Selection of reference foods for a scale of standards for use in assessing the transitional process from milk to solid food in infants and pre-school children
Objective : This paper describes the development of a reliable scale of standards for use in evaluating the progress of the transition from milk to solid food in infants and preschool children. The maturation of chewing and swallowing behavior in infants and young children, which enables processing...
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| Published in | European Journal of Clinical Nutrition Vol. 57; no. 7; pp. 803 - 809 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
London
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
01.07.2003
Nature Publishing Group UK Nature Publishing Nature Publishing Group |
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
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| Abstract | Objective
: This paper describes the development of a reliable scale of standards for use in evaluating the progress of the transition from milk to solid food in infants and preschool children. The maturation of chewing and swallowing behavior in infants and young children, which enables processing of solid food, varies, and a scale would assist not only in the instruction of mothers and nurses but also in preventing delay in the introduction of solid food.
Design
: A range of 159 reference foods were selected on the basis of intake during the period of transition from liquid to solid food. These foods were listed in our previous study, Validity and reliability were tested to create a scale.
Methodology
: Foods were selected on the basis of 50% of the subjects studied being able to eat them, and on the food groups classified by cluster analyses using the Varclus procedure of SAS. Validity, of the scale was tested by using Pearson's correlation coefficient between the scale score of selected food items and the total score of all 159 food items. The total score of 159 food items was calculated using the general linear models (GLM) procedure of SAS. Reliability was tested using Cronbach's coefficient α.
Setting
: Public health centers in Aomori, Tokyo, Saitama, Nagano, and Okinawa (Japan).
Subjects
: Five hundred and eighty healthy mothers and children from 2 to 46 months were randomly selected and 470 (81.0%) completed the study. To avoid regional bias, subjects were drawn from northern to southern prefectures in Japan, namely Aomori, Tokyo, Saitama, Nagano, and Okinawa.
Results
: Twenty food items were selected. By analyzing the score correlation using Pearson's correlation coefficient (
R
=0.97,
P
<0.001) and GLM (
R
2
=0.95,
P
<0.001), it was confirmed that these 20 food items adequately represented the original 159. The reliability was also found to be sufficient (Cronbach's coefficient α=0.96).
Conclusions
: The findings demonstrate that a scale of standards for measuring progress in chewing ability can be created using 20 food items. Such a standard will provide a useful basis against which to assess delay of solid food introduction in childhood.
Sponsorship
: Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research, provided by the Japanese Ministry of Education, Science and Culture, Project No. 07838030. |
|---|---|
| AbstractList | Objective
: This paper describes the development of a reliable scale of standards for use in evaluating the progress of the transition from milk to solid food in infants and preschool children. The maturation of chewing and swallowing behavior in infants and young children, which enables processing of solid food, varies, and a scale would assist not only in the instruction of mothers and nurses but also in preventing delay in the introduction of solid food.
Design
: A range of 159 reference foods were selected on the basis of intake during the period of transition from liquid to solid food. These foods were listed in our previous study, Validity and reliability were tested to create a scale.
Methodology
: Foods were selected on the basis of 50% of the subjects studied being able to eat them, and on the food groups classified by cluster analyses using the Varclus procedure of SAS. Validity, of the scale was tested by using Pearson's correlation coefficient between the scale score of selected food items and the total score of all 159 food items. The total score of 159 food items was calculated using the general linear models (GLM) procedure of SAS. Reliability was tested using Cronbach's coefficient α.
Setting
: Public health centers in Aomori, Tokyo, Saitama, Nagano, and Okinawa (Japan).
Subjects
: Five hundred and eighty healthy mothers and children from 2 to 46 months were randomly selected and 470 (81.0%) completed the study. To avoid regional bias, subjects were drawn from northern to southern prefectures in Japan, namely Aomori, Tokyo, Saitama, Nagano, and Okinawa.
Results
: Twenty food items were selected. By analyzing the score correlation using Pearson's correlation coefficient (
R
=0.97,
P
<0.001) and GLM (
R
2
=0.95,
P
<0.001), it was confirmed that these 20 food items adequately represented the original 159. The reliability was also found to be sufficient (Cronbach's coefficient α=0.96).
Conclusions
: The findings demonstrate that a scale of standards for measuring progress in chewing ability can be created using 20 food items. Such a standard will provide a useful basis against which to assess delay of solid food introduction in childhood.
Sponsorship
: Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research, provided by the Japanese Ministry of Education, Science and Culture, Project No. 07838030. Objective: This paper describes the development of a reliable scale of standards for use in evaluating the progress of the transition from milk to solid food in infants and preschool children. The maturation of chewing and swallowing behavior in infants and young children, which enables processing of solid food, varies, and a scale would assist not only in the instruction of mothers and nurses but also in preventing delay in the introduction of solid food. Design: A range of 159 reference foods were selected on the basis of intake during the period of transition from liquid to solid food. These foods were listed in our previous study, Validity and reliability were tested to create a scale. Methodology: Foods were selected on the basis of 50% of the subjects studied being able to eat them, and on the food groups classified by cluster analyses using the Varclus procedure of SAS. Validity, of the scale was tested by using Pearson's correlation coefficient between the scale score of selected food items and the total score of all 159 food items. The total score of 159 food items was calculated using the general linear models (GLM) procedure of SAS. Reliability was tested using Cronbach's coefficient . Setting: Public health centers in Aomori, Tokyo, Saitama, Nagano, and Okinawa (Japan). Subjects: Five hundred and eighty healthy mothers and children from 2 to 46 months were randomly selected and 470 (81.0%) completed the study. To avoid regional bias, subjects were drawn from northern to southern prefectures in Japan, namely Aomori, Tokyo, Saitama, Nagano, and Okinawa. Results: Twenty food items were selected. By analyzing the score correlation using Pearson's correlation coefficient (R=0.97, P<0.001) and GLM (R2=0.95, P<0.001), it was confirmed that these 20 food items adequately represented the original 159. The reliability was also found to be sufficient (Cronbach's coefficient =0.96). Conclusions: The findings demonstrate that a scale of standards for measuring progress in chewing ability can be created using 20 food items. Such a standard will provide a useful basis against which to assess delay of solid food introduction in childhood. Objective: This paper describes the development of a reliable scale of standards for use in evaluating the progress of the transition from milk to solid food in infants and preschool children. The maturation of chewing and swallowing behavior in infants and young children, which enables processing of solid food, varies, and a scale would assist not only in the instruction of mothers and nurses but also in preventing delay in the introduction of solid food.Design: A range of 159 reference foods were selected on the basis of intake during the period of transition from liquid to solid food. These foods were listed in our previous study, Validity and reliability were tested to create a scale.Methodology: Foods were selected on the basis of 50% of the subjects studied being able to eat them, and on the food groups classified by cluster analyses using the Varclus procedure of SAS. Validity, of the scale was tested by using Pearson's correlation coefficient between the scale score of selected food items and the total score of all 159 food items. The total score of 159 food items was calculated using the general linear models (GLM) procedure of SAS. Reliability was tested using Cronbach's coefficient α.Setting: Public health centers in Aomori, Tokyo, Saitama, Nagano, and Okinawa (Japan).Subjects: Five hundred and eighty healthy mothers and children from 2 to 46 months were randomly selected and 470 (81.0%) completed the study. To avoid regional bias, subjects were drawn from northern to southern prefectures in Japan, namely Aomori, Tokyo, Saitama, Nagano, and Okinawa.Results: Twenty food items were selected. By analyzing the score correlation using Pearson's correlation coefficient (R=0.97, P<0.001) and GLM (R2=0.95, P<0.001), it was confirmed that these 20 food items adequately represented the original 159. The reliability was also found to be sufficient (Cronbach's coefficient α=0.96).Conclusions: The findings demonstrate that a scale of standards for measuring progress in chewing ability can be created using 20 food items. Such a standard will provide a useful basis against which to assess delay of solid food introduction in childhood.Sponsorship: Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research, provided by the Japanese Ministry of Education, Science and Culture, Project No. 07838030. This paper describes the development of a reliable scale of standards for use in evaluating the progress of the transition from milk to solid food in infants and preschool children. The maturation of chewing and swallowing behavior in infants and young children, which enables processing of solid food, varies, and a scale would assist not only in the instruction of mothers and nurses but also in preventing delay in the introduction of solid food.OBJECTIVEThis paper describes the development of a reliable scale of standards for use in evaluating the progress of the transition from milk to solid food in infants and preschool children. The maturation of chewing and swallowing behavior in infants and young children, which enables processing of solid food, varies, and a scale would assist not only in the instruction of mothers and nurses but also in preventing delay in the introduction of solid food.A range of 159 reference foods were selected on the basis of intake during the period of transition from liquid to solid food. These foods were listed in our previous study, Validity and reliability were tested to create a scale.DESIGNA range of 159 reference foods were selected on the basis of intake during the period of transition from liquid to solid food. These foods were listed in our previous study, Validity and reliability were tested to create a scale.Foods were selected on the basis of 50% of the subjects studied being able to eat them, and on the food groups classified by cluster analyses using the Varclus procedure of SAS. Validity, of the scale was tested by using Pearson's correlation coefficient between the scale score of selected food items and the total score of all 159 food items. The total score of 159 food items was calculated using the general linear models (GLM) procedure of SAS. Reliability was tested using Cronbach's coefficient alpha.METHODOLOGYFoods were selected on the basis of 50% of the subjects studied being able to eat them, and on the food groups classified by cluster analyses using the Varclus procedure of SAS. Validity, of the scale was tested by using Pearson's correlation coefficient between the scale score of selected food items and the total score of all 159 food items. The total score of 159 food items was calculated using the general linear models (GLM) procedure of SAS. Reliability was tested using Cronbach's coefficient alpha.Public health centers in Aomori, Tokyo, Saitama, Nagano, and Okinawa (Japan).SETTINGPublic health centers in Aomori, Tokyo, Saitama, Nagano, and Okinawa (Japan).Five hundred and eighty healthy mothers and children from 2 to 46 months were randomly selected and 470 (81.0%) completed the study. To avoid regional bias, subjects were drawn from northern to southern prefectures in Japan, namely Aomori, Tokyo, Saitama, Nagano, and Okinawa.SUBJECTFive hundred and eighty healthy mothers and children from 2 to 46 months were randomly selected and 470 (81.0%) completed the study. To avoid regional bias, subjects were drawn from northern to southern prefectures in Japan, namely Aomori, Tokyo, Saitama, Nagano, and Okinawa.Twenty food items were selected. By analyzing the score correlation using Pearson's correlation coefficient (R =0.97, P <0.001) and GLM (R2 =0.95, P <0.001), it was confirmed that these 20 food items adequately represented the original 159. The reliability was also found to be sufficient (Cronbach's coefficient alpha=0.96).RESULTSTwenty food items were selected. By analyzing the score correlation using Pearson's correlation coefficient (R =0.97, P <0.001) and GLM (R2 =0.95, P <0.001), it was confirmed that these 20 food items adequately represented the original 159. The reliability was also found to be sufficient (Cronbach's coefficient alpha=0.96).The findings demonstrate that a scale of standards for measuring progress in chewing ability can be created using 20 food items. Such a standard will provide a useful basis against which to assess delay of solid food introduction in childhood.CONCLUSIONSThe findings demonstrate that a scale of standards for measuring progress in chewing ability can be created using 20 food items. Such a standard will provide a useful basis against which to assess delay of solid food introduction in childhood.Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research, provided by the Japanese Ministry of Education, Science and Culture, Project No. 07838030.SPONSORSHIPGrant-in-Aid for Scientific Research, provided by the Japanese Ministry of Education, Science and Culture, Project No. 07838030. This paper describes the development of a reliable scale of standards for use in evaluating the progress of the transition from milk to solid food in infants and preschool children. The maturation of chewing and swallowing behavior in infants and young children, which enables processing of solid food, varies, and a scale would assist not only in the instruction of mothers and nurses but also in preventing delay in the introduction of solid food. A range of 159 reference foods were selected on the basis of intake during the period of transition from liquid to solid food. These foods were listed in our previous study, Validity and reliability were tested to create a scale. Foods were selected on the basis of 50% of the subjects studied being able to eat them, and on the food groups classified by cluster analyses using the Varclus procedure of SAS. Validity, of the scale was tested by using Pearson's correlation coefficient between the scale score of selected food items and the total score of all 159 food items. The total score of 159 food items was calculated using the general linear models (GLM) procedure of SAS. Reliability was tested using Cronbach's coefficient alpha. Public health centers in Aomori, Tokyo, Saitama, Nagano, and Okinawa (Japan). Five hundred and eighty healthy mothers and children from 2 to 46 months were randomly selected and 470 (81.0%) completed the study. To avoid regional bias, subjects were drawn from northern to southern prefectures in Japan, namely Aomori, Tokyo, Saitama, Nagano, and Okinawa. Twenty food items were selected. By analyzing the score correlation using Pearson's correlation coefficient (R =0.97, P <0.001) and GLM (R2 =0.95, P <0.001), it was confirmed that these 20 food items adequately represented the original 159. The reliability was also found to be sufficient (Cronbach's coefficient alpha=0.96). The findings demonstrate that a scale of standards for measuring progress in chewing ability can be created using 20 food items. Such a standard will provide a useful basis against which to assess delay of solid food introduction in childhood. Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research, provided by the Japanese Ministry of Education, Science and Culture, Project No. 07838030. Objective: This paper describes the development of a reliable scale of standards for use in evaluating the progress of the transition from milk to solid food in infants and preschool children. The maturation of chewing and swallowing behavior in infants and young children, which enables processing of solid food, varies, and a scale would assist not only in the instruction of mothers and nurses but also in preventing delay in the introduction of solid food. Design: A range of 159 reference foods were selected on the basis of intake during the period of transition from liquid to solid food. These foods were listed in our previous study, Validity and reliability were tested to create a scale. Methodology: Foods were selected on the basis of 50% of the subjects studied being able to eat them, and on the food groups classified by cluster analyses using the Varclus procedure of SAS. Validity, of the scale was tested by using Pearson's correlation coefficient between the scale score of selected food items and the total score of all 159 food items. The total score of 159 food items was calculated using the general linear models (GLM) procedure of SAS. Reliability was tested using Cronbach's coefficient . Setting: Public health centers in Aomori, Tokyo, Saitama, Nagano, and Okinawa (Japan). Subject: Five hundred and eighty healthy mothers and children from 2 to 46 months were randomly selected and 470 (81.0%) completed the study. To avoid regional bias, subjects were drawn from northern to southern prefectures in Japan, namely Aomori, Tokyo, Saitama, Nagano, and Okinawa. Results: Twenty food items were selected. By analyzing the score correlation using Pearson's correlation coefficient (R=0.97, P less than 0.001) and GLM (R2=0.95, P less than 0.001), it was confirmed that these 20 food items adequately represented the original 159. The reliability was also found to be sufficient (Cronbach's coefficient =0.96). Conclusions: The findings demonstrate that a scale of standards for measuring progress in chewing ability can be created using 20 food items. Such a standard will provide a useful basis against which to assess delay of solid food introduction in childhood. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT] |
| Audience | Professional Academic |
| Author | R Sakashita N Inoue T Tatsuki |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: R surname: Sakashita fullname: Sakashita, R email: reiko-sakashita@cnas-hyogo.ac.jp organization: Department of Nursing Physiology and Anatomy, College of Nursing Art and Science – sequence: 2 givenname: N surname: Inoue fullname: Inoue, N organization: Department of Medicine, The University of Tokyo – sequence: 3 givenname: T surname: Tatsuki fullname: Tatsuki, T organization: Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Iwate Medical College, Morioka |
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| CitedBy_id | crossref_primary_10_3390_nu11020473 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_foodcont_2025_111135 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ifset_2017_09_008 crossref_primary_10_3389_fnut_2020_616484 crossref_primary_10_1007_s13668_024_00519_x crossref_primary_10_1038_sj_ejcn_1601860 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_tifs_2021_05_014 crossref_primary_10_1017_S0007114518002386 crossref_primary_10_3390_nu16131992 |
| Cites_doi | 10.1016/0002-9416(83)90326-3 10.1111/j.1651-2227.1988.tb10876.x 10.5834/jdh.42.277 10.1177/00220345980770020501 10.1177/146642408910900509 10.1079/PHN2000107 10.1136/bmj.314.7093.1545 10.1136/adc.57.5.364 10.1111/j.1469-8749.1991.tb14786.x 10.1016/S0031-3955(05)70351-5 10.1016/0378-3782(96)01723-9 10.1016/0378-3782(95)01649-N 10.1111/j.1651-2227.1986.tb10353.x 10.1152/jappl.1950.3.1.45 10.1016/S0379-0738(00)00167-5 10.1051/rnd:19970609 10.1093/tropej/39.3.168 10.1002/(SICI)1096-8644(199708)103:4<497::AID-AJPA7>3.0.CO;2-K |
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| Keywords | child development scale mastication infant food Japan Human Infant Standard School Infant food Transition Processed food Child Milk |
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| PublicationDecade | 2000 |
| PublicationPlace | London |
| PublicationPlace_xml | – name: London – name: Basingstoke – name: England |
| PublicationTitle | European Journal of Clinical Nutrition |
| PublicationTitleAbbrev | Eur J Clin Nutr |
| PublicationTitleAlternate | Eur J Clin Nutr |
| PublicationYear | 2003 |
| Publisher | Springer Science and Business Media LLC Nature Publishing Group UK Nature Publishing Nature Publishing Group |
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: This paper describes the development of a reliable scale of standards for use in evaluating the progress of the transition from milk to solid food... This paper describes the development of a reliable scale of standards for use in evaluating the progress of the transition from milk to solid food in infants... Objective: This paper describes the development of a reliable scale of standards for use in evaluating the progress of the transition from milk to solid food... |
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| SubjectTerms | Babies Biological and medical sciences Chewing Child, Preschool childhood Children Clinical Nutrition Cluster Analysis correlation Correlation coefficient Correlation coefficients deglutition Epidemiology Female Food Food - classification Food groups Food Preferences Food processing Food selection Human physiology applied to population studies and life conditions. Human ecophysiology Humans Infant Infant Food Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena Infants Internal Medicine linear models liquids Male Mastication Mastication - physiology Medical sciences Medicine Medicine & Public Health Metabolic Diseases Milk mothers nurses Nutrition Nutritional survey. Food supply and nutritional requirement original-communication Pilot Projects Preschool children Public Health Reference Values Reliability Ryukyu Archipelago Surveys and Questionnaires Weaning |
| Title | Selection of reference foods for a scale of standards for use in assessing the transitional process from milk to solid food in infants and pre-school children |
| URI | https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1871709542618950528 https://link.springer.com/article/10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601612 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12821878 https://www.proquest.com/docview/219660193 https://www.proquest.com/docview/2642624226 https://www.proquest.com/docview/2000602595 https://www.proquest.com/docview/73427667 |
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