Exercise Echocardiography of Left Ventricular Diastolic Function in Healthy Subjects: Insights From the RIGHT-NET
Exercise transthoracic Doppler echocardiography (TTE) is considered suggestive of left ventricular (LV) diastolic dysfunction when the ratio of mitral Doppler E to tissue Doppler e′ waves is >15 with or without a peak tricuspid regurgitation velocity (TRV) >3.4 m/s. However, these measurements...
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Published in | CJC open (Online) Vol. 7; no. 3; pp. 325 - 333 |
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Main Authors | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
Format | Journal Article |
Language | English |
Published |
United States
Elsevier Inc
01.03.2025
Elsevier |
Subjects | |
Online Access | Get full text |
ISSN | 2589-790X 2589-790X |
DOI | 10.1016/j.cjco.2024.11.015 |
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Abstract | Exercise transthoracic Doppler echocardiography (TTE) is considered suggestive of left ventricular (LV) diastolic dysfunction when the ratio of mitral Doppler E to tissue Doppler e′ waves is >15 with or without a peak tricuspid regurgitation velocity (TRV) >3.4 m/s. However, these measurements may be affected by exercise intensity. The aim of the study was to define the normal limits of LV diastolic function indices during exercise TTE.
One hundred ninety-two healthy adults (47% females, aged 16-76 years) underwent resting and exercise TTE on a semirecumbent cycle ergometer. LV diastolic measurements were acquired at baseline and midlevel exercise (heart rate ≤110 bpm) fusion of E and A waves. TRV was acquired at rest and at peak exercise. The E/e′ ratio was calculated with e′ as the average of septal and lateral measurements.
At midlevel exercise, E/e′ increased modestly from 6.3 ± 1.9 to 7.3 ± 2.3 (P < 0.001) as a function of workload and cardiac output (CO), independently of sex and age. The 95th percentile of exercise E/e′ was 11.8. The slope of E/e′/CO was 0.4 ± 1.2/L/min. The slope of TRV/CO was 10.8 ± 11.5 cm/s/L/min. The upper 95% confidence interval of the E/e′/CO and TRV/CO slopes were 0.6/L/min and 13.1 cm/s/L/min, corresponding to an E/e′ of 13.2 and a TRV of 3.4 m/s at a CO of 15 L/min.
In healthy adult subjects, E/e′ slightly increased during midlevel exercise. Both E/e′ and TRV are exercise intensity-dependent and would therefore be better expressed as a function of CO for the diagnosis of normal vs abnormal LV diastolic response to exercise.
L’échocardiographie Doppler transthoracique (ETT) à l’effort est considérée comme évoquant une dysfonction diastolique ventriculaire gauche (VG) lorsque le rapport entre l’onde E du Doppler mitral et l’onde e′ du Doppler tissulaire est supérieur à 15 avec ou sans un pic de vitesse de régurgitation tricuspidienne (VRT) supérieur à 3,4 m/s. Cependant, ces mesures peuvent être influencées par l’intensité de l’effort. L’étude visait à définir les limites normales des indices de la fonction diastolique VG pendant l’ETT à l’effort.
Cent quatre-vingt-douze adultes en bonne santé (47 % de femmes; de 16 à 76 ans) ont été soumis à une ETT au repos et à l’effort sur un ergocycle en position semi-allongée. Les mesures diastoliques VG ont été prises au départ et à l’effort modéré (fréquence cardiaque ≤ 110 bpm) en fusion des ondes E et A. La VRT a été mesurée au repos et à l’effort maximal. Le rapport E/e′ a été calculé, la valeur de e′ correspondant à la moyenne des mesures septales et latérales.
À l’effort modéré, le rapport E/e′ a augmenté modestement, passant de 6,3 ± 1,9 à 7,3 ± 2,3 (p < 0,001) en fonction du travail et du débit cardiaque (DC), indépendamment du sexe et de l’âge. Le 95e percentile du rapport E/e′ à l’effort était de 11,8. La pente du rapport E/e′/DC était de 0,4 ± 1,2/L/min. La pente du rapport VRT/DC était de 10,8 ± 11,5 cm/s/L/min. La limite supérieure de l’intervalle de confiance à 95 % des pentes E/e′/DC et VRT/DC était de 0,6/L/min et de 13,1 cm/s/L/min, respectivement, soit un E/e′ de 13,2 et une VRT de 3,4 m/s à un DC de 15 L/min.
Chez des sujets adultes en bonne santé, le rapport E/e′ a légèrement augmenté pendant l’effort modéré. Les valeurs E/e′ et VRT dépendent toutes deux de l’intensité de l’effort et seraient donc mieux exprimées comme une fonction du débit cardiaque pour le diagnostic d’une réponse diastolique VG normale ou anormale à l’effort.
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AbstractList | Exercise transthoracic Doppler echocardiography (TTE) is considered suggestive of left ventricular (LV) diastolic dysfunction when the ratio of mitral Doppler E to tissue Doppler e' waves is >15 with or without a peak tricuspid regurgitation velocity (TRV) >3.4 m/s. However, these measurements may be affected by exercise intensity. The aim of the study was to define the normal limits of LV diastolic function indices during exercise TTE.
One hundred ninety-two healthy adults (47% females, aged 16-76 years) underwent resting and exercise TTE on a semirecumbent cycle ergometer. LV diastolic measurements were acquired at baseline and midlevel exercise (heart rate ≤110 bpm) fusion of E and A waves. TRV was acquired at rest and at peak exercise. The E/e' ratio was calculated with e' as the average of septal and lateral measurements.
At midlevel exercise, E/e' increased modestly from 6.3 ± 1.9 to 7.3 ± 2.3 (
< 0.001) as a function of workload and cardiac output (CO), independently of sex and age. The 95th percentile of exercise E/e' was 11.8. The slope of E/e'/CO was 0.4 ± 1.2/L/min. The slope of TRV/CO was 10.8 ± 11.5 cm/s/L/min. The upper 95% confidence interval of the E/e'/CO and TRV/CO slopes were 0.6/L/min and 13.1 cm/s/L/min, corresponding to an E/e' of 13.2 and a TRV of 3.4 m/s at a CO of 15 L/min.
In healthy adult subjects, E/e' slightly increased during midlevel exercise. Both E/e' and TRV are exercise intensity-dependent and would therefore be better expressed as a function of CO for the diagnosis of normal vs abnormal LV diastolic response to exercise. Exercise transthoracic Doppler echocardiography (TTE) is considered suggestive of left ventricular (LV) diastolic dysfunction when the ratio of mitral Doppler E to tissue Doppler e′ waves is >15 with or without a peak tricuspid regurgitation velocity (TRV) >3.4 m/s. However, these measurements may be affected by exercise intensity. The aim of the study was to define the normal limits of LV diastolic function indices during exercise TTE. One hundred ninety-two healthy adults (47% females, aged 16-76 years) underwent resting and exercise TTE on a semirecumbent cycle ergometer. LV diastolic measurements were acquired at baseline and midlevel exercise (heart rate ≤110 bpm) fusion of E and A waves. TRV was acquired at rest and at peak exercise. The E/e′ ratio was calculated with e′ as the average of septal and lateral measurements. At midlevel exercise, E/e′ increased modestly from 6.3 ± 1.9 to 7.3 ± 2.3 (P < 0.001) as a function of workload and cardiac output (CO), independently of sex and age. The 95th percentile of exercise E/e′ was 11.8. The slope of E/e′/CO was 0.4 ± 1.2/L/min. The slope of TRV/CO was 10.8 ± 11.5 cm/s/L/min. The upper 95% confidence interval of the E/e′/CO and TRV/CO slopes were 0.6/L/min and 13.1 cm/s/L/min, corresponding to an E/e′ of 13.2 and a TRV of 3.4 m/s at a CO of 15 L/min. In healthy adult subjects, E/e′ slightly increased during midlevel exercise. Both E/e′ and TRV are exercise intensity-dependent and would therefore be better expressed as a function of CO for the diagnosis of normal vs abnormal LV diastolic response to exercise. L’échocardiographie Doppler transthoracique (ETT) à l’effort est considérée comme évoquant une dysfonction diastolique ventriculaire gauche (VG) lorsque le rapport entre l’onde E du Doppler mitral et l’onde e′ du Doppler tissulaire est supérieur à 15 avec ou sans un pic de vitesse de régurgitation tricuspidienne (VRT) supérieur à 3,4 m/s. Cependant, ces mesures peuvent être influencées par l’intensité de l’effort. L’étude visait à définir les limites normales des indices de la fonction diastolique VG pendant l’ETT à l’effort. Cent quatre-vingt-douze adultes en bonne santé (47 % de femmes; de 16 à 76 ans) ont été soumis à une ETT au repos et à l’effort sur un ergocycle en position semi-allongée. Les mesures diastoliques VG ont été prises au départ et à l’effort modéré (fréquence cardiaque ≤ 110 bpm) en fusion des ondes E et A. La VRT a été mesurée au repos et à l’effort maximal. Le rapport E/e′ a été calculé, la valeur de e′ correspondant à la moyenne des mesures septales et latérales. À l’effort modéré, le rapport E/e′ a augmenté modestement, passant de 6,3 ± 1,9 à 7,3 ± 2,3 (p < 0,001) en fonction du travail et du débit cardiaque (DC), indépendamment du sexe et de l’âge. Le 95e percentile du rapport E/e′ à l’effort était de 11,8. La pente du rapport E/e′/DC était de 0,4 ± 1,2/L/min. La pente du rapport VRT/DC était de 10,8 ± 11,5 cm/s/L/min. La limite supérieure de l’intervalle de confiance à 95 % des pentes E/e′/DC et VRT/DC était de 0,6/L/min et de 13,1 cm/s/L/min, respectivement, soit un E/e′ de 13,2 et une VRT de 3,4 m/s à un DC de 15 L/min. Chez des sujets adultes en bonne santé, le rapport E/e′ a légèrement augmenté pendant l’effort modéré. Les valeurs E/e′ et VRT dépendent toutes deux de l’intensité de l’effort et seraient donc mieux exprimées comme une fonction du débit cardiaque pour le diagnostic d’une réponse diastolique VG normale ou anormale à l’effort. [Display omitted] Background: Exercise transthoracic Doppler echocardiography (TTE) is considered suggestive of left ventricular (LV) diastolic dysfunction when the ratio of mitral Doppler E to tissue Doppler e′ waves is >15 with or without a peak tricuspid regurgitation velocity (TRV) >3.4 m/s. However, these measurements may be affected by exercise intensity. The aim of the study was to define the normal limits of LV diastolic function indices during exercise TTE. Methods: One hundred ninety-two healthy adults (47% females, aged 16-76 years) underwent resting and exercise TTE on a semirecumbent cycle ergometer. LV diastolic measurements were acquired at baseline and midlevel exercise (heart rate ≤110 bpm) fusion of E and A waves. TRV was acquired at rest and at peak exercise. The E/e′ ratio was calculated with e′ as the average of septal and lateral measurements. Results: At midlevel exercise, E/e′ increased modestly from 6.3 ± 1.9 to 7.3 ± 2.3 (P < 0.001) as a function of workload and cardiac output (CO), independently of sex and age. The 95th percentile of exercise E/e′ was 11.8. The slope of E/e′/CO was 0.4 ± 1.2/L/min. The slope of TRV/CO was 10.8 ± 11.5 cm/s/L/min. The upper 95% confidence interval of the E/e′/CO and TRV/CO slopes were 0.6/L/min and 13.1 cm/s/L/min, corresponding to an E/e′ of 13.2 and a TRV of 3.4 m/s at a CO of 15 L/min. Conclusions: In healthy adult subjects, E/e′ slightly increased during midlevel exercise. Both E/e′ and TRV are exercise intensity-dependent and would therefore be better expressed as a function of CO for the diagnosis of normal vs abnormal LV diastolic response to exercise. Résumé: Contexte: L’échocardiographie Doppler transthoracique (ETT) à l’effort est considérée comme évoquant une dysfonction diastolique ventriculaire gauche (VG) lorsque le rapport entre l’onde E du Doppler mitral et l’onde e′ du Doppler tissulaire est supérieur à 15 avec ou sans un pic de vitesse de régurgitation tricuspidienne (VRT) supérieur à 3,4 m/s. Cependant, ces mesures peuvent être influencées par l’intensité de l’effort. L’étude visait à définir les limites normales des indices de la fonction diastolique VG pendant l’ETT à l’effort. Méthodologie: Cent quatre-vingt-douze adultes en bonne santé (47 % de femmes; de 16 à 76 ans) ont été soumis à une ETT au repos et à l’effort sur un ergocycle en position semi-allongée. Les mesures diastoliques VG ont été prises au départ et à l’effort modéré (fréquence cardiaque ≤ 110 bpm) en fusion des ondes E et A. La VRT a été mesurée au repos et à l’effort maximal. Le rapport E/e′ a été calculé, la valeur de e′ correspondant à la moyenne des mesures septales et latérales. Résultats: À l’effort modéré, le rapport E/e′ a augmenté modestement, passant de 6,3 ± 1,9 à 7,3 ± 2,3 (p < 0,001) en fonction du travail et du débit cardiaque (DC), indépendamment du sexe et de l’âge. Le 95e percentile du rapport E/e′ à l’effort était de 11,8. La pente du rapport E/e′/DC était de 0,4 ± 1,2/L/min. La pente du rapport VRT/DC était de 10,8 ± 11,5 cm/s/L/min. La limite supérieure de l’intervalle de confiance à 95 % des pentes E/e′/DC et VRT/DC était de 0,6/L/min et de 13,1 cm/s/L/min, respectivement, soit un E/e′ de 13,2 et une VRT de 3,4 m/s à un DC de 15 L/min. Conclusions: Chez des sujets adultes en bonne santé, le rapport E/e′ a légèrement augmenté pendant l’effort modéré. Les valeurs E/e′ et VRT dépendent toutes deux de l’intensité de l’effort et seraient donc mieux exprimées comme une fonction du débit cardiaque pour le diagnostic d’une réponse diastolique VG normale ou anormale à l’effort. AbstractBackgroundExercise transthoracic Doppler echocardiography (TTE) is considered suggestive of left ventricular (LV) diastolic dysfunction when the ratio of mitral Doppler E to tissue Doppler e′ waves is >15 with or without a peak tricuspid regurgitation velocity (TRV) >3.4 m/s. However, these measurements may be affected by exercise intensity. The aim of the study was to define the normal limits of LV diastolic function indices during exercise TTE. MethodsOne hundred ninety-two healthy adults (47% females, aged 16-76 years) underwent resting and exercise TTE on a semirecumbent cycle ergometer. LV diastolic measurements were acquired at baseline and midlevel exercise (heart rate ≤110 bpm) fusion of E and A waves. TRV was acquired at rest and at peak exercise. The E/e′ ratio was calculated with e′ as the average of septal and lateral measurements. ResultsAt midlevel exercise, E/e′ increased modestly from 6.3 ± 1.9 to 7.3 ± 2.3 ( P < 0.001) as a function of workload and cardiac output (CO), independently of sex and age. The 95th percentile of exercise E/e′ was 11.8. The slope of E/e′/CO was 0.4 ± 1.2/L/min. The slope of TRV/CO was 10.8 ± 11.5 cm/s/L/min. The upper 95% confidence interval of the E/e′/CO and TRV/CO slopes were 0.6/L/min and 13.1 cm/s/L/min, corresponding to an E/e′ of 13.2 and a TRV of 3.4 m/s at a CO of 15 L/min. ConclusionsIn healthy adult subjects, E/e′ slightly increased during midlevel exercise. Both E/e′ and TRV are exercise intensity-dependent and would therefore be better expressed as a function of CO for the diagnosis of normal vs abnormal LV diastolic response to exercise. Exercise transthoracic Doppler echocardiography (TTE) is considered suggestive of left ventricular (LV) diastolic dysfunction when the ratio of mitral Doppler E to tissue Doppler e' waves is >15 with or without a peak tricuspid regurgitation velocity (TRV) >3.4 m/s. However, these measurements may be affected by exercise intensity. The aim of the study was to define the normal limits of LV diastolic function indices during exercise TTE.BackgroundExercise transthoracic Doppler echocardiography (TTE) is considered suggestive of left ventricular (LV) diastolic dysfunction when the ratio of mitral Doppler E to tissue Doppler e' waves is >15 with or without a peak tricuspid regurgitation velocity (TRV) >3.4 m/s. However, these measurements may be affected by exercise intensity. The aim of the study was to define the normal limits of LV diastolic function indices during exercise TTE.One hundred ninety-two healthy adults (47% females, aged 16-76 years) underwent resting and exercise TTE on a semirecumbent cycle ergometer. LV diastolic measurements were acquired at baseline and midlevel exercise (heart rate ≤110 bpm) fusion of E and A waves. TRV was acquired at rest and at peak exercise. The E/e' ratio was calculated with e' as the average of septal and lateral measurements.MethodsOne hundred ninety-two healthy adults (47% females, aged 16-76 years) underwent resting and exercise TTE on a semirecumbent cycle ergometer. LV diastolic measurements were acquired at baseline and midlevel exercise (heart rate ≤110 bpm) fusion of E and A waves. TRV was acquired at rest and at peak exercise. The E/e' ratio was calculated with e' as the average of septal and lateral measurements.At midlevel exercise, E/e' increased modestly from 6.3 ± 1.9 to 7.3 ± 2.3 (P < 0.001) as a function of workload and cardiac output (CO), independently of sex and age. The 95th percentile of exercise E/e' was 11.8. The slope of E/e'/CO was 0.4 ± 1.2/L/min. The slope of TRV/CO was 10.8 ± 11.5 cm/s/L/min. The upper 95% confidence interval of the E/e'/CO and TRV/CO slopes were 0.6/L/min and 13.1 cm/s/L/min, corresponding to an E/e' of 13.2 and a TRV of 3.4 m/s at a CO of 15 L/min.ResultsAt midlevel exercise, E/e' increased modestly from 6.3 ± 1.9 to 7.3 ± 2.3 (P < 0.001) as a function of workload and cardiac output (CO), independently of sex and age. The 95th percentile of exercise E/e' was 11.8. The slope of E/e'/CO was 0.4 ± 1.2/L/min. The slope of TRV/CO was 10.8 ± 11.5 cm/s/L/min. The upper 95% confidence interval of the E/e'/CO and TRV/CO slopes were 0.6/L/min and 13.1 cm/s/L/min, corresponding to an E/e' of 13.2 and a TRV of 3.4 m/s at a CO of 15 L/min.In healthy adult subjects, E/e' slightly increased during midlevel exercise. Both E/e' and TRV are exercise intensity-dependent and would therefore be better expressed as a function of CO for the diagnosis of normal vs abnormal LV diastolic response to exercise.ConclusionsIn healthy adult subjects, E/e' slightly increased during midlevel exercise. Both E/e' and TRV are exercise intensity-dependent and would therefore be better expressed as a function of CO for the diagnosis of normal vs abnormal LV diastolic response to exercise. |
Author | Marra, Alberto Agoston, Gergely Grünig, Ekkehard Lacava, Graziella Carbone, Andreina Ferrara, Francesco Rega, Salvatore Visco, Valeria D'Alto, Michele Franzese, Monica Passaro, Emanuela Cittadini, Antonio Mazzola, Matteo Pugliese, Nicola Riccardo Ghio, Stefano Castaldo, Rossana D'Agostino, Anna Kasprzak, Jarosław D. Vriz, Olga Citro, Rodolfo Argiento, Paola D’Andrea, Antonello Limongelli, Giuseppe Gargani, Luna Wierzbowska-Drabik, Karina Guazzi, Marco Bossone, Eduardo Naeije, Robert |
Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Francesco surname: Ferrara fullname: Ferrara, Francesco organization: Cardio-Thoracic-Vascular Department, University Hospital “San Giovanni Di Dio E Ruggi D'Aragona,” Salerno, Italy – sequence: 2 givenname: Andreina surname: Carbone fullname: Carbone, Andreina organization: Cardiology Unit, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy – sequence: 3 givenname: Luna surname: Gargani fullname: Gargani, Luna organization: Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy – sequence: 4 givenname: Rossana surname: Castaldo fullname: Castaldo, Rossana organization: IRCCS Synlab SDN, Naples, Italy – sequence: 5 givenname: Paola surname: Argiento fullname: Argiento, Paola organization: Department of Cardiology, Monaldi Hospital–Naples, Italy – sequence: 6 givenname: Gergely surname: Agoston fullname: Agoston, Gergely organization: Institute of Family Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary – sequence: 7 givenname: Rodolfo surname: Citro fullname: Citro, Rodolfo organization: Cardio-Thoracic-Vascular Department, University Hospital “San Giovanni Di Dio E Ruggi D'Aragona,” Salerno, Italy – sequence: 8 givenname: Anna surname: D'Agostino fullname: D'Agostino, Anna organization: IRCCS Synlab SDN, Naples, Italy – sequence: 9 givenname: Antonello surname: D’Andrea fullname: D’Andrea, Antonello organization: Department of Cardiology, Umberto I Hospital Nocera Inferiore, Nocera Inferiore, Italy – sequence: 10 givenname: Michele surname: D'Alto fullname: D'Alto, Michele organization: Department of Cardiology, Monaldi Hospital–Naples, Italy – sequence: 11 givenname: Monica surname: Franzese fullname: Franzese, Monica organization: IRCCS Synlab SDN, Naples, Italy – sequence: 12 givenname: Stefano surname: Ghio fullname: Ghio, Stefano organization: Division of Cardiology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy – sequence: 13 givenname: Ekkehard surname: Grünig fullname: Grünig, Ekkehard organization: Center of Pulmonary Hypertension, Thoraxklinik Heidelberg at Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany – sequence: 14 givenname: Marco surname: Guazzi fullname: Guazzi, Marco organization: University of Milano School of Medicine, Department of Biological Sciences, Milano, Italy – sequence: 15 givenname: Jarosław D. surname: Kasprzak fullname: Kasprzak, Jarosław D. organization: Department of Cardiology, Bieganski Hospital, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland – sequence: 16 givenname: Graziella surname: Lacava fullname: Lacava, Graziella organization: Anesthesia and Intensive Care, University Hospital "San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d'Aragona," Salerno, Italy – sequence: 17 givenname: Giuseppe surname: Limongelli fullname: Limongelli, Giuseppe organization: Inherited and Heart Disease Unit, Monaldi Hospital, A.O. Colli (University of Campania 'Luigi Vanvitelli'), Naples, Italy – sequence: 18 givenname: Alberto surname: Marra fullname: Marra, Alberto organization: Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II,” Naples, Italy – sequence: 19 givenname: Matteo surname: Mazzola fullname: Mazzola, Matteo organization: Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy – sequence: 20 givenname: Emanuela surname: Passaro fullname: Passaro, Emanuela organization: IRCCS Synlab SDN, Naples, Italy – sequence: 21 givenname: Nicola Riccardo surname: Pugliese fullname: Pugliese, Nicola Riccardo organization: Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy – sequence: 22 givenname: Salvatore surname: Rega fullname: Rega, Salvatore organization: Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy – sequence: 23 givenname: Valeria surname: Visco fullname: Visco, Valeria organization: Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana," University of Salerno, Baronissi, Italy – sequence: 24 givenname: Olga surname: Vriz fullname: Vriz, Olga organization: Presidio Ospedaliero di San Daniele e Tolmezzo, Gemona Del Friuli, Italy – sequence: 25 givenname: Karina surname: Wierzbowska-Drabik fullname: Wierzbowska-Drabik, Karina organization: Department of Internal Diseases and Clinical Pharmacology, Bieganski Hospital, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland – sequence: 26 givenname: Antonio surname: Cittadini fullname: Cittadini, Antonio organization: Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II,” Naples, Italy – sequence: 27 givenname: Eduardo surname: Bossone fullname: Bossone, Eduardo email: eduardo.bossone@unina.it organization: Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy – sequence: 28 givenname: Robert surname: Naeije fullname: Naeije, Robert organization: Free University of Brussels, Brussels, Belgium |
BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/40182403$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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Snippet | Exercise transthoracic Doppler echocardiography (TTE) is considered suggestive of left ventricular (LV) diastolic dysfunction when the ratio of mitral Doppler... AbstractBackgroundExercise transthoracic Doppler echocardiography (TTE) is considered suggestive of left ventricular (LV) diastolic dysfunction when the ratio... Background: Exercise transthoracic Doppler echocardiography (TTE) is considered suggestive of left ventricular (LV) diastolic dysfunction when the ratio of... |
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Title | Exercise Echocardiography of Left Ventricular Diastolic Function in Healthy Subjects: Insights From the RIGHT-NET |
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