Internet addiction and psychological distress among Chinese schoolchildren before and during the COVID-19 outbreak: A latent class analysis

Background and aims. The present longitudinal study examined the changes in problematic internet use (problematic smartphone use, problematic social media use, and problematic gaming) and changes in COVID-19-related psychological distress (fear of COVID-19 and worry concerning COVID-19) across three...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Published inJournal of behavioral addictions Vol. 10; no. 3; pp. 731 - 746
Main Authors Chen, I-Hua, Chen, Chao-Ying, Liu, Chieh-hsiu, Ahorsu, Daniel Kwasi, Griffiths, Mark D, Chen, Yu-Pin, Kuo, Yi-Jie, Lin, Chung-Ying, Pakpour, Amir H, Wang, Shu-Mei
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Hungary Akadémiai Kiadó 01.09.2021
Academic Publishing House
Akademiai Kiado
Subjects
Analysis
Behaviorism
Child
China - epidemiology
COVID-19
Disease Outbreaks
Elementary school students
Health aspects
Humans
Internet
Internet Addiction Disorder
Latent Class Analysis
Longitudinal Studies
Pathological Internet Use
problematic gaming
problematic smartphone use
problematic social media use
Psychological Distress
SARS-CoV-2
Stress (Psychology)
China
Taiwan
problematic social media use
COVID19
problematic smartphone use
psychological distress
problematic gaming
COVID-19
Online AccessGet full text

Cover

Abstract Background and aims. The present longitudinal study examined the changes in problematic internet use (problematic smartphone use, problematic social media use, and problematic gaming) and changes in COVID-19-related psychological distress (fear of COVID-19 and worry concerning COVID-19) across three time-points (before the COVID-19 outbreak, during the initial stages of the COVID-19 outbreak, and during the COVID-19 outbreak recovery period). Methods. A total of 504 Chinese schoolchildren completed measures concerning problematic internet use and psychological distress across three time-points. Latent class analysis (LCA) was used to classify participants into three groups of problematic internet use comprising Group 1 (lowest level), Group 2 (moderate level), and Group 3 (highest level). Results. Statistical analyses showed that as problematic use of internet-related activities declined among Group 3 participants across the three time points, participants in Group 1 and Group 2 had increased problematic use of internet-related activities. Although there was no between-group difference in relation to worrying concerning COVID-19 infection, Groups 2 and 3 had significantly higher levels of fear of COVID-19 than Group 1 during the COVID-19 recovery period. Regression analysis showed that change in problematic internet use predicted fear of COVID-19 during the recovery period. Conclusion. The varied levels of problematic internet use among schoolchildren reflect different changing trends of additive behaviors during COVID-19 outbreak and recovery periods.
AbstractList Background and aims: The present longitudinal study examined the changes in problematic internet use (problematic smartphone use, problematic social media use, and problematic gaming) and changes in COVID-19-related psychological distress (fear of COVID-19 and worry concerning COVID-19) across three time-points (before the COVID-19 outbreak, during the initial stages of the COVID-19 outbreak, and during the COVID-19 outbreak recovery period). Methods: A total of 504 Chinese schoolchildren completed measures concerning problematic internet use and psychological distress across three timepoints. Latent class analysis (LCA) was used to classify participants into three groups of problematic internet use comprising Group 1 (lowest level), Group 2 (moderate level), and Group 3 (highest level). Results: Statistical analyses showed that as problematic use of internet-related activities declined among Group 3 participants across the three time points, participants in Group 1 and Group 2 had increased problematic use of internet-related activities. Although there was no between-group difference in relation to worrying concerning COVID-19 infection, Groups 2 and 3 had significantly higher levels of fear of COVID-19 than Group 1 during the COVID-19 recovery period. Regression analysis showed that change in problematic internet use predicted fear of COVID-19 during the recovery period. Conclusion: The varied levels of problematic internet use among schoolchildren reflect different changing trends of additive behaviors during COVID-19 outbreak and recovery periods. KEYWORDS COVID-19, problematic gaming, problematic social media use, problematic smartphone use, psychological distress
The present longitudinal study examined the changes in problematic internet use (problematic smartphone use, problematic social media use, and problematic gaming) and changes in COVID-19-related psychological distress (fear of COVID-19 and worry concerning COVID-19) across three time-points (before the COVID-19 outbreak, during the initial stages of the COVID-19 outbreak, and during the COVID-19 outbreak recovery period).BACKGROUND AND AIMSThe present longitudinal study examined the changes in problematic internet use (problematic smartphone use, problematic social media use, and problematic gaming) and changes in COVID-19-related psychological distress (fear of COVID-19 and worry concerning COVID-19) across three time-points (before the COVID-19 outbreak, during the initial stages of the COVID-19 outbreak, and during the COVID-19 outbreak recovery period).A total of 504 Chinese schoolchildren completed measures concerning problematic internet use and psychological distress across three time-points. Latent class analysis (LCA) was used to classify participants into three groups of problematic internet use comprising Group 1 (lowest level), Group 2 (moderate level), and Group 3 (highest level).METHODSA total of 504 Chinese schoolchildren completed measures concerning problematic internet use and psychological distress across three time-points. Latent class analysis (LCA) was used to classify participants into three groups of problematic internet use comprising Group 1 (lowest level), Group 2 (moderate level), and Group 3 (highest level).Statistical analyses showed that as problematic use of internet-related activities declined among Group 3 participants across the three time points, participants in Group 1 and Group 2 had increased problematic use of internet-related activities. Although there was no between-group difference in relation to worrying concerning COVID-19 infection, Groups 2 and 3 had significantly higher levels of fear of COVID-19 than Group 1 during the COVID-19 recovery period. Regression analysis showed that change in problematic internet use predicted fear of COVID-19 during the recovery period.RESULTSStatistical analyses showed that as problematic use of internet-related activities declined among Group 3 participants across the three time points, participants in Group 1 and Group 2 had increased problematic use of internet-related activities. Although there was no between-group difference in relation to worrying concerning COVID-19 infection, Groups 2 and 3 had significantly higher levels of fear of COVID-19 than Group 1 during the COVID-19 recovery period. Regression analysis showed that change in problematic internet use predicted fear of COVID-19 during the recovery period.The varied levels of problematic internet use among schoolchildren reflect different changing trends of additive behaviors during COVID-19 outbreak and recovery periods.CONCLUSIONThe varied levels of problematic internet use among schoolchildren reflect different changing trends of additive behaviors during COVID-19 outbreak and recovery periods.
Background and aims: The present longitudinal study examined the changes in problematic internet use (problematic smartphone use, problematic social media use, and problematic gaming) and changes in COVID-19-related psychological distress (fear of COVID-19 and worry concerning COVID-19) across three time-points (before the COVID-19 outbreak, during the initial stages of the COVID-19 outbreak, and during the COVID-19 outbreak recovery period). Methods: A total of 504 Chinese schoolchildren completed measures concerning problematic internet use and psychological distress across three time points. Latent class analysis (LCA) was used to classify participants into three groups of problematic internet use comprising Group 1 (lowest level), Group 2 (moderate level), and Group 3 (highest level). Results: Statistical analyses showed that as problematic use of internet-related activities declined among Group 3 participants across the three time points, participants in Group 1 and Group 2 had increased problematic use of internet-related activities. Although there was no between-group difference in relation to worrying concerning COVID-19 infection, Groups 2 and 3 had significantly higher levels of fear of COVID-19 than Group 1 during the COVID-19 recovery period. Regression analysis showed that change in problematic internet use predicted fear of COVID-19 during the recovery period. Conclusion: The varied levels of problematic internet use among schoolchildren reflect different changing trends of additive behaviors during COVID-19 outbreak and recovery periods.
The present longitudinal study examined the changes in problematic internet use (problematic smartphone use, problematic social media use, and problematic gaming) and changes in COVID-19-related psychological distress (fear of COVID-19 and worry concerning COVID-19) across three time-points (before the COVID-19 outbreak, during the initial stages of the COVID-19 outbreak, and during the COVID-19 outbreak recovery period). A total of 504 Chinese schoolchildren completed measures concerning problematic internet use and psychological distress across three time-points. Latent class analysis (LCA) was used to classify participants into three groups of problematic internet use comprising Group 1 (lowest level), Group 2 (moderate level), and Group 3 (highest level). Statistical analyses showed that as problematic use of internet-related activities declined among Group 3 participants across the three time points, participants in Group 1 and Group 2 had increased problematic use of internet-related activities. Although there was no between-group difference in relation to worrying concerning COVID-19 infection, Groups 2 and 3 had significantly higher levels of fear of COVID-19 than Group 1 during the COVID-19 recovery period. Regression analysis showed that change in problematic internet use predicted fear of COVID-19 during the recovery period. The varied levels of problematic internet use among schoolchildren reflect different changing trends of additive behaviors during COVID-19 outbreak and recovery periods.
Audience Academic
Author Kuo, Yi-Jie
Pakpour, Amir H
Chen, I-Hua
Griffiths, Mark D
Lin, Chung-Ying
Chen, Chao-Ying
Wang, Shu-Mei
Liu, Chieh-hsiu
Ahorsu, Daniel Kwasi
Chen, Yu-Pin
Author_xml – sequence: 1
  fullname: Chen, I-Hua
– sequence: 2
  fullname: Chen, Chao-Ying
– sequence: 3
  fullname: Liu, Chieh-hsiu
– sequence: 4
  fullname: Ahorsu, Daniel Kwasi
– sequence: 5
  fullname: Griffiths, Mark D
– sequence: 6
  fullname: Chen, Yu-Pin
– sequence: 7
  fullname: Kuo, Yi-Jie
– sequence: 8
  fullname: Lin, Chung-Ying
– sequence: 9
  fullname: Pakpour, Amir H
– sequence: 10
  fullname: Wang, Shu-Mei
BackLink https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34529588$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
https://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-55152$$DView record from Swedish Publication Index
BookMark eNp1kl1rFDEYhQep2Fp77Y3IgCCC7jbJTDIZL4Rl68dCoTfa25BN3tnJmk3WJKP0N_inzXS30pVKLhLyPueQQ87T4sh5B0XxHKMpppSdE4TYlCCCpwghSh4VJwSxakIrVB3dnsmE8gYfF2cxrjOCOMUc10-K46qmpKWcnxS_Fy5BcJBKqbVRyXhXSqfLbbxRvbd-ZZS0pTYxBYixlBvvVuW8Nw4ilDEj3qreWB3AlUvofIBbuR6CyWDqoZxfXS8uJrgt_ZCWAeT39-WstDKBS6WycjR10t5EE58VjztpI5zt99Pi26ePX-dfJpdXnxfz2eVEMYrTBCosJWs5RZirigFVNbBG1xw1fCk7pghoUhO1ZKzLJG-6ThFK26oiEjjT1Wnxducbf8F2WIptMBsZboSXRlyY65nwYSX6taAUU5LpDzs6oxvQKr87SHsgOpw404uV_yl42zYEo2zwZm8Q_I8BYhIbExVYKx34IQpCm7pGNa_qjL7aoStpQRjX-eyoRlzMWIubHBk1mZo-QOWlYWNU7khn8v2B4PU9QQ_Spj56O4y_HQ_Bl_ez_g1515cM0B2ggo8xQCeUSXL0yU8wVmAkxmqKsZpirKa4rWbWnf-ju7P-v-LFXgHgrVj7IeSaRNFyVtXj-N2DYxmSUTmk9mqPiq3uqj8kD_2J
CitedBy_id crossref_primary_10_1080_21645515_2022_2079344
crossref_primary_10_1186_s40359_023_01368_z
crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pgph_0001783
crossref_primary_10_3389_fpubh_2022_936486
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_childyouth_2022_106491
crossref_primary_10_1177_20406223221080646
crossref_primary_10_30773_pi_2021_0294
crossref_primary_10_1002_jad_12218
crossref_primary_10_3390_nu15092055
crossref_primary_10_3389_fpubh_2022_934306
crossref_primary_10_1177_20552076231158036
crossref_primary_10_2478_fon_2023_0025
crossref_primary_10_1002_jad_12295
crossref_primary_10_1002_pchj_728
crossref_primary_10_1007_s11469_024_01297_x
crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0281269
crossref_primary_10_1177_10436596241274344
crossref_primary_10_1007_s12144_022_03284_8
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_fuel_2024_134195
crossref_primary_10_3390_ijerph19159707
crossref_primary_10_1080_00221325_2024_2400342
crossref_primary_10_1177_00469580221138671
crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0287729
crossref_primary_10_1111_sjop_13091
crossref_primary_10_1111_ajad_13464
crossref_primary_10_1111_nuf_12682
crossref_primary_10_1007_s44202_024_00226_2
crossref_primary_10_1080_02673843_2023_2256826
crossref_primary_10_3390_healthcare11243176
crossref_primary_10_7717_peerj_17489
crossref_primary_10_30773_pi_2022_0304
crossref_primary_10_1007_s12144_024_06372_z
crossref_primary_10_3389_fpubh_2022_987366
crossref_primary_10_11648_j_ijps_20240402_12
crossref_primary_10_56414_jeac_2022_15
crossref_primary_10_1002_pcn5_37
crossref_primary_10_1080_24732850_2022_2102956
crossref_primary_10_1186_s12888_023_04915_5
crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0278290
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_heliyon_2022_e12489
crossref_primary_10_1186_s12889_024_18366_4
crossref_primary_10_1007_s40429_024_00555_1
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_heliyon_2023_e14298
crossref_primary_10_1007_s11469_024_01320_1
crossref_primary_10_3390_healthcare10050963
crossref_primary_10_3389_fpubh_2024_1362121
crossref_primary_10_3390_nu14214702
crossref_primary_10_3389_fmed_2022_800962
crossref_primary_10_3389_fpsyg_2022_985866
crossref_primary_10_1177_22799036221115771
crossref_primary_10_1186_s12888_023_05326_2
crossref_primary_10_3389_fpsyt_2022_1106004
crossref_primary_10_18863_pgy_1064501
crossref_primary_10_15561_health_2022_0101
crossref_primary_10_1007_s40429_022_00435_6
crossref_primary_10_1556_2006_2022_00012
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_actpsy_2023_104042
crossref_primary_10_1192_bjo_2022_26
crossref_primary_10_2196_40121
crossref_primary_10_2147_RMHP_S351794
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_actpsy_2024_104306
crossref_primary_10_1097_MD_0000000000031316
crossref_primary_10_3390_ijerph192013377
crossref_primary_10_2989_17280583_2023_2261992
crossref_primary_10_17309_jltm_2023_2_02
crossref_primary_10_1080_21645515_2024_2325230
crossref_primary_10_1186_s12888_023_05170_4
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ridd_2022_104410
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_heliyon_2022_e10403
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jad_2024_05_082
crossref_primary_10_3389_fpubh_2022_858482
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_dib_2022_108103
crossref_primary_10_1177_20552076221089095
crossref_primary_10_1108_JEAS_12_2023_0337
crossref_primary_10_11648_j_ajhr_20251301_16
crossref_primary_10_1177_00469580231155720
crossref_primary_10_3390_healthcare10122500
crossref_primary_10_3389_fpubh_2022_1096660
crossref_primary_10_3390_ejihpe14050076
crossref_primary_10_3389_fpubh_2022_847672
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_addbeh_2023_107808
Cites_doi 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.569348
10.1016/j.ajp.2019.07.013
10.1007/s11469-020-00289-x
10.1556/2006.6.2017.023
10.1016/j.compedu.2019.103750
10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05135
10.1016/j.jaac.2020.06.007
10.1080/10705511.2017.1340844
10.1007/s12144-020-00668-6
10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.04.018
10.1556/2006.6.2017.025
10.1037/adb0000160
10.1007/s11469-017-9787-2
10.2196/19556
10.3390/ijerph17051562
10.3389/fpsyt.2020.580977
10.1371/journal.pone.0169839
10.1016/j.comppsych.2019.03.003
10.1016/j.chb.2014.12.006
10.1556/2006.2020.00023
10.1016/j.compedu.2017.09.002
10.1007/s11469-020-00270-8
10.4103/SHB.SHB_18_20
10.1038/s41366-021-00741-5
10.1016/j.chb.2013.10.059
10.1556/2006.8.2019.59
10.1016/j.bbi.2020.06.006
10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113100
10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00875
10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00751
10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113127
10.1002/oby.22917
10.1007/s11126-018-9610-7
10.1556/2006.5.2016.042
10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102196
10.1080/00223980.1975.9915803
10.1556/2006.5.2016.083
10.1007/s11469-020-00277-1
10.1556/2006.6.2017.071
10.5937/mp69-17929
10.1089/cyber.2020.0497
10.3109/16066350009005587
10.1002/nop2.855
10.2165/00023210-200822050-00001
10.1111/ajad.13066
10.1016/j.abrep.2020.100307
10.1177/2333721420966081
10.1080/14659890500114359
10.1016/j.psychres.2017.08.013
10.1037/a0039139
10.1016/B978-0-12-407724-9.00005-7
10.1007/s11469-020-00373-2
10.19126/suje.516365
10.1089/cyber.2012.0557
10.1556/2006.2020.00081
10.1007/s11469-018-0026-2
10.1016/j.jad.2021.02.016
ContentType Journal Article
Copyright COPYRIGHT 2021 Akademiai Kiado
2021 The Author(s) 2021 The Author(s)
Copyright_xml – notice: COPYRIGHT 2021 Akademiai Kiado
– notice: 2021 The Author(s) 2021 The Author(s)
DBID AE2
BIXPP
REL
AAYXX
CITATION
CGR
CUY
CVF
ECM
EIF
NPM
7X8
5PM
AABRY
ADTPV
AOWAS
D8T
D8X
ZZAVC
DOI 10.1556/2006.2021.00052
DatabaseName Central and Eastern European Online Library (C.E.E.O.L.) (DFG Nationallizenzen)
CEEOL: Open Access
Central and Eastern European Online Library - CEEOL Journals
CrossRef
Medline
MEDLINE
MEDLINE (Ovid)
MEDLINE
MEDLINE
PubMed
MEDLINE - Academic
PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)
SWEPUB Högskolan i Jönköping full text
SwePub
SwePub Articles
SWEPUB Freely available online
SWEPUB Högskolan i Jönköping
SwePub Articles full text
DatabaseTitle CrossRef
MEDLINE
Medline Complete
MEDLINE with Full Text
PubMed
MEDLINE (Ovid)
MEDLINE - Academic
DatabaseTitleList
MEDLINE - Academic

MEDLINE
Database_xml – sequence: 1
  dbid: NPM
  name: PubMed
  url: https://proxy.k.utb.cz/login?url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed
  sourceTypes: Index Database
– sequence: 2
  dbid: EIF
  name: MEDLINE
  url: https://proxy.k.utb.cz/login?url=https://www.webofscience.com/wos/medline/basic-search
  sourceTypes: Index Database
DeliveryMethod fulltext_linktorsrc
DocumentTitleAlternate Internet addiction and psychological distress among Chinese schoolchildren before and during the COVID-19 outbreak: A latent class analysis
EISSN 2063-5303
EndPage 746
ExternalDocumentID oai_DiVA_org_hj_55152
PMC8997210
A691750107
34529588
10_1556_2006_2021_00052
986342
Genre Journal Article
GeographicLocations China
Taiwan
GeographicLocations_xml – name: China
– name: Taiwan
GrantInformation_xml – fundername: ;
– fundername: ;
  grantid: 110-swf-01
GroupedDBID 0R~
53G
AAFWJ
ABDBF
ABIID
ABIVO
ACGFS
ACHQT
ADBBV
ADRAZ
AE2
AENEX
AFPKN
ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS
AOIJS
BAWUL
BCNDV
BIXPP
DIK
EN8
EOJEC
GROUPED_DOAJ
HYE
HZ~
IAO
ICW
IHR
IHW
INH
INR
IPY
ITC
KQ8
M48
MET
MKB
O9-
OBODZ
OK1
PGMZT
REL
RKA
RPM
AASTE
AAYXX
ACUHS
CITATION
EAP
ESX
CGR
CUY
CVF
ECM
EIF
NPM
7X8
5PM
AABRY
ADTPV
AOWAS
D8T
D8X
ZZAVC
ID FETCH-LOGICAL-c651t-e31aa6985018c36e5c4e67d48078baf6c2ed242cb66f1aa87ffc2559332ae86d3
IEDL.DBID M48
ISSN 2062-5871
2063-5303
IngestDate Wed Apr 30 06:42:08 EDT 2025
Thu Aug 21 17:42:34 EDT 2025
Fri Jul 11 12:29:40 EDT 2025
Thu May 01 02:03:09 EDT 2025
Tue Apr 29 03:51:17 EDT 2025
Tue Apr 29 02:13:58 EDT 2025
Thu Apr 03 07:04:27 EDT 2025
Tue Jul 01 03:42:48 EDT 2025
Thu Apr 24 23:07:21 EDT 2025
Tue Nov 07 20:43:07 EST 2023
Tue Oct 29 21:17:49 EDT 2024
IsDoiOpenAccess true
IsOpenAccess true
IsPeerReviewed true
IsScholarly true
Issue 3
Keywords problematic social media use
COVID19
problematic smartphone use
psychological distress
problematic gaming
COVID-19
Language English
License Open Access. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium for non-commercial purposes, provided the original author and source are credited, a link to the CC License is provided, and changes – if any – are indicated.
LinkModel DirectLink
MergedId FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-c651t-e31aa6985018c36e5c4e67d48078baf6c2ed242cb66f1aa87ffc2559332ae86d3
Notes ObjectType-Article-1
SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1
ObjectType-Feature-2
content type line 23
I-H Chen and C-Y Chen contributed equally as the first authors.
ORCID 0000-0002-2129-4242
OpenAccessLink http://journals.scholarsportal.info/openUrl.xqy?doi=10.1556/2006.2021.00052
PMID 34529588
PQID 2574404834
PQPubID 23479
PageCount 16
ParticipantIDs gale_healthsolutions_A691750107
swepub_primary_oai_DiVA_org_hj_55152
pubmedcentral_primary_oai_pubmedcentral_nih_gov_8997210
gale_infotracacademiconefile_A691750107
ceeol_journals_986342
gale_infotracmisc_A691750107
proquest_miscellaneous_2574404834
pubmed_primary_34529588
crossref_primary_10_1556_2006_2021_00052
crossref_citationtrail_10_1556_2006_2021_00052
ProviderPackageCode CITATION
AAYXX
PublicationCentury 2000
PublicationDate 2021-09-01
PublicationDateYYYYMMDD 2021-09-01
PublicationDate_xml – month: 09
  year: 2021
  text: 2021-09-01
  day: 01
PublicationDecade 2020
PublicationPlace Hungary
PublicationPlace_xml – name: Hungary
– name: Budapest
PublicationTitle Journal of behavioral addictions
PublicationTitleAlternate Journal of Behavioral Addictions
PublicationYear 2021
Publisher Akadémiai Kiadó
Academic Publishing House
Akademiai Kiado
Publisher_xml – name: Akadémiai Kiadó
– name: Academic Publishing House
– name: Akademiai Kiado
References Ahmad (ref01) 2020; 22
Chen (ref201) 2021
Cachón-Zagalaz (ref131) 2020; 11
Wu (ref671) 2017; 6
Soraci (ref611) 2020
Bányai (ref791) 2017; 12
Asmundson (ref781) 2020; 70
Alyami (ref741) 2020
Tsipropoulou (ref1331) 2020
Lin (ref401) 2019; 17
Pakpour (ref1141) 2020
Chen (ref211) 2020; 9
Pakpour (ref461) 2020; 290
Csibi (ref231) 2016; 31
Soraci (ref601) 2020
Monacis (ref421) 2017; 6
Hurwitz (ref321) 2020; 146
Karaer (ref341) 2019; 92
Chen (ref161) 2020; 11
Pal Singh Balhara (ref471) 2019; 44
Sun (ref1311) 2020; 29
Fisher (ref281) 2016; 21
Nagata (ref441) 2020; 28
Lin (ref371) 2017; 6
Andreassen (ref761) 2016; 30
Yam (ref681) 2019; 90
Hurwitz (ref1011) 2020; 146
Satici (ref551) 2020
Pontes (ref491) 2015; 45
Karaer (ref1031) 2019; 92
Sojević (ref591) 2018; 69
Satici (ref1241) 2020
Chen (ref901) 2020; 9
Ahorsu (ref11) 2020
Chang (ref151) 2020
Griffiths (ref1001) 2005; 10
Kardefelt-Winther (ref351) 2014; 31
Altundağ (ref731) 2019; 9
Ruiz-Ariza (ref1221) 2018; 116
Siste (ref581) 2020; 11
Montag (ref431) 2020; 9
Chang (ref841) 2020
Lin (ref1091) 2019; 17
Pontes (ref501) 2016; 5
Tsipropoulou (ref641) 2020
T’ng (ref1321) 2020
Csibi (ref241) 2018; 16
Cachón-Zagalaz (ref821) 2020; 11
Chen (ref171) 2021
Pang (ref1171) 2020
Chen (ref911) 2020; 101
Montag (ref1121) 2020; 9
Weinstein (ref661) 2014
Chen (ref851) 2020; 11
Csibi (ref921) 2016; 31
Sakib (ref1231) 2020
Wu (ref1361) 2017; 6
Monacis (ref1101) 2016; 5
Dong (ref951) 2020; 11
Chen (ref871) 2021; 45
Pang (ref481) 2020
Altundağ (ref41) 2019; 9
Shaw (ref571) 2008; 22
(ref61) 2013
Chen (ref191) 2020; 159
Pakpour (ref451) 2020
Chen (ref181) 2021; 45
Pontes (ref1191) 2016; 5
Seyed Hashemi (ref1251) 2020; 6
Ahmad (ref691) 2020; 22
Ahorsu (ref21) 2020
Ahorsu (ref711) 2020
Lin (ref1081) 2021
(ref751) 2013
Sun (ref621) 2020; 29
Chen (ref221) 2020; 101
Pontes (ref1181) 2015; 45
Pakpour (ref1151) 2020; 290
Griffiths (ref301) 2000; 8
Rogers (ref1211) 1975; 91
Soraci (ref1301) 2020
Asmundson (ref91) 2020; 70
Pal Singh Balhara (ref1161) 2019; 44
Csibi (ref931) 2018; 16
Gökler (ref981) 2019; 8
Lin (ref1071) 2020; 3
Shaw (ref1261) 2008; 22
Lin (ref391) 2021
T’ng (ref631) 2020
Yam (ref1371) 2019; 90
Di Blasi (ref251) 2021; 284
Sakib (ref541) 2020
Monacis (ref1111) 2017; 6
Siste (ref1271) 2020; 11
Chen (ref861) 2021
Soraci (ref1291) 2020
Dong (ref261) 2020; 11
Rogers (ref521) 1975; 91
Jeon (ref331) 2017; 24
Fazeli (ref271) 2020; 12
Fisher (ref971) 2016; 21
Jeon (ref1021) 2017; 24
Ahorsu (ref701) 2020
Di Blasi (ref941) 2021; 284
Wang (ref1341) 2013; 16
Lin (ref381) 2020; 3
Pontes (ref1201) 2017; 257
Arıcak (ref771) 2019; 5
Bitan (ref121) 2020; 289
Gökler (ref291) 2019; 8
Griffiths (ref991) 2000; 8
Lin (ref1061) 2017; 6
Sojević (ref1281) 2018; 69
Ahorsu (ref721) 2020; 6
Chang (ref141) 2020; 9
Bitan (ref811) 2020; 289
Griffiths (ref311) 2005; 10
Nagata (ref1131) 2020; 28
Arıcak (ref81) 2019; 5
Alyami (ref51) 2020
Fazeli (ref961) 2020; 12
Chang (ref831) 2020; 9
Monacis (ref411) 2016; 5
Andreassen (ref71) 2016; 30
Ahorsu (ref31) 2020; 6
Chen (ref881) 2020; 159
Weinstein (ref1351) 2014
Chen (ref891) 2021
Ruiz-Ariza (ref531) 2018; 116
Beranuy (ref801) 2020; 17
Wang (ref651) 2013; 16
Bányai (ref101) 2017; 12
Pontes (ref511) 2017; 257
Seyed Hashemi (ref561) 2020; 6
Kardefelt-Winther (ref1041) 2014; 31
Beranuy (ref111) 2020; 17
References_xml – year: 2021
  ident: ref171
  article-title: The relationship between children’s problematic internet-related behaviors and psychological distress during the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic: A longitudinal study
  publication-title: Journal of Addiction Medicine
– volume: 11
  start-page: 569348
  year: 2020
  ident: ref131
  article-title: Systematic Review of the literature about the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the lives of school children
  publication-title: Frontiers in Psychology
  doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.569348
– volume: 44
  start-page: 1
  year: 2019
  ident: ref1161
  article-title: Online course on basics of management of behavioral addictions involving use of internet: Observations from the first batch of participants
  publication-title: Asian Journal of Psychiatry
  doi: 10.1016/j.ajp.2019.07.013
– year: 2020
  ident: ref541
  article-title: Psychometric validation of the Bangla fear of COVID-19 scale: Confirmatory factor analysis and Rasch analysis
  publication-title: International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction
  doi: 10.1007/s11469-020-00289-x
– volume: 6
  start-page: 178
  year: 2017
  ident: ref1111
  article-title: Social networking addiction, attachment style, and validation of the Italian version of the Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale
  publication-title: Journal of Behavioral Addictions
  doi: 10.1556/2006.6.2017.023
– volume: 146
  start-page: 103750
  year: 2020
  ident: ref321
  article-title: Can children benefit from early internet exposure? Short- and long-term links between internet use, digital skill, and academic performance
  publication-title: Computers & Education
  doi: 10.1016/j.compedu.2019.103750
– volume: 6
  start-page: e05135
  year: 2020
  ident: ref561
  article-title: The mediating effect of the cyberchondria and anxiety sensitivity in the association between problematic internet use, metacognition beliefs, and fear of COVID-19 among Iranian online population
  publication-title: Heliyon
  doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05135
– volume: 159
  start-page: 1099
  year: 2020
  ident: ref191
  article-title: Internet-related behaviors and psychological distress among schoolchildren during COVID-19 school suspension
  publication-title: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
  doi: 10.1016/j.jaac.2020.06.007
– volume: 24
  start-page: 911
  year: 2017
  ident: ref1021
  article-title: Latent class analysis for multiple discrete latent variables: A study on the association between violent behavior drug-using behaviors
  publication-title: Structural Equation Modeling
  doi: 10.1080/10705511.2017.1340844
– year: 2020
  ident: ref1321
  article-title: Validation of a translated Internet Gaming Disorder Scale (short form) and measurement invariance across sex groups in Malaysian samples
  publication-title: Current Psychology
  doi: 10.1007/s12144-020-00668-6
– volume: 101
  start-page: 105960
  year: 2020
  ident: ref911
  article-title: Time invariance of three ultra-brief internet-related instruments: Smartphone application-based addiction scale (SABAS), Bergen social media addiction scale (BSMAS), and the nine-item internet gaming disorder scale- short form (IGDS-SF9) (study Part B)
  publication-title: Addictive Behaviors
  doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.04.018
– volume: 6
  start-page: 256
  year: 2017
  ident: ref671
  article-title: Psychometric validation of the Persian nine-item Internet Gaming Disorder Scale-Short Form: Does gender and hours spent online gaming affect the interpretations of item descriptions?
  publication-title: Journal of Behavioral Addictions
  doi: 10.1556/2006.6.2017.025
– volume: 30
  start-page: 252
  year: 2016
  ident: ref761
  article-title: The relationship between addictive use of social media and video games and symptoms of psychiatric disorders: A large-scale cross-sectional study
  publication-title: Psychology of Addictive Behaviors
  doi: 10.1037/adb0000160
– volume: 101
  start-page: 105960
  year: 2020
  ident: ref221
  article-title: Time invariance of three ultra-brief internet-related instruments: Smartphone application-based addiction scale (SABAS), Bergen social media addiction scale (BSMAS), and the nine-item internet gaming disorder scale- short form (IGDS-SF9) (study Part B)
  publication-title: Addictive Behaviors
  doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.04.018
– volume: 5
  start-page: 629
  year: 2019
  ident: ref81
  article-title: Adapting the short form of the internet gaming disorder scale into Turkish: Validity and reliability
  publication-title: Addicta: The Turkish Journal on Addictions
– volume: 16
  start-page: 393
  year: 2018
  ident: ref241
  article-title: The psychometric properties of the smartphone application-based addiction scale (SABAS)
  publication-title: International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction
  doi: 10.1007/s11469-017-9787-2
– year: 2020
  ident: ref1331
  article-title: Psychometric properties of the Greek version of FCV-19S
  publication-title: International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction
– volume: 22
  start-page: e19556
  year: 2020
  ident: ref691
  article-title: The impact of social media on panic during the COVID-19 pandemic in Iraqi Kurdistan: Online questionnaire study
  publication-title: Journal of Medical Internet Research
  doi: 10.2196/19556
– volume: 22
  start-page: e19556
  year: 2020
  ident: ref01
  article-title: The impact of social media on panic during the COVID-19 pandemic in Iraqi Kurdistan: Online questionnaire study
  publication-title: Journal of Medical Internet Research
  doi: 10.2196/19556
– volume: 17
  start-page: 1562
  year: 2020
  ident: ref111
  article-title: Spanish validation of the Internet Gaming Disorder Scale-Short Form (IGDS9-SF): Prevalence and relationship with online gambling and quality of life
  publication-title: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
  doi: 10.3390/ijerph17051562
– volume: 30
  start-page: 252
  year: 2016
  ident: ref71
  article-title: The relationship between addictive use of social media and video games and symptoms of psychiatric disorders: A large-scale cross-sectional study
  publication-title: Psychology of Addictive Behaviors
  doi: 10.1037/adb0000160
– volume: 8
  start-page: 100
  year: 2019
  ident: ref981
  article-title: Validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the smart phone application based addiction scale
  publication-title: Journal of Cognitive-Behavioral Psychotherapy and Research
– volume: 11
  start-page: 580977
  year: 2020
  ident: ref581
  article-title: The impact of physical distancing and associated factors towards internet addiction among adults in Indonesia during COVID-19 pandemic: A nationwide web-based study
  publication-title: Frontiers in Psychiatry
  doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.580977
– volume: 12
  start-page: e0169839
  year: 2017
  ident: ref791
  article-title: Problematic social media use: Results from a large-scale nationally representative adolescent sample
  publication-title: Plos One
  doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169839
– volume: 92
  start-page: 22
  year: 2019
  ident: ref1031
  article-title: Parenting styles, perceived social support and emotion regulation in adolescents with internet addiction
  publication-title: Comprehensive Psychiatry
  doi: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2019.03.003
– volume: 45
  start-page: 137
  year: 2015
  ident: ref491
  article-title: Measuring DSM-5 internet gaming disorder: Development and validation of a short psychometric scale
  publication-title: Computers in Human Behavior
  doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2014.12.006
– volume: 6
  start-page: e05135
  year: 2020
  ident: ref1251
  article-title: The mediating effect of the cyberchondria and anxiety sensitivity in the association between problematic internet use, metacognition beliefs, and fear of COVID-19 among Iranian online population
  publication-title: Heliyon
  doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05135
– volume: 9
  start-page: 410
  year: 2020
  ident: ref211
  article-title: Comparing generalized and specific problematic smartphone/internet use: Longitudinal relationships between smartphone application-based addiction and social media addiction and psychological distress
  publication-title: Journal of Behavioral Addictions
  doi: 10.1556/2006.2020.00023
– volume: 116
  start-page: 49
  year: 2018
  ident: ref531
  article-title: Effect of augmented reality game Pokémon GO on cognitive performance and emotional intelligence in adolescent young
  publication-title: Computers & Education
  doi: 10.1016/j.compedu.2017.09.002
– volume: 6
  start-page: 178
  year: 2017
  ident: ref421
  article-title: Social networking addiction, attachment style, and validation of the Italian version of the Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale
  publication-title: Journal of Behavioral Addictions
  doi: 10.1556/2006.6.2017.023
– year: 2020
  ident: ref711
  article-title: The fear of COVID-19 scale: Development and initial validation
  publication-title: International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction
  doi: 10.1007/s11469-020-00270-8
– volume: 3
  start-page: 72
  year: 2020
  ident: ref1071
  article-title: Policy actions to alleviate psychosocial impacts of COVID-19 pandemic: Experiences from Taiwan [Letter to Editor]
  publication-title: Social Health and Behavior
  doi: 10.4103/SHB.SHB_18_20
– volume: 45
  start-page: 677
  year: 2021
  ident: ref871
  article-title: Psychological distress and internet-related behaviors between schoolchildren with and without overweight during the COVID-19 outbreak
  publication-title: International Journal of Obesity
  doi: 10.1038/s41366-021-00741-5
– volume: 31
  start-page: 351
  year: 2014
  ident: ref1041
  article-title: A conceptual and methodological critique of internet addiction research: Towards a model of compensatory internet use
  publication-title: Computers in Human Behavior
  doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2013.10.059
– volume: 9
  start-page: 908
  year: 2020
  ident: ref1121
  article-title: How to overcome taxonomical problems in the study of Internet use disorders and what to do with “smartphone addiction”?
  publication-title: Journal of Behavioral Addictions
  doi: 10.1556/2006.8.2019.59
– year: 2020
  ident: ref451
  article-title: Assessing the fear of COVID-19 among different populations: A response to Ransing et al
  publication-title: Brain, Behavior, and Immunity
  doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.06.006
– volume: 16
  start-page: 393
  year: 2018
  ident: ref931
  article-title: The psychometric properties of the smartphone application-based addiction scale (SABAS)
  publication-title: International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction
  doi: 10.1007/s11469-017-9787-2
– volume: 289
  start-page: 113100
  year: 2020
  ident: ref811
  article-title: Fear of COVID-19 scale: Psychometric characteristics, reliability and validity in the Israeli population
  publication-title: Psychiatry Research
  doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113100
– volume: 11
  start-page: 875
  year: 2020
  ident: ref161
  article-title: Psychometric properties of three simplified Chinese online-related addictive behavior instruments among mainland Chinese primary school students
  publication-title: Frontiers in Psychiatry
  doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00875
– volume: 11
  start-page: 00751
  year: 2020
  ident: ref261
  article-title: Internet addiction and related psychological factors among children and adolescents in China during the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic
  publication-title: Frontiers in Psychiatry
  doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00751
– volume: 290
  start-page: 113127
  year: 2020
  ident: ref1151
  article-title: Assessing the psychological response to the COVID-19: A response to Bitan et al. “Fear of COVID-19 scale: Psychometric characteristics, reliability and validity in the Israeli population”
  publication-title: Psychiatry Research
  doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113127
– volume: 28
  start-page: 1582
  year: 2020
  ident: ref441
  article-title: Screen time for children and adolescents during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic
  publication-title: Obesity
  doi: 10.1002/oby.22917
– volume: 17
  start-page: 1562
  year: 2020
  ident: ref801
  article-title: Spanish validation of the Internet Gaming Disorder Scale-Short Form (IGDS9-SF): Prevalence and relationship with online gambling and quality of life
  publication-title: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
  doi: 10.3390/ijerph17051562
– volume: 116
  start-page: 49
  year: 2018
  ident: ref1221
  article-title: Effect of augmented reality game Pokémon GO on cognitive performance and emotional intelligence in adolescent young
  publication-title: Computers & Education
  doi: 10.1016/j.compedu.2017.09.002
– year: 2020
  ident: ref151
  article-title: Psychometric testing of three COVID-19-related scales among people with mental illness
  publication-title: International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction
– volume: 90
  start-page: 117
  year: 2019
  ident: ref1371
  article-title: Psychometric testing of three Chinese online-related addictive behavior instruments among Hong Kong university students
  publication-title: Psychiatric Quarterly
  doi: 10.1007/s11126-018-9610-7
– volume: 5
  start-page: 304
  year: 2016
  ident: ref1191
  article-title: Internet gaming disorder among Slovenian primary schoolchildren: Findings from a nationally representative sample of adolescents
  publication-title: Journal of Behavioral Addictions
  doi: 10.1556/2006.5.2016.042
– volume: 45
  start-page: 677
  year: 2021
  ident: ref181
  article-title: Psychological distress and internet-related behaviors between schoolchildren with and without overweight during the COVID-19 outbreak
  publication-title: International Journal of Obesity
  doi: 10.1038/s41366-021-00741-5
– volume: 70
  start-page: 102196
  year: 2020
  ident: ref91
  article-title: Coronaphobia: Fear and the 2019-nCoV outbreak
  publication-title: Journal of Anxiety Disorders
  doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102196
– volume: 91
  start-page: 93
  year: 1975
  ident: ref1211
  article-title: Protection Motivation Theory of fear appeals and attitude change
  publication-title: Journal of Psychology
  doi: 10.1080/00223980.1975.9915803
– year: 2020
  ident: ref701
  article-title: Associations between fear of COVID-19, mental health, and preventive behaviours across pregnant women and husbands: An actor-partner interdependence modelling
  publication-title: International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction
– volume: 5
  start-page: 683
  year: 2016
  ident: ref1101
  article-title: Validation of the internet gaming disorder scale-short form (IGDS9-SF) in an Italian-speaking sample
  publication-title: Journal of Behavioral Addictions
  doi: 10.1556/2006.5.2016.083
– year: 2020
  ident: ref1291
  article-title: Validation and psychometric evaluation of the Italian version of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale
  publication-title: International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction
  doi: 10.1007/s11469-020-00277-1
– volume: 6
  start-page: 620
  year: 2017
  ident: ref1061
  article-title: Psychometric validation of the Persian Bergen social media addiction scale using classic test theory and Rasch models
  publication-title: Journal of Behavioral Addictions
  doi: 10.1556/2006.6.2017.071
– volume: 69
  start-page: 27
  year: 2018
  ident: ref1281
  article-title: Connection of depression, anxiety and impulsivity with the way of using modern mobile phones among students
  publication-title: Medicinski Podmladak
  doi: 10.5937/mp69-17929
– volume: 11
  start-page: 00751
  year: 2020
  ident: ref951
  article-title: Internet addiction and related psychological factors among children and adolescents in China during the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic
  publication-title: Frontiers in Psychiatry
  doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00751
– year: 2020
  ident: ref601
  article-title: Validation and psychometric evaluation of the Italian version of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale
  publication-title: International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction
  doi: 10.1007/s11469-020-00277-1
– year: 2021
  ident: ref861
  article-title: The relationship between children’s problematic internet-related behaviors and psychological distress during the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic: A longitudinal study
  publication-title: Journal of Addiction Medicine
– year: 2020
  ident: ref641
  article-title: Psychometric properties of the Greek version of FCV-19S
  publication-title: International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction
– volume: 31
  start-page: 71
  year: 2016
  ident: ref231
  article-title: Hungarian adaptation and psychometric characteristics of brief addiction to smartphone scale (BASS) [in Hungarian]
  publication-title: Psychiatria Hungarica
– volume: 24
  start-page: 911
  year: 2017
  ident: ref331
  article-title: Latent class analysis for multiple discrete latent variables: A study on the association between violent behavior drug-using behaviors
  publication-title: Structural Equation Modeling
  doi: 10.1080/10705511.2017.1340844
– volume: 5
  start-page: 304
  year: 2016
  ident: ref501
  article-title: Internet gaming disorder among Slovenian primary schoolchildren: Findings from a nationally representative sample of adolescents
  publication-title: Journal of Behavioral Addictions
  doi: 10.1556/2006.5.2016.042
– year: 2021
  ident: ref201
  article-title: Internet-related behaviors and psychological distress among schoolchildren during the COVID-19 school hiatus
  publication-title: Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking
  doi: 10.1089/cyber.2020.0497
– volume: 90
  start-page: 117
  year: 2019
  ident: ref681
  article-title: Psychometric testing of three Chinese online-related addictive behavior instruments among Hong Kong university students
  publication-title: Psychiatric Quarterly
  doi: 10.1007/s11126-018-9610-7
– volume: 8
  start-page: 413
  year: 2000
  ident: ref991
  article-title: Internet addiction – Time to be taken seriously?
  publication-title: Addiction Research
  doi: 10.3109/16066350009005587
– year: 2021
  ident: ref1081
  article-title: Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S) across countries: Measurement invariance issues
  publication-title: Nursing Open
  doi: 10.1002/nop2.855
– year: 2020
  ident: ref21
  article-title: The fear of COVID-19 scale: Development and initial validation
  publication-title: International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction
  doi: 10.1007/s11469-020-00270-8
– volume: 146
  start-page: 103750
  year: 2020
  ident: ref1011
  article-title: Can children benefit from early internet exposure? Short- and long-term links between internet use, digital skill, and academic performance
  publication-title: Computers & Education
  doi: 10.1016/j.compedu.2019.103750
– volume: 22
  start-page: 353
  year: 2008
  ident: ref1261
  article-title: Internet addiction: Definition, assessment, epidemiology and clinical management
  publication-title: CNS Drugs
  doi: 10.2165/00023210-200822050-00001
– volume: 29
  start-page: 268
  year: 2020
  ident: ref621
  article-title: Brief report: Increased addictive internet and substance use behavior during the COVID-19 pandemic in China
  publication-title: American Journal on Addictions
  doi: 10.1111/ajad.13066
– volume: 3
  start-page: 72
  year: 2020
  ident: ref381
  article-title: Policy actions to alleviate psychosocial impacts of COVID-19 pandemic: Experiences from Taiwan [Letter to Editor]
  publication-title: Social Health and Behavior
  doi: 10.4103/SHB.SHB_18_20
– volume: 12
  start-page: 100307
  year: 2020
  ident: ref271
  article-title: Depression, anxiety, and stress mediate the associations between internet gaming disorder, insomnia, and quality of life during the COVID-19 outbreak
  publication-title: Addictive Behaviors Reports
  doi: 10.1016/j.abrep.2020.100307
– volume-title: Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders
  year: 2013
  ident: ref751
– volume: 31
  start-page: 71
  year: 2016
  ident: ref921
  article-title: Hungarian adaptation and psychometric characteristics of brief addiction to smartphone scale (BASS) [in Hungarian]
  publication-title: Psychiatria Hungarica
– volume: 12
  start-page: e0169839
  year: 2017
  ident: ref101
  article-title: Problematic social media use: Results from a large-scale nationally representative adolescent sample
  publication-title: Plos One
  doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169839
– year: 2020
  ident: ref1241
  article-title: Adaptation of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale: Its association with psychological distress and life satisfaction in Turkey
  publication-title: International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction
– volume: 6
  year: 2020
  ident: ref721
  article-title: The association between health status and insomnia, mental health, and preventive behaviors: The mediating role of fear of COVID-19
  publication-title: Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine
  doi: 10.1177/2333721420966081
– year: 2020
  ident: ref741
  article-title: Psychometric evaluation of the Arabic version of the fear of COVID-19 scale
  publication-title: International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction
– year: 2021
  ident: ref891
  article-title: Internet-related behaviors and psychological distress among schoolchildren during the COVID-19 school hiatus
  publication-title: Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking
  doi: 10.1089/cyber.2020.0497
– year: 2020
  ident: ref631
  article-title: Validation of a translated Internet Gaming Disorder Scale (short form) and measurement invariance across sex groups in Malaysian samples
  publication-title: Current Psychology
  doi: 10.1007/s12144-020-00668-6
– year: 2020
  ident: ref51
  article-title: Psychometric evaluation of the Arabic version of the fear of COVID-19 scale
  publication-title: International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction
– volume: 28
  start-page: 1582
  year: 2020
  ident: ref1131
  article-title: Screen time for children and adolescents during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic
  publication-title: Obesity
  doi: 10.1002/oby.22917
– volume: 11
  start-page: 580977
  year: 2020
  ident: ref1271
  article-title: The impact of physical distancing and associated factors towards internet addiction among adults in Indonesia during COVID-19 pandemic: A nationwide web-based study
  publication-title: Frontiers in Psychiatry
  doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.580977
– volume: 290
  start-page: 113127
  year: 2020
  ident: ref461
  article-title: Assessing the psychological response to the COVID-19: A response to Bitan et al. “Fear of COVID-19 scale: Psychometric characteristics, reliability and validity in the Israeli population”
  publication-title: Psychiatry Research
  doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113127
– volume: 9
  start-page: 908
  year: 2020
  ident: ref431
  article-title: How to overcome taxonomical problems in the study of Internet use disorders and what to do with “smartphone addiction”?
  publication-title: Journal of Behavioral Addictions
  doi: 10.1556/2006.8.2019.59
– volume: 10
  start-page: 191
  year: 2005
  ident: ref311
  article-title: A ‘components’ model of addiction within a biopsychosocial framework
  publication-title: Journal of Substance Use
  doi: 10.1080/14659890500114359
– volume: 5
  start-page: 683
  year: 2016
  ident: ref411
  article-title: Validation of the internet gaming disorder scale-short form (IGDS9-SF) in an Italian-speaking sample
  publication-title: Journal of Behavioral Addictions
  doi: 10.1556/2006.5.2016.083
– year: 2020
  ident: ref611
  article-title: Psychometric properties of the Italian version of the smartphone application-based addiction scale (SABAS)
  publication-title: International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction
– volume: 8
  start-page: 100
  year: 2019
  ident: ref291
  article-title: Validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the smart phone application based addiction scale
  publication-title: Journal of Cognitive-Behavioral Psychotherapy and Research
– volume: 257
  start-page: 472
  year: 2017
  ident: ref1201
  article-title: Measurement invariance of the internet gaming disorder scale–short-form (IGDS9-SF) between the United States of America, India and the United Kingdom
  publication-title: Psychiatry Research
  doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2017.08.013
– year: 2020
  ident: ref1141
  article-title: Assessing the fear of COVID-19 among different populations: A response to Ransing et al
  publication-title: Brain, Behavior, and Immunity
  doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.06.006
– year: 2020
  ident: ref841
  article-title: Psychometric testing of three COVID-19-related scales among people with mental illness
  publication-title: International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction
– volume: 92
  start-page: 22
  year: 2019
  ident: ref341
  article-title: Parenting styles, perceived social support and emotion regulation in adolescents with internet addiction
  publication-title: Comprehensive Psychiatry
  doi: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2019.03.003
– volume: 21
  start-page: 3
  year: 2016
  ident: ref971
  article-title: Developing and investigating the use of single-item measures in organizational research
  publication-title: Journal of Occupational Health Psychology
  doi: 10.1037/a0039139
– start-page: 99
  volume-title: Behavioral addictions: Criteria, evidence, and treatment
  year: 2014
  ident: ref661
  article-title: Internet addiction: Overview and controversies
  doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-407724-9.00005-7
– volume: 22
  start-page: 353
  year: 2008
  ident: ref571
  article-title: Internet addiction: Definition, assessment, epidemiology and clinical management
  publication-title: CNS Drugs
  doi: 10.2165/00023210-200822050-00001
– year: 2020
  ident: ref551
  article-title: Adaptation of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale: Its association with psychological distress and life satisfaction in Turkey
  publication-title: International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction
– volume: 91
  start-page: 93
  year: 1975
  ident: ref521
  article-title: Protection Motivation Theory of fear appeals and attitude change
  publication-title: Journal of Psychology
  doi: 10.1080/00223980.1975.9915803
– year: 2020
  ident: ref481
  article-title: Malay version of the fear of COVID-19 scale: Validity and reliability
  publication-title: International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction
  doi: 10.1007/s11469-020-00373-2
– year: 2021
  ident: ref391
  article-title: Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S) across countries: Measurement invariance issues
  publication-title: Nursing Open
  doi: 10.1002/nop2.855
– volume: 10
  start-page: 191
  year: 2005
  ident: ref1001
  article-title: A ‘components’ model of addiction within a biopsychosocial framework
  publication-title: Journal of Substance Use
  doi: 10.1080/14659890500114359
– volume: 31
  start-page: 351
  year: 2014
  ident: ref351
  article-title: A conceptual and methodological critique of internet addiction research: Towards a model of compensatory internet use
  publication-title: Computers in Human Behavior
  doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2013.10.059
– volume: 70
  start-page: 102196
  year: 2020
  ident: ref781
  article-title: Coronaphobia: Fear and the 2019-nCoV outbreak
  publication-title: Journal of Anxiety Disorders
  doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102196
– year: 2020
  ident: ref1301
  article-title: Psychometric properties of the Italian version of the smartphone application-based addiction scale (SABAS)
  publication-title: International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction
– volume: 9
  start-page: 261
  year: 2019
  ident: ref731
  article-title: Adaptation of application-based smartphone addiction scale to Turkish cultures
  publication-title: Sakarya University Journal of Education
  doi: 10.19126/suje.516365
– volume: 11
  start-page: 569348
  year: 2020
  ident: ref821
  article-title: Systematic Review of the literature about the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the lives of school children
  publication-title: Frontiers in Psychology
  doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.569348
– volume: 44
  start-page: 1
  year: 2019
  ident: ref471
  article-title: Online course on basics of management of behavioral addictions involving use of internet: Observations from the first batch of participants
  publication-title: Asian Journal of Psychiatry
  doi: 10.1016/j.ajp.2019.07.013
– year: 2020
  ident: ref1231
  article-title: Psychometric validation of the Bangla fear of COVID-19 scale: Confirmatory factor analysis and Rasch analysis
  publication-title: International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction
  doi: 10.1007/s11469-020-00289-x
– volume: 5
  start-page: 629
  year: 2019
  ident: ref771
  article-title: Adapting the short form of the internet gaming disorder scale into Turkish: Validity and reliability
  publication-title: Addicta: The Turkish Journal on Addictions
– volume: 9
  start-page: 410
  year: 2020
  ident: ref901
  article-title: Comparing generalized and specific problematic smartphone/internet use: Longitudinal relationships between smartphone application-based addiction and social media addiction and psychological distress
  publication-title: Journal of Behavioral Addictions
  doi: 10.1556/2006.2020.00023
– year: 2020
  ident: ref11
  article-title: Associations between fear of COVID-19, mental health, and preventive behaviours across pregnant women and husbands: An actor-partner interdependence modelling
  publication-title: International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction
– volume: 16
  start-page: 843
  year: 2013
  ident: ref651
  article-title: Social support and social interaction ties on internet addiction: Integrating online and offline contexts
  publication-title: Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking
  doi: 10.1089/cyber.2012.0557
– volume: 21
  start-page: 3
  year: 2016
  ident: ref281
  article-title: Developing and investigating the use of single-item measures in organizational research
  publication-title: Journal of Occupational Health Psychology
  doi: 10.1037/a0039139
– volume: 6
  year: 2020
  ident: ref31
  article-title: The association between health status and insomnia, mental health, and preventive behaviors: The mediating role of fear of COVID-19
  publication-title: Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine
  doi: 10.1177/2333721420966081
– volume: 9
  start-page: 1022
  year: 2020
  ident: ref831
  article-title: Internet gaming as a coping method among schizophrenic patients facing psychological distress
  publication-title: Journal of Behavioral Addictions
  doi: 10.1556/2006.2020.00081
– volume: 29
  start-page: 268
  year: 2020
  ident: ref1311
  article-title: Brief report: Increased addictive internet and substance use behavior during the COVID-19 pandemic in China
  publication-title: American Journal on Addictions
  doi: 10.1111/ajad.13066
– volume: 6
  start-page: 256
  year: 2017
  ident: ref1361
  article-title: Psychometric validation of the Persian nine-item Internet Gaming Disorder Scale-Short Form: Does gender and hours spent online gaming affect the interpretations of item descriptions?
  publication-title: Journal of Behavioral Addictions
  doi: 10.1556/2006.6.2017.025
– volume: 17
  start-page: 765
  year: 2019
  ident: ref1091
  article-title: Smartphone application-based addiction among Iranian adolescents: A psychometric study
  publication-title: International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction
  doi: 10.1007/s11469-018-0026-2
– volume: 6
  start-page: 620
  year: 2017
  ident: ref371
  article-title: Psychometric validation of the Persian Bergen social media addiction scale using classic test theory and Rasch models
  publication-title: Journal of Behavioral Addictions
  doi: 10.1556/2006.6.2017.071
– volume: 289
  start-page: 113100
  year: 2020
  ident: ref121
  article-title: Fear of COVID-19 scale: Psychometric characteristics, reliability and validity in the Israeli population
  publication-title: Psychiatry Research
  doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113100
– volume-title: Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders
  year: 2013
  ident: ref61
– volume: 11
  start-page: 875
  year: 2020
  ident: ref851
  article-title: Psychometric properties of three simplified Chinese online-related addictive behavior instruments among mainland Chinese primary school students
  publication-title: Frontiers in Psychiatry
  doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00875
– volume: 12
  start-page: 100307
  year: 2020
  ident: ref961
  article-title: Depression, anxiety, and stress mediate the associations between internet gaming disorder, insomnia, and quality of life during the COVID-19 outbreak
  publication-title: Addictive Behaviors Reports
  doi: 10.1016/j.abrep.2020.100307
– volume: 45
  start-page: 137
  year: 2015
  ident: ref1181
  article-title: Measuring DSM-5 internet gaming disorder: Development and validation of a short psychometric scale
  publication-title: Computers in Human Behavior
  doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2014.12.006
– volume: 159
  start-page: 1099
  year: 2020
  ident: ref881
  article-title: Internet-related behaviors and psychological distress among schoolchildren during COVID-19 school suspension
  publication-title: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
  doi: 10.1016/j.jaac.2020.06.007
– volume: 284
  start-page: 18
  year: 2021
  ident: ref941
  article-title: Psychological distress associated with the COVID-19 lockdown: A two-wave network analysis
  publication-title: Journal of Affective Disorders
  doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.02.016
– start-page: 99
  volume-title: Behavioral addictions: Criteria, evidence, and treatment
  year: 2014
  ident: ref1351
  article-title: Internet addiction: Overview and controversies
  doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-407724-9.00005-7
– volume: 17
  start-page: 765
  year: 2019
  ident: ref401
  article-title: Smartphone application-based addiction among Iranian adolescents: A psychometric study
  publication-title: International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction
  doi: 10.1007/s11469-018-0026-2
– volume: 9
  start-page: 1022
  year: 2020
  ident: ref141
  article-title: Internet gaming as a coping method among schizophrenic patients facing psychological distress
  publication-title: Journal of Behavioral Addictions
  doi: 10.1556/2006.2020.00081
– volume: 16
  start-page: 843
  year: 2013
  ident: ref1341
  article-title: Social support and social interaction ties on internet addiction: Integrating online and offline contexts
  publication-title: Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking
  doi: 10.1089/cyber.2012.0557
– volume: 69
  start-page: 27
  year: 2018
  ident: ref591
  article-title: Connection of depression, anxiety and impulsivity with the way of using modern mobile phones among students
  publication-title: Medicinski Podmladak
  doi: 10.5937/mp69-17929
– volume: 9
  start-page: 261
  year: 2019
  ident: ref41
  article-title: Adaptation of application-based smartphone addiction scale to Turkish cultures
  publication-title: Sakarya University Journal of Education
  doi: 10.19126/suje.516365
– volume: 257
  start-page: 472
  year: 2017
  ident: ref511
  article-title: Measurement invariance of the internet gaming disorder scale–short-form (IGDS9-SF) between the United States of America, India and the United Kingdom
  publication-title: Psychiatry Research
  doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2017.08.013
– volume: 8
  start-page: 413
  year: 2000
  ident: ref301
  article-title: Internet addiction – Time to be taken seriously?
  publication-title: Addiction Research
  doi: 10.3109/16066350009005587
– volume: 284
  start-page: 18
  year: 2021
  ident: ref251
  article-title: Psychological distress associated with the COVID-19 lockdown: A two-wave network analysis
  publication-title: Journal of Affective Disorders
  doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.02.016
– year: 2020
  ident: ref1171
  article-title: Malay version of the fear of COVID-19 scale: Validity and reliability
  publication-title: International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction
  doi: 10.1007/s11469-020-00373-2
SSID ssj0000851814
Score 2.4940195
Snippet Background and aims. The present longitudinal study examined the changes in problematic internet use (problematic smartphone use, problematic social media use,...
The present longitudinal study examined the changes in problematic internet use (problematic smartphone use, problematic social media use, and problematic...
Background and aims: The present longitudinal study examined the changes in problematic internet use (problematic smartphone use, problematic social media use,...
SourceID swepub
pubmedcentral
proquest
gale
pubmed
crossref
ceeol
SourceType Open Access Repository
Aggregation Database
Index Database
Enrichment Source
Publisher
StartPage 731
SubjectTerms Analysis
Behaviorism
Child
China - epidemiology
COVID-19
Disease Outbreaks
Elementary school students
Health aspects
Humans
Internet
Internet Addiction Disorder
Latent Class Analysis
Longitudinal Studies
Pathological Internet Use
problematic gaming
problematic smartphone use
problematic social media use
Psychological Distress
SARS-CoV-2
Stress (Psychology)
Title Internet addiction and psychological distress among Chinese schoolchildren before and during the COVID-19 outbreak: A latent class analysis
URI https://www.ceeol.com//search/article-detail?id=986342
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34529588
https://www.proquest.com/docview/2574404834
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PMC8997210
https://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-55152
Volume 10
hasFullText 1
inHoldings 1
isFullTextHit
isPrint
link http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwdV1Rb9MwED7BeOEFgRgQGMNIQ_DS0sSJ4yAhVG1MA2nwQqe9WYlz2TqqpLSpBL-BP82dnZal2l7yUJ-T1L7z3Rf7vgM4sJaUBuNioKsCCaCQKeoqJLvKZKFtaosYOd_59Js6mcRfz5Pz_-WAugFc3gjtuJ7UZDEb_v715xMZ_EdXvSdR792OAoH4cOg2ru7CPXJLKVvpaRfrX_kDWeTNeJc5GikCYIQUOqqfG-7BhJ2IzaznrbbX7GtOa_tAZY921Lmq44fwoIsxxdgrxSO4g_Vj-Ou__WEr-AiRy2YQeV2K-fUVUJRTnzwiXBEiwdW1cYli6bg614nfokAKddF192mOgsJIcfj97MvRIMxEs2oJaOc_P4ixmFEsW7fCcpBOHTwDyi5Mjj__ODwZdJUYBlYlYTtAGea5yjSz_1mpMLExqrTkdHRd5JWyEZbk622hVEWSOq0qy1hFyihHrUr5BHbqpsZnICwyEylJRbEkcIY5ZnFJdyhwhHmcZAHsupE3a1UwmVYyjgJ4s_V7Z1qGy6d4GTMvqwCG6xkztqM552obM8Nwh6aaC2_yJQqNm-oA3m06zD3Dx-2ir1gFjE9R3awNZqwI9NLYjNIA3joJ1ld6qs27JAf678yz1ZPc60mSVdte8-u1mhlu4qNwNTarpaE1ljkdtYwDeOrVbvPekrfRE60DSHsKuRFgMvF-Sz29dKTimjOow1EAB151e12Opmdj0ywuzOWVoRA7iZ7fMksv4D4Plz-Etwc77WKFLylqa4t997Vj39nkP7ccP1s
linkProvider Scholars Portal
openUrl ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Internet+addiction+and+psychological+distress+among+Chinese+schoolchildren+before+and+during+the+COVID-19+outbreak%3A+A+latent+class+analysis&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+behavioral+addictions&rft.au=Chen%2C+I-Hua&rft.au=Chen%2C+Chao-Ying&rft.au=Liu%2C+Chieh-hsiu&rft.au=Ahorsu%2C+Daniel+Kwasi&rft.date=2021-09-01&rft.pub=Akad%C3%A9miai+Kiad%C3%B3&rft.issn=2062-5871&rft.eissn=2063-5303&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=3&rft.spage=731&rft.epage=746&rft_id=info:doi/10.1556%2F2006.2021.00052&rft.externalDocID=986342
thumbnail_s http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/image/custom?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ceeol.com%2F%2Fapi%2Fimage%2Fgetissuecoverimage%3Fid%3Dpicture_2021_63453.jpg