LSD-induced increase of Ising temperature and algorithmic complexity of brain dynamics

A topic of growing interest in computational neuroscience is the discovery of fundamental principles underlying global dynamics and the self-organization of the brain. In particular, the notion that the brain operates near criticality has gained considerable support, and recent work has shown that t...

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Published inPLoS computational biology Vol. 19; no. 2; p. e1010811
Main Authors Ruffini, Giulio, Damiani, Giada, Lozano-Soldevilla, Diego, Deco, Nikolas, Rosas, Fernando E, Kiani, Narsis A, Ponce-Alvarez, Adrián, Kringelbach, Morten L, Carhart-Harris, Robin, Deco, Gustavo
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published United States Public Library of Science 03.02.2023
Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Subjects
Algorithms
Biology and Life Sciences
Brain
Brain architecture
Brain mapping
Brain research
Cerebral hemispheres
Complexity
Computational neuroscience
Computer and Information Sciences
Consciousness
Critical point
Dictionaries
Drug dosages
Dynamics
Entropy
Experimental data
Formalism
Functional magnetic resonance imaging
Hallucinogens - pharmacology
Health aspects
Humans
Ingestion
Ising model
LSD
LSD (Drug)
Lysergic acid diethylamide
Lysergic Acid Diethylamide - pharmacology
Lysergide
Magnetic resonance imaging
Magnetic Resonance Imaging - methods
Maximum entropy
Medicin och hälsovetenskap
Medicine and Health Sciences
Nervous system
Neural networks
Neuroimaging
Phase transitions
Physical Sciences
Placebos
Psychedelic drugs
Repertoire
Research and Analysis Methods
Statistical physics
Temperature
Thermal properties
Time series
Spain
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Abstract A topic of growing interest in computational neuroscience is the discovery of fundamental principles underlying global dynamics and the self-organization of the brain. In particular, the notion that the brain operates near criticality has gained considerable support, and recent work has shown that the dynamics of different brain states may be modeled by pairwise maximum entropy Ising models at various distances from a phase transition, i.e., from criticality. Here we aim to characterize two brain states (psychedelics-induced and placebo) as captured by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), with features derived from the Ising spin model formalism (system temperature, critical point, susceptibility) and from algorithmic complexity. We hypothesized, along the lines of the entropic brain hypothesis, that psychedelics drive brain dynamics into a more disordered state at a higher Ising temperature and increased complexity. We analyze resting state blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) fMRI data collected in an earlier study from fifteen subjects in a control condition (placebo) and during ingestion of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD). Working with the automated anatomical labeling (AAL) brain parcellation, we first create "archetype" Ising models representative of the entire dataset (global) and of the data in each condition. Remarkably, we find that such archetypes exhibit a strong correlation with an average structural connectome template obtained from dMRI (r = 0.6). We compare the archetypes from the two conditions and find that the Ising connectivity in the LSD condition is lower than in the placebo one, especially in homotopic links (interhemispheric connectivity), reflecting a significant decrease of homotopic functional connectivity in the LSD condition. The global archetype is then personalized for each individual and condition by adjusting the system temperature. The resulting temperatures are all near but above the critical point of the model in the paramagnetic (disordered) phase. The individualized Ising temperatures are higher in the LSD condition than in the placebo condition (p = 9 × 10-5). Next, we estimate the Lempel-Ziv-Welch (LZW) complexity of the binarized BOLD data and the synthetic data generated with the individualized model using the Metropolis algorithm for each participant and condition. The LZW complexity computed from experimental data reveals a weak statistical relationship with condition (p = 0.04 one-tailed Wilcoxon test) and none with Ising temperature (r(13) = 0.13, p = 0.65), presumably because of the limited length of the BOLD time series. Similarly, we explore complexity using the block decomposition method (BDM), a more advanced method for estimating algorithmic complexity. The BDM complexity of the experimental data displays a significant correlation with Ising temperature (r(13) = 0.56, p = 0.03) and a weak but significant correlation with condition (p = 0.04, one-tailed Wilcoxon test). This study suggests that the effects of LSD increase the complexity of brain dynamics by loosening interhemispheric connectivity-especially homotopic links. In agreement with earlier work using the Ising formalism with BOLD data, we find the brain state in the placebo condition is already above the critical point, with LSD resulting in a shift further away from criticality into a more disordered state.
AbstractList A topic of growing interest in computational neuroscience is the discovery of fundamental principles underlying global dynamics and the self-organization of the brain. In particular, the notion that the brain operates near criticality has gained considerable support, and recent work has shown that the dynamics of different brain states may be modeled by pairwise maximum entropy Ising models at various distances from a phase transition, i.e., from criticality. Here we aim to characterize two brain states (psychedelics-induced and placebo) as captured by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), with features derived from the Ising spin model formalism (system temperature, critical point, susceptibility) and from algorithmic complexity. We hypothesized, along the lines of the entropic brain hypothesis, that psychedelics drive brain dynamics into a more disordered state at a higher Ising temperature and increased complexity. We analyze resting state blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) fMRI data collected in an earlier study from fifteen subjects in a control condition (placebo) and during ingestion of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD). Working with the automated anatomical labeling (AAL) brain parcellation, we first create "archetype" Ising models representative of the entire dataset (global) and of the data in each condition. Remarkably, we find that such archetypes exhibit a strong correlation with an average structural connectome template obtained from dMRI (r = 0.6). We compare the archetypes from the two conditions and find that the Ising connectivity in the LSD condition is lower than in the placebo one, especially in homotopic links (interhemispheric connectivity), reflecting a significant decrease of homotopic functional connectivity in the LSD condition. The global archetype is then personalized for each individual and condition by adjusting the system temperature. The resulting temperatures are all near but above the critical point of the model in the paramagnetic (disordered) phase. The individualized Ising temperatures are higher in the LSD condition than in the placebo condition (p = 9 x 10.sup.-5). Next, we estimate the Lempel-Ziv-Welch (LZW) complexity of the binarized BOLD data and the synthetic data generated with the individualized model using the Metropolis algorithm for each participant and condition. The LZW complexity computed from experimental data reveals a weak statistical relationship with condition (p = 0.04 one-tailed Wilcoxon test) and none with Ising temperature (r(13) = 0.13, p = 0.65), presumably because of the limited length of the BOLD time series. Similarly, we explore complexity using the block decomposition method (BDM), a more advanced method for estimating algorithmic complexity. The BDM complexity of the experimental data displays a significant correlation with Ising temperature (r(13) = 0.56, p = 0.03) and a weak but significant correlation with condition (p = 0.04, one-tailed Wilcoxon test). This study suggests that the effects of LSD increase the complexity of brain dynamics by loosening interhemispheric connectivity-especially homotopic links. In agreement with earlier work using the Ising formalism with BOLD data, we find the brain state in the placebo condition is already above the critical point, with LSD resulting in a shift further away from criticality into a more disordered state.
A topic of growing interest in computational neuroscience is the discovery of fundamental principles underlying global dynamics and the self-organization of the brain. In particular, the notion that the brain operates near criticality has gained considerable support, and recent work has shown that the dynamics of different brain states may be modeled by pairwise maximum entropy Ising models at various distances from a phase transition, i.e., from criticality. Here we aim to characterize two brain states (psychedelics-induced and placebo) as captured by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), with features derived from the Ising spin model formalism (system temperature, critical point, susceptibility) and from algorithmic complexity. We hypothesized, along the lines of the entropic brain hypothesis, that psychedelics drive brain dynamics into a more disordered state at a higher Ising temperature and increased complexity. We analyze resting state blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) fMRI data collected in an earlier study from fifteen subjects in a control condition (placebo) and during ingestion of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD). Working with the automated anatomical labeling (AAL) brain parcellation, we first create “archetype” Ising models representative of the entire dataset (global) and of the data in each condition. Remarkably, we find that such archetypes exhibit a strong correlation with an average structural connectome template obtained from dMRI ( r = 0.6). We compare the archetypes from the two conditions and find that the Ising connectivity in the LSD condition is lower than in the placebo one, especially in homotopic links (interhemispheric connectivity), reflecting a significant decrease of homotopic functional connectivity in the LSD condition. The global archetype is then personalized for each individual and condition by adjusting the system temperature. The resulting temperatures are all near but above the critical point of the model in the paramagnetic (disordered) phase. The individualized Ising temperatures are higher in the LSD condition than in the placebo condition ( p = 9 × 10 −5 ). Next, we estimate the Lempel-Ziv-Welch (LZW) complexity of the binarized BOLD data and the synthetic data generated with the individualized model using the Metropolis algorithm for each participant and condition. The LZW complexity computed from experimental data reveals a weak statistical relationship with condition ( p = 0.04 one-tailed Wilcoxon test) and none with Ising temperature ( r (13) = 0.13, p = 0.65), presumably because of the limited length of the BOLD time series. Similarly, we explore complexity using the block decomposition method (BDM), a more advanced method for estimating algorithmic complexity. The BDM complexity of the experimental data displays a significant correlation with Ising temperature ( r (13) = 0.56, p = 0.03) and a weak but significant correlation with condition ( p = 0.04, one-tailed Wilcoxon test). This study suggests that the effects of LSD increase the complexity of brain dynamics by loosening interhemispheric connectivity—especially homotopic links. In agreement with earlier work using the Ising formalism with BOLD data, we find the brain state in the placebo condition is already above the critical point, with LSD resulting in a shift further away from criticality into a more disordered state.
A topic of growing interest in computational neuroscience is the discovery of fundamental principles underlying global dynamics and the self-organization of the brain. In particular, the notion that the brain operates near criticality has gained considerable support, and recent work has shown that the dynamics of different brain states may be modeled by pairwise maximum entropy Ising models at various distances from a phase transition, i.e., from criticality. Here we aim to characterize two brain states (psychedelics-induced and placebo) as captured by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), with features derived from the Ising spin model formalism (system temperature, critical point, susceptibility) and from algorithmic complexity. We hypothesized, along the lines of the entropic brain hypothesis, that psychedelics drive brain dynamics into a more disordered state at a higher Ising temperature and increased complexity. We analyze resting state blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) fMRI data collected in an earlier study from fifteen subjects in a control condition (placebo) and during ingestion of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD). Working with the automated anatomical labeling (AAL) brain parcellation, we first create "archetype" Ising models representative of the entire dataset (global) and of the data in each condition. Remarkably, we find that such archetypes exhibit a strong correlation with an average structural connectome template obtained from dMRI (r = 0.6). We compare the archetypes from the two conditions and find that the Ising connectivity in the LSD condition is lower than in the placebo one, especially in homotopic links (interhemispheric connectivity), reflecting a significant decrease of homotopic functional connectivity in the LSD condition. The global archetype is then personalized for each individual and condition by adjusting the system temperature. The resulting temperatures are all near but above the critical point of the model in the paramagnetic (disordered) phase. The individualized Ising temperatures are higher in the LSD condition than in the placebo condition (p = 9 × 10-5). Next, we estimate the Lempel-Ziv-Welch (LZW) complexity of the binarized BOLD data and the synthetic data generated with the individualized model using the Metropolis algorithm for each participant and condition. The LZW complexity computed from experimental data reveals a weak statistical relationship with condition (p = 0.04 one-tailed Wilcoxon test) and none with Ising temperature (r(13) = 0.13, p = 0.65), presumably because of the limited length of the BOLD time series. Similarly, we explore complexity using the block decomposition method (BDM), a more advanced method for estimating algorithmic complexity. The BDM complexity of the experimental data displays a significant correlation with Ising temperature (r(13) = 0.56, p = 0.03) and a weak but significant correlation with condition (p = 0.04, one-tailed Wilcoxon test). This study suggests that the effects of LSD increase the complexity of brain dynamics by loosening interhemispheric connectivity-especially homotopic links. In agreement with earlier work using the Ising formalism with BOLD data, we find the brain state in the placebo condition is already above the critical point, with LSD resulting in a shift further away from criticality into a more disordered state.
A topic of growing interest in computational neuroscience is the discovery of fundamental principles underlying global dynamics and the self-organization of the brain. In particular, the notion that the brain operates near criticality has gained considerable support, and recent work has shown that the dynamics of different brain states may be modeled by pairwise maximum entropy Ising models at various distances from a phase transition, i.e., from criticality. Here we aim to characterize two brain states (psychedelics-induced and placebo) as captured by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), with features derived from the Ising spin model formalism (system temperature, critical point, susceptibility) and from algorithmic complexity. We hypothesized, along the lines of the entropic brain hypothesis, that psychedelics drive brain dynamics into a more disordered state at a higher Ising temperature and increased complexity. We analyze resting state blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) fMRI data collected in an earlier study from fifteen subjects in a control condition (placebo) and during ingestion of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD). Working with the automated anatomical labeling (AAL) brain parcellation, we first create “archetype” Ising models representative of the entire dataset (global) and of the data in each condition. Remarkably, we find that such archetypes exhibit a strong correlation with an average structural connectome template obtained from dMRI ( r = 0.6). We compare the archetypes from the two conditions and find that the Ising connectivity in the LSD condition is lower than in the placebo one, especially in homotopic links (interhemispheric connectivity), reflecting a significant decrease of homotopic functional connectivity in the LSD condition. The global archetype is then personalized for each individual and condition by adjusting the system temperature. The resulting temperatures are all near but above the critical point of the model in the paramagnetic (disordered) phase. The individualized Ising temperatures are higher in the LSD condition than in the placebo condition ( p = 9 × 10 −5 ). Next, we estimate the Lempel-Ziv-Welch (LZW) complexity of the binarized BOLD data and the synthetic data generated with the individualized model using the Metropolis algorithm for each participant and condition. The LZW complexity computed from experimental data reveals a weak statistical relationship with condition ( p = 0.04 one-tailed Wilcoxon test) and none with Ising temperature ( r (13) = 0.13, p = 0.65), presumably because of the limited length of the BOLD time series. Similarly, we explore complexity using the block decomposition method (BDM), a more advanced method for estimating algorithmic complexity. The BDM complexity of the experimental data displays a significant correlation with Ising temperature ( r (13) = 0.56, p = 0.03) and a weak but significant correlation with condition ( p = 0.04, one-tailed Wilcoxon test). This study suggests that the effects of LSD increase the complexity of brain dynamics by loosening interhemispheric connectivity—especially homotopic links. In agreement with earlier work using the Ising formalism with BOLD data, we find the brain state in the placebo condition is already above the critical point, with LSD resulting in a shift further away from criticality into a more disordered state. In this study, we aim to characterize two brain states (psychedelics-induced and placebo), as captured in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data, with features derived from the Ising model formalism (system temperature, critical point, susceptibility) and from algorithmic complexity. Under the hypothesis that psychedelics drive the brain into a more disordered state, we study criticality features of brain dynamics under LSD in a within-subject study using the Ising model formalism and algorithmic complexity using Lempel-Ziv and the Block Decomposition methods. Personalized Ising models are created by first using BOLD fMRI data from all the subjects and conditions to create a single Ising “archetype” model—which we can interpret as the average model of the data at unit temperature—and then by adjusting the model temperature for each subject and condition. We find that the effects of LSD translate into increased BOLD signal complexity and Ising temperature, in agreement with earlier findings and predictions from existing theories of the effects of psychedelics, such as the relaxed beliefs under psychedelics (REBUS), the anarchic brain hypothesis, and the algorithmic information theory of consciousness (KT). However, in contrast with some of the previously cited theories, we find that the system in the placebo condition is already in the paramagnetic phase—above the critical point—with ingestion of LSD resulting in a shift away from Ising criticality into a more disordered state. Finally, we highlight the fact that the structural connectome can be recovered to a good degree by fitting an Ising model and that the reduction of homotopic links (direct or indirect) appears to play an important role in the slide to disorder under psychedelics.
A topic of growing interest in computational neuroscience is the discovery of fundamental principles underlying global dynamics and the self-organization of the brain. In particular, the notion that the brain operates near criticality has gained considerable support, and recent work has shown that the dynamics of different brain states may be modeled by pairwise maximum entropy Ising models at various distances from a phase transition, i.e., from criticality. Here we aim to characterize two brain states (psychedelics-induced and placebo) as captured by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), with features derived from the Ising spin model formalism (system temperature, critical point, susceptibility) and from algorithmic complexity. We hypothesized, along the lines of the entropic brain hypothesis, that psychedelics drive brain dynamics into a more disordered state at a higher Ising temperature and increased complexity. We analyze resting state blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) fMRI data collected in an earlier study from fifteen subjects in a control condition (placebo) and during ingestion of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD). Working with the automated anatomical labeling (AAL) brain parcellation, we first create “archetype” Ising models representative of the entire dataset (global) and of the data in each condition. Remarkably, we find that such archetypes exhibit a strong correlation with an average structural connectome template obtained from dMRI (r = 0.6). We compare the archetypes from the two conditions and find that the Ising connectivity in the LSD condition is lower than in the placebo one, especially in homotopic links (interhemispheric connectivity), reflecting a significant decrease of homotopic functional connectivity in the LSD condition. The global archetype is then personalized for each individual and condition by adjusting the system temperature. The resulting temperatures are all near but above the critical point of the model in the paramagnetic (disordered) phase. The individualized Ising temperatures are higher in the LSD condition than in the placebo condition (p = 9 × 10−5). Next, we estimate the Lempel-Ziv-Welch (LZW) complexity of the binarized BOLD data and the synthetic data generated with the individualized model using the Metropolis algorithm for each participant and condition. The LZW complexity computed from experimental data reveals a weak statistical relationship with condition (p = 0.04 one-tailed Wilcoxon test) and none with Ising temperature (r(13) = 0.13, p = 0.65), presumably because of the limited length of the BOLD time series. Similarly, we explore complexity using the block decomposition method (BDM), a more advanced method for estimating algorithmic complexity. The BDM complexity of the experimental data displays a significant correlation with Ising temperature (r(13) = 0.56, p = 0.03) and a weak but significant correlation with condition (p = 0.04, one-tailed Wilcoxon test). This study suggests that the effects of LSD increase the complexity of brain dynamics by loosening interhemispheric connectivity—especially homotopic links. In agreement with earlier work using the Ising formalism with BOLD data, we find the brain state in the placebo condition is already above the critical point, with LSD resulting in a shift further away from criticality into a more disordered state.
Audience Academic
Author Lozano-Soldevilla, Diego
Ruffini, Giulio
Kringelbach, Morten L
Damiani, Giada
Ponce-Alvarez, Adrián
Deco, Gustavo
Kiani, Narsis A
Rosas, Fernando E
Deco, Nikolas
Carhart-Harris, Robin
AuthorAffiliation 3 Haskins Laboratories, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
University of Nottingham, UNITED KINGDOM
13 Psychedelics Division - Neuroscape, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
11 Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
7 Centre for Eudaimonia and Human Flourishing, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
16 School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
15 Department of Neuropsychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
4 Department of Informatics, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
2 Starlab Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
10 Computational Neuroscience Group, Center for Brain and Cognition (Department of Information and Communication Technologies), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
6 Centre for Complexity Science, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
8 Algorithmic Dynamics Lab, Center of Molecul
AuthorAffiliation_xml – name: 2 Starlab Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
– name: University of Nottingham, UNITED KINGDOM
– name: 15 Department of Neuropsychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
– name: 10 Computational Neuroscience Group, Center for Brain and Cognition (Department of Information and Communication Technologies), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
– name: 11 Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
– name: 8 Algorithmic Dynamics Lab, Center of Molecular Medicine, Karolinksa Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
– name: 14 The Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
– name: 16 School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
– name: 13 Psychedelics Division - Neuroscape, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
– name: 4 Department of Informatics, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
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– name: 1 Neuroelectrics Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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– name: 12 Center for Music in the Brain, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
– name: 3 Haskins Laboratories, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
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– name: 7 Centre for Eudaimonia and Human Flourishing, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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  orcidid: 0000-0002-6259-9042
  surname: Damiani
  fullname: Damiani, Giada
  organization: Neuroelectrics Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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  givenname: Diego
  surname: Lozano-Soldevilla
  fullname: Lozano-Soldevilla, Diego
  organization: Neuroelectrics Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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  givenname: Nikolas
  surname: Deco
  fullname: Deco, Nikolas
  organization: Neuroelectrics Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
– sequence: 5
  givenname: Fernando E
  surname: Rosas
  fullname: Rosas, Fernando E
  organization: Centre for Eudaimonia and Human Flourishing, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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  fullname: Kiani, Narsis A
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  orcidid: 0000-0003-1446-7392
  surname: Ponce-Alvarez
  fullname: Ponce-Alvarez, Adrián
  organization: Computational Neuroscience Group, Center for Brain and Cognition (Department of Information and Communication Technologies), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
– sequence: 8
  givenname: Morten L
  surname: Kringelbach
  fullname: Kringelbach, Morten L
  organization: Center for Music in the Brain, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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  surname: Carhart-Harris
  fullname: Carhart-Harris, Robin
  organization: Psychedelics Division - Neuroscape, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
– sequence: 10
  givenname: Gustavo
  orcidid: 0000-0002-8995-7583
  surname: Deco
  fullname: Deco, Gustavo
  organization: School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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License Copyright: © 2023 Ruffini et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
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I have read the journal’s policy and the authors of this manuscript have the following competing interests: authors with a Neuroelectrics affiliation (GR, GiD, DL-S and ND) work for a company creating brain stimulation solutions. GR is a co-founder of Neuroelectrics. The other authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
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SSID ssj0035896
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Snippet A topic of growing interest in computational neuroscience is the discovery of fundamental principles underlying global dynamics and the self-organization of...
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StartPage e1010811
SubjectTerms Algorithms
Biology and Life Sciences
Brain
Brain architecture
Brain mapping
Brain research
Cerebral hemispheres
Complexity
Computational neuroscience
Computer and Information Sciences
Consciousness
Critical point
Dictionaries
Drug dosages
Dynamics
Entropy
Experimental data
Formalism
Functional magnetic resonance imaging
Hallucinogens - pharmacology
Health aspects
Humans
Ingestion
Ising model
LSD
LSD (Drug)
Lysergic acid diethylamide
Lysergic Acid Diethylamide - pharmacology
Lysergide
Magnetic resonance imaging
Magnetic Resonance Imaging - methods
Maximum entropy
Medicin och hälsovetenskap
Medicine and Health Sciences
Nervous system
Neural networks
Neuroimaging
Phase transitions
Physical Sciences
Placebos
Psychedelic drugs
Repertoire
Research and Analysis Methods
Statistical physics
Temperature
Thermal properties
Time series
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Title LSD-induced increase of Ising temperature and algorithmic complexity of brain dynamics
URI https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36735751
https://www.proquest.com/docview/2787636288
https://search.proquest.com/docview/2773114875
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PMC9943020
http://kipublications.ki.se/Default.aspx?queryparsed=id:152390518
https://doaj.org/article/01623669c1b04adf834b9db9f5f16439
Volume 19
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