to antiretroviral therapy necessary to maintain HIV suppression would decrease with longer duration of viral suppression. Eligible participants were identified from the REACH cohort of marginally housed HIV infected adults in San Francisco. Adherence to ant...

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Bibliographic Details
Published inPloS one Vol. 4; no. 9; p. e7196
Main Authors Rosenblum, Michael, Deeks, Steven G., van der Laan, Mark, Bangsberg, David R.
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published United States Public Library of Science 29.09.2009
Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Subjects
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome
Adhesion
Adult
Adults
AIDS
Anti-HIV Agents - pharmacology
Antiretroviral agents
Antiretroviral drugs
Antiretroviral therapy
Biological products industry
CD4 antigen
CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes - metabolism
Cohort Studies
DNA polymerases
Failure
Female
Highly active antiretroviral therapy
HIV
HIV Infections - drug therapy
HIV patients
Human immunodeficiency virus
Humans
Infectious Diseases
Infectious Diseases/HIV Infection and AIDS
Likelihood Functions
Lymphocytes T
Male
Mathematics/Statistics
Maximum likelihood estimation
Middle Aged
Models, Statistical
Mortality
Patient Compliance
Protease
Protease inhibitors
Protease Inhibitors - pharmacology
Proteases
Proteinase inhibitors
Risk
Ritonavir
RNA-directed DNA polymerase
Statistical analysis
Structural models
T cells
Therapy
Treatment Outcome
San Francisco California
California
United States > US
Massachusetts
Online AccessGet full text
ISSN1932-6203
1932-6203
DOI10.1371/journal.pone.0007196

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Abstract We hypothesized that the percent adherence to antiretroviral therapy necessary to maintain HIV suppression would decrease with longer duration of viral suppression. Eligible participants were identified from the REACH cohort of marginally housed HIV infected adults in San Francisco. Adherence to antiretroviral therapy was measured through pill counts obtained at unannounced visits by research staff to each participant's usual place of residence. Marginal structural models and targeted maximum likelihood estimation methodologies were used to determine the effect of adherence to antiretroviral therapy on the probability of virologic failure during early and late viral suppression. A total of 221 subjects were studied (median age 44.1 years; median CD4+ T cell nadir 206 cells/mm(3)). Most subjects were taking the following types of antiretroviral regimens: non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor based (37%), ritonavir boosted protease inhibitor based (28%), or unboosted protease inhibitor based (25%). Comparing the probability of failure just after achieving suppression vs. after 12 consecutive months of suppression, there was a statistically significant decrease in the probability of virologic failure for each range of adherence proportions we considered, as long as adherence was greater than 50%. The estimated risk difference, comparing the probability of virologic failure after 1 month vs. after 12 months of continuous viral suppression was 0.47 (95% CI 0.23-0.63) at 50-74% adherence, 0.29 (CI 0.03-0.50) at 75-89% adherence, and 0.36 (CI 0.23-0.48) at 90-100% adherence. The risk of virologic failure for adherence greater than 50% declines with longer duration of continuous suppression. While high adherence is required to maximize the probability of durable viral suppression, the range of adherence capable of sustaining viral suppression is wider after prolonged periods of viral suppression.
AbstractList Background We hypothesized that the percent adherence to antiretroviral therapy necessary to maintain HIV suppression would decrease with longer duration of viral suppression. Methodology Eligible participants were identified from the REACH cohort of marginally housed HIV infected adults in San Francisco. Adherence to antiretroviral therapy was measured through pill counts obtained at unannounced visits by research staff to each participant's usual place of residence. Marginal structural models and targeted maximum likelihood estimation methodologies were used to determine the effect of adherence to antiretroviral therapy on the probability of virologic failure during early and late viral suppression. Principal Findings A total of 221 subjects were studied (median age 44.1 years; median CD4+ T cell nadir 206 cells/mm.sup.3). Most subjects were taking the following types of antiretroviral regimens: non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor based (37%), ritonavir boosted protease inhibitor based (28%), or unboosted protease inhibitor based (25%). Comparing the probability of failure just after achieving suppression vs. after 12 consecutive months of suppression, there was a statistically significant decrease in the probability of virologic failure for each range of adherence proportions we considered, as long as adherence was greater than 50%. The estimated risk difference, comparing the probability of virologic failure after 1 month vs. after 12 months of continuous viral suppression was 0.47 (95% CI 0.23-0.63) at 50-74% adherence, 0.29 (CI 0.03-0.50) at 75-89% adherence, and 0.36 (CI 0.23-0.48) at 90-100% adherence. Conclusions The risk of virologic failure for adherence greater than 50% declines with longer duration of continuous suppression. While high adherence is required to maximize the probability of durable viral suppression, the range of adherence capable of sustaining viral suppression is wider after prolonged periods of viral suppression.
We hypothesized that the percent adherence to antiretroviral therapy necessary to maintain HIV suppression would decrease with longer duration of viral suppression. Eligible participants were identified from the REACH cohort of marginally housed HIV infected adults in San Francisco. Adherence to antiretroviral therapy was measured through pill counts obtained at unannounced visits by research staff to each participant's usual place of residence. Marginal structural models and targeted maximum likelihood estimation methodologies were used to determine the effect of adherence to antiretroviral therapy on the probability of virologic failure during early and late viral suppression. The risk of virologic failure for adherence greater than 50% declines with longer duration of continuous suppression. While high adherence is required to maximize the probability of durable viral suppression, the range of adherence capable of sustaining viral suppression is wider after prolonged periods of viral suppression.
Background We hypothesized that the percent adherence to antiretroviral therapy necessary to maintain HIV suppression would decrease with longer duration of viral suppression. Methodology Eligible participants were identified from the REACH cohort of marginally housed HIV infected adults in San Francisco. Adherence to antiretroviral therapy was measured through pill counts obtained at unannounced visits by research staff to each participant's usual place of residence. Marginal structural models and targeted maximum likelihood estimation methodologies were used to determine the effect of adherence to antiretroviral therapy on the probability of virologic failure during early and late viral suppression. Principal Findings A total of 221 subjects were studied (median age 44.1 years; median CD4+ T cell nadir 206 cells/mm3). Most subjects were taking the following types of antiretroviral regimens: non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor based (37%), ritonavir boosted protease inhibitor based (28%), or unboosted protease inhibitor based (25%). Comparing the probability of failure just after achieving suppression vs. after 12 consecutive months of suppression, there was a statistically significant decrease in the probability of virologic failure for each range of adherence proportions we considered, as long as adherence was greater than 50%. The estimated risk difference, comparing the probability of virologic failure after 1 month vs. after 12 months of continuous viral suppression was 0.47 (95% CI 0.23–0.63) at 50–74% adherence, 0.29 (CI 0.03–0.50) at 75–89% adherence, and 0.36 (CI 0.23–0.48) at 90–100% adherence. Conclusions The risk of virologic failure for adherence greater than 50% declines with longer duration of continuous suppression. While high adherence is required to maximize the probability of durable viral suppression, the range of adherence capable of sustaining viral suppression is wider after prolonged periods of viral suppression.
We hypothesized that the percent adherence to antiretroviral therapy necessary to maintain HIV suppression would decrease with longer duration of viral suppression. Eligible participants were identified from the REACH cohort of marginally housed HIV infected adults in San Francisco. Adherence to antiretroviral therapy was measured through pill counts obtained at unannounced visits by research staff to each participant's usual place of residence. Marginal structural models and targeted maximum likelihood estimation methodologies were used to determine the effect of adherence to antiretroviral therapy on the probability of virologic failure during early and late viral suppression. A total of 221 subjects were studied (median age 44.1 years; median CD4+ T cell nadir 206 cells/mm(3)). Most subjects were taking the following types of antiretroviral regimens: non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor based (37%), ritonavir boosted protease inhibitor based (28%), or unboosted protease inhibitor based (25%). Comparing the probability of failure just after achieving suppression vs. after 12 consecutive months of suppression, there was a statistically significant decrease in the probability of virologic failure for each range of adherence proportions we considered, as long as adherence was greater than 50%. The estimated risk difference, comparing the probability of virologic failure after 1 month vs. after 12 months of continuous viral suppression was 0.47 (95% CI 0.23-0.63) at 50-74% adherence, 0.29 (CI 0.03-0.50) at 75-89% adherence, and 0.36 (CI 0.23-0.48) at 90-100% adherence. The risk of virologic failure for adherence greater than 50% declines with longer duration of continuous suppression. While high adherence is required to maximize the probability of durable viral suppression, the range of adherence capable of sustaining viral suppression is wider after prolonged periods of viral suppression.
BACKGROUND:We hypothesized that the percent adherence to antiretroviral therapy necessary to maintain HIV suppression would decrease with longer duration of viral suppression. METHODOLOGY:Eligible participants were identified from the REACH cohort of marginally housed HIV infected adults in San Francisco. Adherence to antiretroviral therapy was measured through pill counts obtained at unannounced visits by research staff to each participant's usual place of residence. Marginal structural models and targeted maximum likelihood estimation methodologies were used to determine the effect of adherence to antiretroviral therapy on the probability of virologic failure during early and late viral suppression. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS:A total of 221 subjects were studied (median age 44.1 years; median CD4+ T cell nadir 206 cells/mm(3)). Most subjects were taking the following types of antiretroviral regimens: non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor based (37%), ritonavir boosted protease inhibitor based (28%), or unboosted protease inhibitor based (25%). Comparing the probability of failure just after achieving suppression vs. after 12 consecutive months of suppression, there was a statistically significant decrease in the probability of virologic failure for each range of adherence proportions we considered, as long as adherence was greater than 50%. The estimated risk difference, comparing the probability of virologic failure after 1 month vs. after 12 months of continuous viral suppression was 0.47 (95% CI 0.23-0.63) at 50-74% adherence, 0.29 (CI 0.03-0.50) at 75-89% adherence, and 0.36 (CI 0.23-0.48) at 90-100% adherence. CONCLUSIONS:The risk of virologic failure for adherence greater than 50% declines with longer duration of continuous suppression. While high adherence is required to maximize the probability of durable viral suppression, the range of adherence capable of sustaining viral suppression is wider after prolonged periods of viral suppression.
Background We hypothesized that the percent adherence to antiretroviral therapy necessary to maintain HIV suppression would decrease with longer duration of viral suppression. Methodology Eligible participants were identified from the REACH cohort of marginally housed HIV infected adults in San Francisco. Adherence to antiretroviral therapy was measured through pill counts obtained at unannounced visits by research staff to each participant's usual place of residence. Marginal structural models and targeted maximum likelihood estimation methodologies were used to determine the effect of adherence to antiretroviral therapy on the probability of virologic failure during early and late viral suppression. Principal Findings A total of 221 subjects were studied (median age 44.1 years; median CD4+ T cell nadir 206 cells/mm3). Most subjects were taking the following types of antiretroviral regimens: non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor based (37%), ritonavir boosted protease inhibitor based (28%), or unboosted protease inhibitor based (25%). Comparing the probability of failure just after achieving suppression vs. after 12 consecutive months of suppression, there was a statistically significant decrease in the probability of virologic failure for each range of adherence proportions we considered, as long as adherence was greater than 50%. The estimated risk difference, comparing the probability of virologic failure after 1 month vs. after 12 months of continuous viral suppression was 0.47 (95% CI 0.23–0.63) at 50–74% adherence, 0.29 (CI 0.03–0.50) at 75–89% adherence, and 0.36 (CI 0.23–0.48) at 90–100% adherence. Conclusions The risk of virologic failure for adherence greater than 50% declines with longer duration of continuous suppression. While high adherence is required to maximize the probability of durable viral suppression, the range of adherence capable of sustaining viral suppression is wider after prolonged periods of viral suppression.
We hypothesized that the percent adherence to antiretroviral therapy necessary to maintain HIV suppression would decrease with longer duration of viral suppression.BACKGROUNDWe hypothesized that the percent adherence to antiretroviral therapy necessary to maintain HIV suppression would decrease with longer duration of viral suppression.Eligible participants were identified from the REACH cohort of marginally housed HIV infected adults in San Francisco. Adherence to antiretroviral therapy was measured through pill counts obtained at unannounced visits by research staff to each participant's usual place of residence. Marginal structural models and targeted maximum likelihood estimation methodologies were used to determine the effect of adherence to antiretroviral therapy on the probability of virologic failure during early and late viral suppression.METHODOLOGYEligible participants were identified from the REACH cohort of marginally housed HIV infected adults in San Francisco. Adherence to antiretroviral therapy was measured through pill counts obtained at unannounced visits by research staff to each participant's usual place of residence. Marginal structural models and targeted maximum likelihood estimation methodologies were used to determine the effect of adherence to antiretroviral therapy on the probability of virologic failure during early and late viral suppression.A total of 221 subjects were studied (median age 44.1 years; median CD4+ T cell nadir 206 cells/mm(3)). Most subjects were taking the following types of antiretroviral regimens: non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor based (37%), ritonavir boosted protease inhibitor based (28%), or unboosted protease inhibitor based (25%). Comparing the probability of failure just after achieving suppression vs. after 12 consecutive months of suppression, there was a statistically significant decrease in the probability of virologic failure for each range of adherence proportions we considered, as long as adherence was greater than 50%. The estimated risk difference, comparing the probability of virologic failure after 1 month vs. after 12 months of continuous viral suppression was 0.47 (95% CI 0.23-0.63) at 50-74% adherence, 0.29 (CI 0.03-0.50) at 75-89% adherence, and 0.36 (CI 0.23-0.48) at 90-100% adherence.PRINCIPAL FINDINGSA total of 221 subjects were studied (median age 44.1 years; median CD4+ T cell nadir 206 cells/mm(3)). Most subjects were taking the following types of antiretroviral regimens: non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor based (37%), ritonavir boosted protease inhibitor based (28%), or unboosted protease inhibitor based (25%). Comparing the probability of failure just after achieving suppression vs. after 12 consecutive months of suppression, there was a statistically significant decrease in the probability of virologic failure for each range of adherence proportions we considered, as long as adherence was greater than 50%. The estimated risk difference, comparing the probability of virologic failure after 1 month vs. after 12 months of continuous viral suppression was 0.47 (95% CI 0.23-0.63) at 50-74% adherence, 0.29 (CI 0.03-0.50) at 75-89% adherence, and 0.36 (CI 0.23-0.48) at 90-100% adherence.The risk of virologic failure for adherence greater than 50% declines with longer duration of continuous suppression. While high adherence is required to maximize the probability of durable viral suppression, the range of adherence capable of sustaining viral suppression is wider after prolonged periods of viral suppression.CONCLUSIONSThe risk of virologic failure for adherence greater than 50% declines with longer duration of continuous suppression. While high adherence is required to maximize the probability of durable viral suppression, the range of adherence capable of sustaining viral suppression is wider after prolonged periods of viral suppression.
Audience Academic
Author Bangsberg, David R.
van der Laan, Mark
Deeks, Steven G.
Rosenblum, Michael
AuthorAffiliation 2 Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
University of Cape Town, South Africa
3 Massachusetts General Hospital Center for Global Health, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Initiative for Global Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
1 Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
AuthorAffiliation_xml – name: 3 Massachusetts General Hospital Center for Global Health, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Initiative for Global Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
– name: 1 Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
– name: 2 Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
– name: University of Cape Town, South Africa
Author_xml – sequence: 1
  givenname: Michael
  surname: Rosenblum
  fullname: Rosenblum, Michael
– sequence: 2
  givenname: Steven G.
  surname: Deeks
  fullname: Deeks, Steven G.
– sequence: 3
  givenname: Mark
  surname: van der Laan
  fullname: van der Laan, Mark
– sequence: 4
  givenname: David R.
  surname: Bangsberg
  fullname: Bangsberg, David R.
BackLink https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19787058$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
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ContentType Journal Article
Copyright COPYRIGHT 2009 Public Library of Science
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Public Domain declaration which stipulates that, once placed in the public domain, this work may be freely reproduced, distributed, transmitted, modified, built upon, or otherwise used by anyone for any lawful purpose. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Public Domain declaration which stipulates that, once placed in the public domain, this work may be freely reproduced, distributed, transmitted, modified, built upon, or otherwise used by anyone for any lawful purpose. 2009
Copyright_xml – notice: COPYRIGHT 2009 Public Library of Science
– notice: This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Public Domain declaration which stipulates that, once placed in the public domain, this work may be freely reproduced, distributed, transmitted, modified, built upon, or otherwise used by anyone for any lawful purpose. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.
– notice: This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Public Domain declaration which stipulates that, once placed in the public domain, this work may be freely reproduced, distributed, transmitted, modified, built upon, or otherwise used by anyone for any lawful purpose. 2009
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Conceived and designed the experiments: DRB. Analyzed the data: MR SGD MJvdL. Wrote the paper: MR SGD MJvdL DRB. Conceived of statistical analysis: MR.
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SSID ssj0053866
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Snippet We hypothesized that the percent adherence to antiretroviral therapy necessary to maintain HIV suppression would decrease with longer duration of viral...
Background We hypothesized that the percent adherence to antiretroviral therapy necessary to maintain HIV suppression would decrease with longer duration of...
BACKGROUND:We hypothesized that the percent adherence to antiretroviral therapy necessary to maintain HIV suppression would decrease with longer duration of...
Background We hypothesized that the percent adherence to antiretroviral therapy necessary to maintain HIV suppression would decrease with longer duration of...
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SubjectTerms Acquired immune deficiency syndrome
Adhesion
Adult
Adults
AIDS
Anti-HIV Agents - pharmacology
Antiretroviral agents
Antiretroviral drugs
Antiretroviral therapy
Biological products industry
CD4 antigen
CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes - metabolism
Cohort Studies
DNA polymerases
Failure
Female
Highly active antiretroviral therapy
HIV
HIV Infections - drug therapy
HIV patients
Human immunodeficiency virus
Humans
Infectious Diseases
Infectious Diseases/HIV Infection and AIDS
Likelihood Functions
Lymphocytes T
Male
Mathematics/Statistics
Maximum likelihood estimation
Middle Aged
Models, Statistical
Mortality
Patient Compliance
Protease
Protease inhibitors
Protease Inhibitors - pharmacology
Proteases
Proteinase inhibitors
Risk
Ritonavir
RNA-directed DNA polymerase
Statistical analysis
Structural models
T cells
Therapy
Treatment Outcome
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Title The Risk of Virologic Failure Decreases with Duration of HIV Suppression, at Greater than 50% Adherence to Antiretroviral Therapy
URI https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19787058
https://www.proquest.com/docview/1292119025
https://www.proquest.com/docview/734063960
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PMC2747009
https://doaj.org/article/bbdee141b44448fc92672adce0d7c785
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0007196
Volume 4
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