Low intensity transcranial electric stimulation: Safety, ethical, legal regulatory and application guidelines

• Published in: Clinical neurophysiology Vol. 128; no. 9; pp. 1774 - 1809
• Main Authors: Antal, A., Alekseichuk, I., Bikson, M., Brockmöller, J., Brunoni, A.R., Chen, R., Cohen, L.G., Dowthwaite, G., Ellrich, J., Flöel, A., Fregni, F., George, M.S., Hamilton, R., Haueisen, J., Herrmann, C.S., Hummel, F.C., Lefaucheur, J.P., Liebetanz, D., Loo, C.K., McCaig, C.D., Miniussi, C., Miranda, P.C., Moliadze, V., Nitsche, M.A., Nowak, R., Padberg, F., Pascual-Leone, A., Poppendieck, W., Priori, A., Rossi, S., Rossini, P.M., Rothwell, J., Rueger, M.A., Ruffini, G., Schellhorn, K., Siebner, H.R., Ugawa, Y., Wexler, A., Ziemann, U., Hallett, M., Paulus, W.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Netherlands Elsevier B.V 01.09.2017
• Subjects: Adverse events; Animals; Brain - physiology; Burns, Electric - etiology; Burns, Electric - prevention & control; Humans; Neurology; Practice Guidelines as Topic - standards; Safety; tACS; tDCS; TES; Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation - adverse effects; Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation - ethics; Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation - standards; FDA; PPC; RCT; tsDCS; TES; M1; tACS; CNS; HD-tDCS; IFG; MDD; PFC; CFR; MRS; TPJ; DBS; Adverse events; ONS; MMSE; tRNS; Vmem; NMDA; Safety; EC; EF; NSE; AC; AD; AE; DLPFC; EEG; MEG; ICH; MAE; AR; fMRI; PD; DIY; tDCS; SAE; ECT; MEP; TMS; rTMS; DC; Repetitive Transcranial magnetic stimulation; Randomized clinical trial; Central nervous system; Code of Federal Regulations; Neuron specific enolase; Inferior frontal gyrus; transcranial direct current stimulation; Transcranial electrical stimulation; Temporoparietal junction; Magnetic resonance spectroscopy; N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; safety; Deep Brain Stimulation; Functional magnetic resonance imaging; Food and Drug Administration; High-Definition tDCS; Major Depressive Disorder; Alzheimer’s disease; Adverse event; Do it yourself; Primary motor cortex; Direct Current; Alternating Current; Mini Mental State Examination; International Council on Harmonisation (before 2015: International Conference on Harmonisation); Probability Learning Task; transcutaneous spinal Direct Current Stimulation; Electroencephalography; Mild adverse event; transcranial alternating current stimulation; European Commission; Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; Optic nerve stimulation; Serious adverse event; PLT; Transmembrane potential; Posterior Parietal Cortex; Adverse reaction; Electroconvulsive therapy; Transcranial magnetic stimulation; Magnetoencephalography; adverse events; Prefrontal Cortex; Motor Evoked Potential; Electric field; Parkinson’s disease; Transcranial random noise stimulation

•The application of low intensity TES in humans appears to be safe.•The profile of AEs in terms of frequency, magnitude and type is comparable in different populations.•Structured checklists and interviews as recommended procedures are provided in this paper. Low intensity transcranial electrical st...