Zinc or multiple micronutrient supplementation to reduce diarrhea and respiratory disease in South African children: a randomized controlled trial
Prophylactic zinc supplementation has been shown to reduce diarrhea and respiratory illness in children in many developing countries, but its efficacy in children in Africa is uncertain. To determine if zinc, or zinc plus multiple micronutrients, reduces diarrhea and respiratory disease prevalence....
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| Published in | PloS one Vol. 2; no. 6; p. e541 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , , , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
United States
Public Library of Science
27.06.2007
Public Library of Science (PLoS) |
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| Abstract | Prophylactic zinc supplementation has been shown to reduce diarrhea and respiratory illness in children in many developing countries, but its efficacy in children in Africa is uncertain.
To determine if zinc, or zinc plus multiple micronutrients, reduces diarrhea and respiratory disease prevalence.
Randomized, double-blind, controlled trial.
Rural community in South Africa.
THREE COHORTS: 32 HIV-infected children; 154 HIV-uninfected children born to HIV-infected mothers; and 187 HIV-uninfected children born to HIV-uninfected mothers.
Children received either 1250 IU of vitamin A; vitamin A and 10 mg of zinc; or vitamin A, zinc, vitamins B1, B2, B6, B12, C, D, E, and K and copper, iodine, iron, and niacin starting at 6 months and continuing to 24 months of age. Homes were visited weekly.
Primary outcome was percentage of days of diarrhea per child by study arm within each of the three cohorts. Secondary outcomes were prevalence of upper respiratory symptoms and percentage of children who ever had pneumonia by maternal report, or confirmed by the field worker.
Among HIV-uninfected children born to HIV-infected mothers, median percentage of days with diarrhea was 2.3% for 49 children allocated to vitamin A; 2.5% in 47 children allocated to receive vitamin A and zinc; and 2.2% for 46 children allocated to multiple micronutrients (P = 0.852). Among HIV-uninfected children born to HIV-uninfected mothers, median percentage of days of diarrhea was 2.4% in 56 children in the vitamin A group; 1.8% in 57 children in the vitamin A and zinc group; and 2.7% in 52 children in the multiple micronutrient group (P = 0.857). Only 32 HIV-infected children were enrolled, and there were no differences between treatment arms in the prevalence of diarrhea. The prevalence of upper respiratory symptoms or incidence of pneumonia did not differ by treatment arms in any of the cohorts.
When compared with vitamin A alone, supplementation with zinc, or with zinc and multiple micronutrients, did not reduce diarrhea and respiratory morbidity in rural South African children.
ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00156832. |
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| AbstractList | Prophylactic zinc supplementation has been shown to reduce diarrhea and respiratory illness in children in many developing countries, but its efficacy in children in Africa is uncertain. To determine if zinc, or zinc plus multiple micronutrients, reduces diarrhea and respiratory disease prevalence. Randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. Rural community in South Africa. Three cohorts: 32 HIV-infected children; 154 HIV-uninfected children born to HIV-infected mothers; and 187 HIV-uninfected children born to HIV-uninfected mothers. Children received either 1250 IU of vitamin A; vitamin A and 10 mg of zinc; or vitamin A, zinc, vitamins B1, B2, B6, B12, C, D, E, and K and copper, iodine, iron, and niacin starting at 6 months and continuing to 24 months of age. Homes were visited weekly. Primary outcome was percentage of days of diarrhea per child by study arm within each of the three cohorts. Secondary outcomes were prevalence of upper respiratory symptoms and percentage of children who ever had pneumonia by maternal report, or confirmed by the field worker. Among HIV-uninfected children born to HIV-infected mothers, median percentage of days with diarrhea was 2.3% for 49 children allocated to vitamin A; 2.5% in 47 children allocated to receive vitamin A and zinc; and 2.2% for 46 children allocated to multiple micronutrients (P = 0.852). Among HIV-uninfected children born to HIV-uninfected mothers, median percentage of days of diarrhea was 2.4% in 56 children in the vitamin A group; 1.8% in 57 children in the vitamin A and zinc group; and 2.7% in 52 children in the multiple micronutrient group (P = 0.857). Only 32 HIV-infected children were enrolled, and there were no differences between treatment arms in the prevalence of diarrhea. The prevalence of upper respiratory symptoms or incidence of pneumonia did not differ by treatment arms in any of the cohorts. When compared with vitamin A alone, supplementation with zinc, or with zinc and multiple micronutrients, did not reduce diarrhea and respiratory morbidity in rural South African children. Background Prophylactic zinc supplementation has been shown to reduce diarrhea and respiratory illness in children in many developing countries, but its efficacy in children in Africa is uncertain. Objective To determine if zinc, or zinc plus multiple micronutrients, reduces diarrhea and respiratory disease prevalence. Design Randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. Setting Rural community in South Africa. Participants Three cohorts: 32 HIV-infected children; 154 HIV-uninfected children born to HIV-infected mothers; and 187 HIV-uninfected children born to HIV-uninfected mothers. Interventions Children received either 1250 IU of vitamin A; vitamin A and 10 mg of zinc; or vitamin A, zinc, vitamins B1, B2, B6, B12, C, D, E, and K and copper, iodine, iron, and niacin starting at 6 months and continuing to 24 months of age. Homes were visited weekly. Outcome Measures Primary outcome was percentage of days of diarrhea per child by study arm within each of the three cohorts. Secondary outcomes were prevalence of upper respiratory symptoms and percentage of children who ever had pneumonia by maternal report, or confirmed by the field worker. Results Among HIV-uninfected children born to HIV-infected mothers, median percentage of days with diarrhea was 2.3% for 49 children allocated to vitamin A; 2.5% in 47 children allocated to receive vitamin A and zinc; and 2.2% for 46 children allocated to multiple micronutrients (P = 0.852). Among HIV-uninfected children born to HIV-uninfected mothers, median percentage of days of diarrhea was 2.4% in 56 children in the vitamin A group; 1.8% in 57 children in the vitamin A and zinc group; and 2.7% in 52 children in the multiple micronutrient group (P = 0.857). Only 32 HIV-infected children were enrolled, and there were no differences between treatment arms in the prevalence of diarrhea. The prevalence of upper respiratory symptoms or incidence of pneumonia did not differ by treatment arms in any of the cohorts. Conclusion When compared with vitamin A alone, supplementation with zinc, or with zinc and multiple micronutrients, did not reduce diarrhea and respiratory morbidity in rural South African children. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00156832 Prophylactic zinc supplementation has been shown to reduce diarrhea and respiratory illness in children in many developing countries, but its efficacy in children in Africa is uncertain.To determine if zinc, or zinc plus multiple micronutrients, reduces diarrhea and respiratory disease prevalence.Randomized, double-blind, controlled trial.Rural community in South Africa.THREE COHORTS: 32 HIV-infected children; 154 HIV-uninfected children born to HIV-infected mothers; and 187 HIV-uninfected children born to HIV-uninfected mothers.Children received either 1250 IU of vitamin A; vitamin A and 10 mg of zinc; or vitamin A, zinc, vitamins B1, B2, B6, B12, C, D, E, and K and copper, iodine, iron, and niacin starting at 6 months and continuing to 24 months of age. Homes were visited weekly.Primary outcome was percentage of days of diarrhea per child by study arm within each of the three cohorts. Secondary outcomes were prevalence of upper respiratory symptoms and percentage of children who ever had pneumonia by maternal report, or confirmed by the field worker.Among HIV-uninfected children born to HIV-infected mothers, median percentage of days with diarrhea was 2.3% for 49 children allocated to vitamin A; 2.5% in 47 children allocated to receive vitamin A and zinc; and 2.2% for 46 children allocated to multiple micronutrients (P = 0.852). Among HIV-uninfected children born to HIV-uninfected mothers, median percentage of days of diarrhea was 2.4% in 56 children in the vitamin A group; 1.8% in 57 children in the vitamin A and zinc group; and 2.7% in 52 children in the multiple micronutrient group (P = 0.857). Only 32 HIV-infected children were enrolled, and there were no differences between treatment arms in the prevalence of diarrhea. The prevalence of upper respiratory symptoms or incidence of pneumonia did not differ by treatment arms in any of the cohorts.When compared with vitamin A alone, supplementation with zinc, or with zinc and multiple micronutrients, did not reduce diarrhea and respiratory morbidity in rural South African children.ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00156832. Background Prophylactic zinc supplementation has been shown to reduce diarrhea and respiratory illness in children in many developing countries, but its efficacy in children in Africa is uncertain. Objective To determine if zinc, or zinc plus multiple micronutrients, reduces diarrhea and respiratory disease prevalence. Design Randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. Setting Rural community in South Africa. Participants Three cohorts: 32 HIV-infected children; 154 HIV-uninfected children born to HIV-infected mothers; and 187 HIV-uninfected children born to HIV-uninfected mothers. Interventions Children received either 1250 IU of vitamin A; vitamin A and 10 mg of zinc; or vitamin A, zinc, vitamins B1, B2, B6, B12, C, D, E, and K and copper, iodine, iron, and niacin starting at 6 months and continuing to 24 months of age. Homes were visited weekly. Outcome Measures Primary outcome was percentage of days of diarrhea per child by study arm within each of the three cohorts. Secondary outcomes were prevalence of upper respiratory symptoms and percentage of children who ever had pneumonia by maternal report, or confirmed by the field worker. Results Among HIV-uninfected children born to HIV-infected mothers, median percentage of days with diarrhea was 2.3% for 49 children allocated to vitamin A; 2.5% in 47 children allocated to receive vitamin A and zinc; and 2.2% for 46 children allocated to multiple micronutrients (P = 0.852). Among HIV-uninfected children born to HIV-uninfected mothers, median percentage of days of diarrhea was 2.4% in 56 children in the vitamin A group; 1.8% in 57 children in the vitamin A and zinc group; and 2.7% in 52 children in the multiple micronutrient group (P = 0.857). Only 32 HIV-infected children were enrolled, and there were no differences between treatment arms in the prevalence of diarrhea. The prevalence of upper respiratory symptoms or incidence of pneumonia did not differ by treatment arms in any of the cohorts. Conclusion When compared with vitamin A alone, supplementation with zinc, or with zinc and multiple micronutrients, did not reduce diarrhea and respiratory morbidity in rural South African children. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00156832 Prophylactic zinc supplementation has been shown to reduce diarrhea and respiratory illness in children in many developing countries, but its efficacy in children in Africa is uncertain. To determine if zinc, or zinc plus multiple micronutrients, reduces diarrhea and respiratory disease prevalence. Randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. Rural community in South Africa. THREE COHORTS: 32 HIV-infected children; 154 HIV-uninfected children born to HIV-infected mothers; and 187 HIV-uninfected children born to HIV-uninfected mothers. Children received either 1250 IU of vitamin A; vitamin A and 10 mg of zinc; or vitamin A, zinc, vitamins B1, B2, B6, B12, C, D, E, and K and copper, iodine, iron, and niacin starting at 6 months and continuing to 24 months of age. Homes were visited weekly. Primary outcome was percentage of days of diarrhea per child by study arm within each of the three cohorts. Secondary outcomes were prevalence of upper respiratory symptoms and percentage of children who ever had pneumonia by maternal report, or confirmed by the field worker. Among HIV-uninfected children born to HIV-infected mothers, median percentage of days with diarrhea was 2.3% for 49 children allocated to vitamin A; 2.5% in 47 children allocated to receive vitamin A and zinc; and 2.2% for 46 children allocated to multiple micronutrients (P = 0.852). Among HIV-uninfected children born to HIV-uninfected mothers, median percentage of days of diarrhea was 2.4% in 56 children in the vitamin A group; 1.8% in 57 children in the vitamin A and zinc group; and 2.7% in 52 children in the multiple micronutrient group (P = 0.857). Only 32 HIV-infected children were enrolled, and there were no differences between treatment arms in the prevalence of diarrhea. The prevalence of upper respiratory symptoms or incidence of pneumonia did not differ by treatment arms in any of the cohorts. When compared with vitamin A alone, supplementation with zinc, or with zinc and multiple micronutrients, did not reduce diarrhea and respiratory morbidity in rural South African children. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00156832. BACKGROUNDProphylactic zinc supplementation has been shown to reduce diarrhea and respiratory illness in children in many developing countries, but its efficacy in children in Africa is uncertain.OBJECTIVETo determine if zinc, or zinc plus multiple micronutrients, reduces diarrhea and respiratory disease prevalence.DESIGNRandomized, double-blind, controlled trial.SETTINGRural community in South Africa.PARTICIPANTSTHREE COHORTS: 32 HIV-infected children; 154 HIV-uninfected children born to HIV-infected mothers; and 187 HIV-uninfected children born to HIV-uninfected mothers.INTERVENTIONSChildren received either 1250 IU of vitamin A; vitamin A and 10 mg of zinc; or vitamin A, zinc, vitamins B1, B2, B6, B12, C, D, E, and K and copper, iodine, iron, and niacin starting at 6 months and continuing to 24 months of age. Homes were visited weekly.OUTCOME MEASURESPrimary outcome was percentage of days of diarrhea per child by study arm within each of the three cohorts. Secondary outcomes were prevalence of upper respiratory symptoms and percentage of children who ever had pneumonia by maternal report, or confirmed by the field worker.RESULTSAmong HIV-uninfected children born to HIV-infected mothers, median percentage of days with diarrhea was 2.3% for 49 children allocated to vitamin A; 2.5% in 47 children allocated to receive vitamin A and zinc; and 2.2% for 46 children allocated to multiple micronutrients (P = 0.852). Among HIV-uninfected children born to HIV-uninfected mothers, median percentage of days of diarrhea was 2.4% in 56 children in the vitamin A group; 1.8% in 57 children in the vitamin A and zinc group; and 2.7% in 52 children in the multiple micronutrient group (P = 0.857). Only 32 HIV-infected children were enrolled, and there were no differences between treatment arms in the prevalence of diarrhea. The prevalence of upper respiratory symptoms or incidence of pneumonia did not differ by treatment arms in any of the cohorts.CONCLUSIONWhen compared with vitamin A alone, supplementation with zinc, or with zinc and multiple micronutrients, did not reduce diarrhea and respiratory morbidity in rural South African children.TRIAL REGISTRATIONClinicalTrials.gov NCT00156832. |
| Audience | Academic |
| Author | Luabeya, Kany-Kany Angelique Ward, Honorine Elson, Inga Tomkins, Andrew Mackay, Malanie Van den Broeck, Jan Mpontshane, Nontobeko Chhagan, Meera Bennish, Michael L |
| AuthorAffiliation | Institute of Clinical Effectiveness and Health Policy, Argentina Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom 4 Division of Geographic Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Tufts-New England Medical Centre, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America 8 Centre for International Child Health, University of London, London, United Kingdom 7 Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America 9 Tropical Medicine Research Institute, University of the West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica 5 Department of Chemical Pathology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa 1 Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, University of KwaZulu Natal, Somkhele, South Africa 6 Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa 2 Church of Scotland Hospital, Tugela Ferry, South Africa 3 Department of Medical Microbiology, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, Univer |
| AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: 5 Department of Chemical Pathology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa – name: 7 Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America – name: 1 Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, University of KwaZulu Natal, Somkhele, South Africa – name: 4 Division of Geographic Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Tufts-New England Medical Centre, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America – name: 2 Church of Scotland Hospital, Tugela Ferry, South Africa – name: 8 Centre for International Child Health, University of London, London, United Kingdom – name: Institute of Clinical Effectiveness and Health Policy, Argentina – name: 3 Department of Medical Microbiology, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa – name: Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom – name: 9 Tropical Medicine Research Institute, University of the West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica – name: 6 Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Kany-Kany Angelique surname: Luabeya fullname: Luabeya, Kany-Kany Angelique organization: Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, University of KwaZulu Natal, Somkhele, South Africa – sequence: 2 givenname: Nontobeko surname: Mpontshane fullname: Mpontshane, Nontobeko – sequence: 3 givenname: Malanie surname: Mackay fullname: Mackay, Malanie – sequence: 4 givenname: Honorine surname: Ward fullname: Ward, Honorine – sequence: 5 givenname: Inga surname: Elson fullname: Elson, Inga – sequence: 6 givenname: Meera surname: Chhagan fullname: Chhagan, Meera – sequence: 7 givenname: Andrew surname: Tomkins fullname: Tomkins, Andrew – sequence: 8 givenname: Jan surname: Van den Broeck fullname: Van den Broeck, Jan – sequence: 9 givenname: Michael L surname: Bennish fullname: Bennish, Michael L |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17593956$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| ContentType | Journal Article |
| Copyright | COPYRIGHT 2007 Public Library of Science 2007 Luabeya et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License. Luabeya et al. 2007 |
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| DOI | 10.1371/journal.pone.0000541 |
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| Discipline | Sciences (General) Medicine |
| DocumentTitleAlternate | Micronutrients in South African Children |
| EISSN | 1932-6203 |
| Editor | Belizan, Jose M. |
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| Notes | ObjectType-Article-2 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-News-1 ObjectType-Feature-3 content type line 23 Principal investigator for the study: MLB. Served as Project Directors: JVdB KAL. Supervised the field work for the study: NM. Conducted the laboratory studies: MM HW IE. Designed the study: MLB AT. Wrote the grant proposal: MLB. Wrote the initial study protocol: MLB JVdB. Revised the study protocol: KAL JVdB MLB. Designed the analysis plan and conducted the analysis: JVdB MLB. Drafted the manuscript: MLB KAL JVdB. Critically reviewed and approved the manuscript: all authors. |
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| Snippet | Prophylactic zinc supplementation has been shown to reduce diarrhea and respiratory illness in children in many developing countries, but its efficacy in... Background Prophylactic zinc supplementation has been shown to reduce diarrhea and respiratory illness in children in many developing countries, but its... BACKGROUNDProphylactic zinc supplementation has been shown to reduce diarrhea and respiratory illness in children in many developing countries, but its... Background Prophylactic zinc supplementation has been shown to reduce diarrhea and respiratory illness in children in many developing countries, but its... |
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| SubjectTerms | Anemia Blister packs Child Child mortality Child, Preschool Children Children & youth Childrens health Clinical trials Copper Developing countries Diarrhea Diarrhea - epidemiology Diarrhea - prevention & control Dietary Supplements Disease control Double-Blind Method Enrollments Female Gastroenterology and Hepatology/Gastrointestinal Infections HIV HIV Infections - complications Households Human immunodeficiency virus Humans Incidence Infections Infectious diseases Infectious Diseases/Gastrointestinal Infections Infectious Diseases/HIV Infection and AIDS Infectious Diseases/Respiratory Infections Iodine Iron LDCs Lung Diseases - epidemiology Lung Diseases - prevention & control Male Malnutrition Medicine Micronutrients Micronutrients - deficiency Micronutrients - therapeutic use Morbidity Niacin Nutrition Nutrition Disorders - prevention & control Nutrition research Nutrition/Deficiencies Nutrition/Malnutrition Pediatric diseases Pediatrics and Child Health/Respiratory Pediatrics Physical growth Pneumonia Public Health and Epidemiology/Infectious Diseases Randomization Respiratory diseases Rural areas Rural communities Rural Health South Africa Studies Supplementation Supplements Vitamin A Vitamin B12 Vitamin B6 Vitamins Zinc Zinc (Nutrient) Zinc - therapeutic use |
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| Title | Zinc or multiple micronutrient supplementation to reduce diarrhea and respiratory disease in South African children: a randomized controlled trial |
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