The microbiota influences the Drosophila melanogaster life history strategy

• Published in: bioRxiv
• Main Authors: Walters, Amber W, Matthews, Melinda K, Hughes, Rachel C, Jaanna Malcolm, Rudman, Seth, Newell, Peter D, Douglas, Angela E, Schmidt, Paul S, Chaston, John
• Format: Paper
• Language: English
• Published: Cold Spring Harbor Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press 16.11.2018
• Subjects: Abundance; Adaptation; Bacteria; Conspecifics; Genotypes; Insects; Latitude; Life history; Microbiota; Microorganisms; Reproductive fitness
• DOI: 10.1101/471540

Organismal life history traits are ideally adapted to local environments when an organism has a fitness advantage in one location relative to conspecifics from other geographies. Local adaptation has been best studied across, for example, latitudinal gradients, where organisms may tradeoff between investment in traits that maximize one, but not both, fitness components of somatic maintenance or reproductive output in the context of finite environmental resources. Latitudinal gradients in life history strategies are traditionally attributed to environmentally mediated selection on an animal's genotype, without any consideration of the possible impact of associated microorganisms (microbiota) on life history traits. Here we show that in Drosophila melanogaster, a key organism for studying local adaptation and life history strategies, associated microorganisms can drive life history variation. First, we reveal that an isogenic fly line reared with different bacteria vary the investment in early reproduction versus somatic maintenance, with little resultant variation in lifetime fitness. Next, we show that in wild Drosophila the abundance of these same bacteria was correlated with the latitude and life history strategy of the flies, and bacterial abundance was driven at least in part by host genetic selection. Finally, by eliminating or manipulating the microbiota of fly lines collected across a latitudinal gradient, we reveal that host genotype contributes to latitude-specific life history traits independent of the microbiota; but that the microbiota can override these host genetic adaptations. Taken together, these findings establish the microbiota as an essential consideration in local adaptation and life history evolution.