Affirmative Action and the Occupational Advancement of Minorities and Women During 1973-2003
The share of minorities and women comprising high‐paying skilled occupations such as management, professional, and technical occupations has been increasing since the 1960s, while the proportion of white men in such occupations has been declining. What has been the contribution of affirmative action...
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| Published in | Industrial relations (Berkeley) Vol. 51; no. 2; pp. 213 - 246 |
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| Main Author | |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
Oxford, UK
Blackwell Publishing Ltd
01.04.2012
Wiley Subscription Services, Inc |
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
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| Abstract | The share of minorities and women comprising high‐paying skilled occupations such as management, professional, and technical occupations has been increasing since the 1960s, while the proportion of white men in such occupations has been declining. What has been the contribution of affirmative action to the occupational advancement of minorities and women from low‐wage unskilled occupations into high‐wage skilled ones in U.S. firms? I examine this by comparing the occupational position of minorities and women at firms holding federal contracts, and thereby mandated to implement affirmative action, and noncontracting firms, over the course of 31 years during 1973–2003. I use a new longitudinal dataset of over 100,000 large private‐sector firms across all industries and regions uniquely suited for the exploration of this question obtained from the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. My key findings show that the share of minorities and women in high‐paying skilled occupations grew more at federal contractors subject to affirmative action obligation than at noncontracting firms during the three decades under study, but these advances took place primarily during the pre‐ and early Reagan years and during the decade following the Glass Ceiling Act of 1991. |
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| AbstractList | The share of minorities and women comprising high-paying skilled occupations such as management, professional, and technical occupations has been increasing since the 1960s, while the proportion of white men in such occupations has been declining. What has been the contribution of affirmative action to the occupational advancement of minorities and women from low-wage unskilled occupations into high-wage skilled ones in U.S. firms? I examine this by comparing the occupational position of minorities and women at firms holding federal contracts, and thereby mandated to implement affirmative action, and noncontracting firms, over the course of 31 years during 1973-2003. I use a new longitudinal dataset of over 100,000 large private-sector firms across all industries and regions uniquely suited for the exploration of this question obtained from the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. My key findings show that the share of minorities and women in high-paying skilled occupations grew more at federal contractors subject to affirmative action obligation than at noncontracting firms during the three decades under study, but these advances took place primarily during the pre- and early Reagan years and during the decade following the Glass Ceiling Act of 1991. Adapted from the source document. The share of minorities and women comprising high‐paying skilled occupations such as management, professional, and technical occupations has been increasing since the 1960s, while the proportion of white men in such occupations has been declining. What has been the contribution of affirmative action to the occupational advancement of minorities and women from low‐wage unskilled occupations into high‐wage skilled ones in U.S. firms? I examine this by comparing the occupational position of minorities and women at firms holding federal contracts, and thereby mandated to implement affirmative action, and noncontracting firms, over the course of 31 years during 1973–2003. I use a new longitudinal dataset of over 100,000 large private‐sector firms across all industries and regions uniquely suited for the exploration of this question obtained from the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. My key findings show that the share of minorities and women in high‐paying skilled occupations grew more at federal contractors subject to affirmative action obligation than at noncontracting firms during the three decades under study, but these advances took place primarily during the pre‐ and early Reagan years and during the decade following the Glass Ceiling Act of 1991. The share of minorities and women comprising high-paying skilled occupations such as management, professional, and technical occupations has been increasing since the 1960s, while the proportion of white men in such occupations has been declining. What has been the contribution of affirmative action to the occupational advancement of minorities and women from low-wage unskilled occupations into high-wage skilled ones in U.S. firms? I examine this by comparing the occupational position of minorities and women at firms holding federal contracts, and thereby mandated to implement affirmative action, and noncontracting firms, over the course of 31 years during 1973-2003. I use a new longitudinal dataset of over 100,000 large private-sector firms across all industries and regions uniquely suited for the exploration of this question obtained from the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. My key findings show that the share of minorities and women in high-paying skilled occupations grew more at federal contractors subject to affirmative action obligation than at noncontracting firms during the three decades under study, but these advances took place primarily during the pre- and early Reagan years and during the decade following the Glass Ceiling Act of 1991. Reprinted by permission of Blackwell Publishing The share of minorities and women comprising high-paying skilled occupations such as management, professional, and technical occupations has been increasing since the 1960s, while the proportion of white men in such occupations has been declining. What has been the contribution of affirmative action to the occupational advancement of minorities and women from low-wage unskilled occupations into high-wage skilled ones in U.S. firms? I examine this by comparing the occupational position of minorities and women at firms holding federal contracts, and thereby mandated to implement affirmative action, and noncontracting firms, over the course of 31 years during 1973-2003. I use a new longitudinal dataset of over 100,000 large private-sector firms across all industries and regions uniquely suited for the exploration of this question obtained from the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. My key findings show that the share of minorities and women in high-paying skilled occupations grew more at federal contractors subject to affirmative action obligation than at noncontracting firms during the three decades under study, but these advances took place primarily during the pre- and early Reagan years and during the decade following the Glass Ceiling Act of 1991. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT] |
| Author | KURTULUS, FIDAN ANA |
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| Cites_doi | 10.2307/1924993 10.1111/j.1468-232X.1995.tb00385.x 10.1007/s13524-011-0037-0 10.1257/app.2.3.228 10.2307/146390 10.1111/j.1468-232X.2007.00479.x 10.1257/jep.4.4.47 10.1177/001979390105500101 10.1177/001979397602900402 10.2307/146402 10.1177/0730888404272008 10.2307/145782 10.1086/261805 10.1257/jel.38.3.483 10.1177/001979390505800203 10.2307/2118327 10.2307/2118326 |
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| Copyright | 2012 Regents of the University of California Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Apr 2012 |
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| Notes | ark:/67375/WNG-JTCMM816-Z istex:22E62814D0B527BA2E681128010E0A5AF58587E4 ArticleID:IREL675 The author thanks the editor and two anonymous referees, as well as Sami Alpanda, Michael Ash, Lee Badgett, Fran Blau, Jed DeVaro, Ron Ehrenberg, Nancy Folbre, Richard Freeman, Ira Gang, Doug Kruse, Ron Oaxaca, Lisa Saunders, Wayne Vroman, Tom Weisskopf, Stephen Woodbury, Myeong‐Su Yun, and session participants at the 2012 Annual Meetings of the Allied Social Sciences Associations for insightful comments and suggestions. The author’s affiliation is Department of Economics, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA. E‐mail fidan@econs.umass.edu . ObjectType-Article-2 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-1 content type line 23 ObjectType-Article-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 |
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| References_xml | – volume: 43 start-page: 483 year: 1991 end-page: 1033 article-title: The Changing Nature of Employment Discrimination Litigation publication-title: Stanford Law Review – volume: 100 start-page: 1 issue: 1 year: 1992b end-page: 40 article-title: Does School Quality Matter? Returns to Education and the Characteristics of Public Schools in the United States publication-title: Journal of Political Economy – volume: 38 start-page: 483 issue: 3 year: 2000 end-page: 568 article-title: Assessing Affirmative Action publication-title: Journal of Economic Literature – volume: 48 start-page: 889 year: 2011 end-page: 914 – volume: 2 start-page: 228 issue: 3 year: 2010 end-page: 55 article-title: Dynamics of the Gender Gap for Young Professionals in the Financial and Corporate Sectors publication-title: American Economic Journal: Applied Economics – year: 1996 – volume: 46 start-page: 511 issue: 3 year: 2007 end-page: 50 article-title: New Evidence on Gender Differences in Promotion Rates: An Empirical Analysis of a Sample of New Hires publication-title: Industrial Relations – start-page: 33 year: 1982 end-page: 68 – volume: 20 start-page: 3 issue: 1 year: 1985 end-page: 20 article-title: What Promises Are Worth: The Impact of Affirmative Action Goals publication-title: Journal of Human Resources – year: 1995a – volume: 4 start-page: 896 issue: 33 year: 1998 end-page: 914 article-title: Why Do Small Establishments Hire Fewer Blacks Than Large Ones? publication-title: Journal of Human Resources – volume: 29 start-page: 1603 issue: 4 year: 1991 end-page: 43 article-title: Continuous Versus Episodic Change: The Impact of Civil Rights Policy on the Economic Status of Blacks publication-title: Journal of Economic Literature – volume: 34 start-page: 489 issue: 4 year: 1995 end-page: 506 article-title: Affirmative Action in a Changing Legal and Economic Environment publication-title: Industrial Relations – year: 2010 – volume: 29 start-page: 544 issue: 4 year: 1976 end-page: 64 article-title: Does the Contract Compliance Program Work? An Analysis of Chicago Data publication-title: Industrial and Labor Relations Review – year: 1998 – volume: 58 start-page: 219 issue: 2 year: 2005 end-page: 37 article-title: Intrafirm Mobility and Sex Differences in Pay publication-title: Industrial and Labor Relations Review – volume: 55 start-page: 3 year: 2001 end-page: 21 article-title: The Gender Gap in Top Corporate Jobs publication-title: Industrial and Labor Relations Review – year: 1986 – volume: 86 start-page: 298 issue: 2 year: 1996 end-page: 301 article-title: The Ebb and Flow of Enforcing Executive Order 11246 publication-title: American Economic Review Papers and Proceedings – volume: 35 start-page: 503 issue: 3 year: 2000 end-page: 23 article-title: Using Establishment Size to Measure the Impact of Title VII and Affirmative Action publication-title: Journal of Human Resources – volume: 79 start-page: 138 issue: 1 year: 1989 article-title: Determining the Impact of Federal Antidiscrimination Policy on the Economic Status of Blacks: A Study of South Carolina publication-title: American Economic Review – volume: 4 start-page: 47 issue: 4 year: 1990 end-page: 63 article-title: The Impact of Affirmative Action Regulation and Equal Employment Law on Black Employment publication-title: Journal of Economic Perspectives – volume: 86 start-page: 285 issue: 2 year: 1996 end-page: 89 article-title: Wage Disparities and Affirmative Action in the 1980s publication-title: American Economic Review Papers and Proceedings – start-page: 318 year: 1986 end-page: 50 – year: 1995b – start-page: 5 year: 2005 end-page: 38 – start-page: 38 year: 2005 end-page: 40 – volume: 107 start-page: 151 issue: 1 year: 1992a end-page: 200 article-title: School Quality and Black‐White Relative Earnings: A Direct Assessment publication-title: Quarterly Journal of Economics – start-page: 46 year: 1976 end-page: 89 – year: 1976 – volume: 107 start-page: 201 issue: 1 year: 1992 end-page: 32 article-title: What Went Wrong? The Erosion of Relative Earnings and Employment Among Young Black Men in the 1980s publication-title: Quarterly Journal of Economics – volume: 66 start-page: 377 year: 1984 end-page: 85 article-title: Employment and Occupational Advance under Affirmative Action publication-title: Review of Economics and Statistics – volume: 79 start-page: 138 issue: 1 year: 1989 ident: e_1_2_9_19_1 article-title: Determining the Impact of Federal Antidiscrimination Policy on the Economic Status of Blacks: A Study of South Carolina publication-title: American Economic Review contributor: fullname: Heckman James J. – ident: e_1_2_9_24_1 doi: 10.2307/1924993 – volume: 34 start-page: 489 issue: 4 year: 1995 ident: e_1_2_9_4_1 article-title: Affirmative Action in a Changing Legal and Economic Environment publication-title: Industrial Relations doi: 10.1111/j.1468-232X.1995.tb00385.x contributor: fullname: Badgett M. V. Lee – ident: e_1_2_9_29_1 doi: 10.1007/s13524-011-0037-0 – ident: e_1_2_9_6_1 doi: 10.1257/app.2.3.228 – ident: e_1_2_9_15_1 doi: 10.2307/146390 – start-page: 318 volume-title: Research in Labor Economics year: 1986 ident: e_1_2_9_26_1 contributor: fullname: Leonard Jonathan S – volume-title: Good for Business: Making Full Use of the Nation’s Human Capital year: 1995 ident: e_1_2_9_34_1 contributor: fullname: U.S. Glass Ceiling Commission – ident: e_1_2_9_8_1 doi: 10.1111/j.1468-232X.2007.00479.x – start-page: 46 volume-title: Evaluating the Labor Market Effects of Social Programs year: 1976 ident: e_1_2_9_3_1 contributor: fullname: Ashenfelter Orley – volume-title: In Defense of Affirmative Action year: 1996 ident: e_1_2_9_5_1 contributor: fullname: Bergmann Barbara – ident: e_1_2_9_27_1 doi: 10.1257/jep.4.4.47 – ident: e_1_2_9_7_1 doi: 10.1177/001979390105500101 – volume: 29 start-page: 544 issue: 4 year: 1976 ident: e_1_2_9_20_1 article-title: Does the Contract Compliance Program Work? 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| SubjectTerms | Affirmative Action Affirmative action programs Career development Commissions Employment Discrimination Females J15 J16 J21 K31 Labor market M51 Management Minorities Minority & ethnic groups Minority Groups N32 N42 Occupational promotion Occupational status Occupations Private sector Skill differentials Studies U.S.A Whites Women Women workers |
| Title | Affirmative Action and the Occupational Advancement of Minorities and Women During 1973-2003 |
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