Exercise Echocardiography of Left Ventricular Diastolic Function in Healthy Subjects: Insights From the RIGHT-NET

Exercise transthoracic Doppler echocardiography (TTE) is considered suggestive of left ventricular (LV) diastolic dysfunction when the ratio of mitral Doppler E to tissue Doppler e′ waves is >15 with or without a peak tricuspid regurgitation velocity (TRV) >3.4 m/s. However, these measurements...

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Published inCJC open (Online) Vol. 7; no. 3; pp. 325 - 333
Main Authors Ferrara, Francesco, Carbone, Andreina, Gargani, Luna, Castaldo, Rossana, Argiento, Paola, Agoston, Gergely, Citro, Rodolfo, D'Agostino, Anna, D’Andrea, Antonello, D'Alto, Michele, Franzese, Monica, Ghio, Stefano, Grünig, Ekkehard, Guazzi, Marco, Kasprzak, Jarosław D., Lacava, Graziella, Limongelli, Giuseppe, Marra, Alberto, Mazzola, Matteo, Passaro, Emanuela, Pugliese, Nicola Riccardo, Rega, Salvatore, Visco, Valeria, Vriz, Olga, Wierzbowska-Drabik, Karina, Cittadini, Antonio, Bossone, Eduardo, Naeije, Robert
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published United States Elsevier Inc 01.03.2025
Elsevier
Subjects
Online AccessGet full text
ISSN2589-790X
2589-790X
DOI10.1016/j.cjco.2024.11.015

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Abstract Exercise transthoracic Doppler echocardiography (TTE) is considered suggestive of left ventricular (LV) diastolic dysfunction when the ratio of mitral Doppler E to tissue Doppler e′ waves is >15 with or without a peak tricuspid regurgitation velocity (TRV) >3.4 m/s. However, these measurements may be affected by exercise intensity. The aim of the study was to define the normal limits of LV diastolic function indices during exercise TTE. One hundred ninety-two healthy adults (47% females, aged 16-76 years) underwent resting and exercise TTE on a semirecumbent cycle ergometer. LV diastolic measurements were acquired at baseline and midlevel exercise (heart rate ≤110 bpm) fusion of E and A waves. TRV was acquired at rest and at peak exercise. The E/e′ ratio was calculated with e′ as the average of septal and lateral measurements. At midlevel exercise, E/e′ increased modestly from 6.3 ± 1.9 to 7.3 ± 2.3 (P < 0.001) as a function of workload and cardiac output (CO), independently of sex and age. The 95th percentile of exercise E/e′ was 11.8. The slope of E/e′/CO was 0.4 ± 1.2/L/min. The slope of TRV/CO was 10.8 ± 11.5 cm/s/L/min. The upper 95% confidence interval of the E/e′/CO and TRV/CO slopes were 0.6/L/min and 13.1 cm/s/L/min, corresponding to an E/e′ of 13.2 and a TRV of 3.4 m/s at a CO of 15 L/min. In healthy adult subjects, E/e′ slightly increased during midlevel exercise. Both E/e′ and TRV are exercise intensity-dependent and would therefore be better expressed as a function of CO for the diagnosis of normal vs abnormal LV diastolic response to exercise. L’échocardiographie Doppler transthoracique (ETT) à l’effort est considérée comme évoquant une dysfonction diastolique ventriculaire gauche (VG) lorsque le rapport entre l’onde E du Doppler mitral et l’onde e′ du Doppler tissulaire est supérieur à 15 avec ou sans un pic de vitesse de régurgitation tricuspidienne (VRT) supérieur à 3,4 m/s. Cependant, ces mesures peuvent être influencées par l’intensité de l’effort. L’étude visait à définir les limites normales des indices de la fonction diastolique VG pendant l’ETT à l’effort. Cent quatre-vingt-douze adultes en bonne santé (47 % de femmes; de 16 à 76 ans) ont été soumis à une ETT au repos et à l’effort sur un ergocycle en position semi-allongée. Les mesures diastoliques VG ont été prises au départ et à l’effort modéré (fréquence cardiaque ≤ 110 bpm) en fusion des ondes E et A. La VRT a été mesurée au repos et à l’effort maximal. Le rapport E/e′ a été calculé, la valeur de e′ correspondant à la moyenne des mesures septales et latérales. À l’effort modéré, le rapport E/e′ a augmenté modestement, passant de 6,3 ± 1,9 à 7,3 ± 2,3 (p < 0,001) en fonction du travail et du débit cardiaque (DC), indépendamment du sexe et de l’âge. Le 95e percentile du rapport E/e′ à l’effort était de 11,8. La pente du rapport E/e′/DC était de 0,4 ± 1,2/L/min. La pente du rapport VRT/DC était de 10,8 ± 11,5 cm/s/L/min. La limite supérieure de l’intervalle de confiance à 95 % des pentes E/e′/DC et VRT/DC était de 0,6/L/min et de 13,1 cm/s/L/min, respectivement, soit un E/e′ de 13,2 et une VRT de 3,4 m/s à un DC de 15 L/min. Chez des sujets adultes en bonne santé, le rapport E/e′ a légèrement augmenté pendant l’effort modéré. Les valeurs E/e′ et VRT dépendent toutes deux de l’intensité de l’effort et seraient donc mieux exprimées comme une fonction du débit cardiaque pour le diagnostic d’une réponse diastolique VG normale ou anormale à l’effort. [Display omitted]
AbstractList Exercise transthoracic Doppler echocardiography (TTE) is considered suggestive of left ventricular (LV) diastolic dysfunction when the ratio of mitral Doppler E to tissue Doppler e' waves is >15 with or without a peak tricuspid regurgitation velocity (TRV) >3.4 m/s. However, these measurements may be affected by exercise intensity. The aim of the study was to define the normal limits of LV diastolic function indices during exercise TTE. One hundred ninety-two healthy adults (47% females, aged 16-76 years) underwent resting and exercise TTE on a semirecumbent cycle ergometer. LV diastolic measurements were acquired at baseline and midlevel exercise (heart rate ≤110 bpm) fusion of E and A waves. TRV was acquired at rest and at peak exercise. The E/e' ratio was calculated with e' as the average of septal and lateral measurements. At midlevel exercise, E/e' increased modestly from 6.3 ± 1.9 to 7.3 ± 2.3 ( < 0.001) as a function of workload and cardiac output (CO), independently of sex and age. The 95th percentile of exercise E/e' was 11.8. The slope of E/e'/CO was 0.4 ± 1.2/L/min. The slope of TRV/CO was 10.8 ± 11.5 cm/s/L/min. The upper 95% confidence interval of the E/e'/CO and TRV/CO slopes were 0.6/L/min and 13.1 cm/s/L/min, corresponding to an E/e' of 13.2 and a TRV of 3.4 m/s at a CO of 15 L/min. In healthy adult subjects, E/e' slightly increased during midlevel exercise. Both E/e' and TRV are exercise intensity-dependent and would therefore be better expressed as a function of CO for the diagnosis of normal vs abnormal LV diastolic response to exercise.
Exercise transthoracic Doppler echocardiography (TTE) is considered suggestive of left ventricular (LV) diastolic dysfunction when the ratio of mitral Doppler E to tissue Doppler e′ waves is >15 with or without a peak tricuspid regurgitation velocity (TRV) >3.4 m/s. However, these measurements may be affected by exercise intensity. The aim of the study was to define the normal limits of LV diastolic function indices during exercise TTE. One hundred ninety-two healthy adults (47% females, aged 16-76 years) underwent resting and exercise TTE on a semirecumbent cycle ergometer. LV diastolic measurements were acquired at baseline and midlevel exercise (heart rate ≤110 bpm) fusion of E and A waves. TRV was acquired at rest and at peak exercise. The E/e′ ratio was calculated with e′ as the average of septal and lateral measurements. At midlevel exercise, E/e′ increased modestly from 6.3 ± 1.9 to 7.3 ± 2.3 (P < 0.001) as a function of workload and cardiac output (CO), independently of sex and age. The 95th percentile of exercise E/e′ was 11.8. The slope of E/e′/CO was 0.4 ± 1.2/L/min. The slope of TRV/CO was 10.8 ± 11.5 cm/s/L/min. The upper 95% confidence interval of the E/e′/CO and TRV/CO slopes were 0.6/L/min and 13.1 cm/s/L/min, corresponding to an E/e′ of 13.2 and a TRV of 3.4 m/s at a CO of 15 L/min. In healthy adult subjects, E/e′ slightly increased during midlevel exercise. Both E/e′ and TRV are exercise intensity-dependent and would therefore be better expressed as a function of CO for the diagnosis of normal vs abnormal LV diastolic response to exercise. L’échocardiographie Doppler transthoracique (ETT) à l’effort est considérée comme évoquant une dysfonction diastolique ventriculaire gauche (VG) lorsque le rapport entre l’onde E du Doppler mitral et l’onde e′ du Doppler tissulaire est supérieur à 15 avec ou sans un pic de vitesse de régurgitation tricuspidienne (VRT) supérieur à 3,4 m/s. Cependant, ces mesures peuvent être influencées par l’intensité de l’effort. L’étude visait à définir les limites normales des indices de la fonction diastolique VG pendant l’ETT à l’effort. Cent quatre-vingt-douze adultes en bonne santé (47 % de femmes; de 16 à 76 ans) ont été soumis à une ETT au repos et à l’effort sur un ergocycle en position semi-allongée. Les mesures diastoliques VG ont été prises au départ et à l’effort modéré (fréquence cardiaque ≤ 110 bpm) en fusion des ondes E et A. La VRT a été mesurée au repos et à l’effort maximal. Le rapport E/e′ a été calculé, la valeur de e′ correspondant à la moyenne des mesures septales et latérales. À l’effort modéré, le rapport E/e′ a augmenté modestement, passant de 6,3 ± 1,9 à 7,3 ± 2,3 (p < 0,001) en fonction du travail et du débit cardiaque (DC), indépendamment du sexe et de l’âge. Le 95e percentile du rapport E/e′ à l’effort était de 11,8. La pente du rapport E/e′/DC était de 0,4 ± 1,2/L/min. La pente du rapport VRT/DC était de 10,8 ± 11,5 cm/s/L/min. La limite supérieure de l’intervalle de confiance à 95 % des pentes E/e′/DC et VRT/DC était de 0,6/L/min et de 13,1 cm/s/L/min, respectivement, soit un E/e′ de 13,2 et une VRT de 3,4 m/s à un DC de 15 L/min. Chez des sujets adultes en bonne santé, le rapport E/e′ a légèrement augmenté pendant l’effort modéré. Les valeurs E/e′ et VRT dépendent toutes deux de l’intensité de l’effort et seraient donc mieux exprimées comme une fonction du débit cardiaque pour le diagnostic d’une réponse diastolique VG normale ou anormale à l’effort. [Display omitted]
Background: Exercise transthoracic Doppler echocardiography (TTE) is considered suggestive of left ventricular (LV) diastolic dysfunction when the ratio of mitral Doppler E to tissue Doppler e′ waves is >15 with or without a peak tricuspid regurgitation velocity (TRV) >3.4 m/s. However, these measurements may be affected by exercise intensity. The aim of the study was to define the normal limits of LV diastolic function indices during exercise TTE. Methods: One hundred ninety-two healthy adults (47% females, aged 16-76 years) underwent resting and exercise TTE on a semirecumbent cycle ergometer. LV diastolic measurements were acquired at baseline and midlevel exercise (heart rate ≤110 bpm) fusion of E and A waves. TRV was acquired at rest and at peak exercise. The E/e′ ratio was calculated with e′ as the average of septal and lateral measurements. Results: At midlevel exercise, E/e′ increased modestly from 6.3 ± 1.9 to 7.3 ± 2.3 (P < 0.001) as a function of workload and cardiac output (CO), independently of sex and age. The 95th percentile of exercise E/e′ was 11.8. The slope of E/e′/CO was 0.4 ± 1.2/L/min. The slope of TRV/CO was 10.8 ± 11.5 cm/s/L/min. The upper 95% confidence interval of the E/e′/CO and TRV/CO slopes were 0.6/L/min and 13.1 cm/s/L/min, corresponding to an E/e′ of 13.2 and a TRV of 3.4 m/s at a CO of 15 L/min. Conclusions: In healthy adult subjects, E/e′ slightly increased during midlevel exercise. Both E/e′ and TRV are exercise intensity-dependent and would therefore be better expressed as a function of CO for the diagnosis of normal vs abnormal LV diastolic response to exercise. Résumé: Contexte: L’échocardiographie Doppler transthoracique (ETT) à l’effort est considérée comme évoquant une dysfonction diastolique ventriculaire gauche (VG) lorsque le rapport entre l’onde E du Doppler mitral et l’onde e′ du Doppler tissulaire est supérieur à 15 avec ou sans un pic de vitesse de régurgitation tricuspidienne (VRT) supérieur à 3,4 m/s. Cependant, ces mesures peuvent être influencées par l’intensité de l’effort. L’étude visait à définir les limites normales des indices de la fonction diastolique VG pendant l’ETT à l’effort. Méthodologie: Cent quatre-vingt-douze adultes en bonne santé (47 % de femmes; de 16 à 76 ans) ont été soumis à une ETT au repos et à l’effort sur un ergocycle en position semi-allongée. Les mesures diastoliques VG ont été prises au départ et à l’effort modéré (fréquence cardiaque ≤ 110 bpm) en fusion des ondes E et A. La VRT a été mesurée au repos et à l’effort maximal. Le rapport E/e′ a été calculé, la valeur de e′ correspondant à la moyenne des mesures septales et latérales. Résultats: À l’effort modéré, le rapport E/e′ a augmenté modestement, passant de 6,3 ± 1,9 à 7,3 ± 2,3 (p < 0,001) en fonction du travail et du débit cardiaque (DC), indépendamment du sexe et de l’âge. Le 95e percentile du rapport E/e′ à l’effort était de 11,8. La pente du rapport E/e′/DC était de 0,4 ± 1,2/L/min. La pente du rapport VRT/DC était de 10,8 ± 11,5 cm/s/L/min. La limite supérieure de l’intervalle de confiance à 95 % des pentes E/e′/DC et VRT/DC était de 0,6/L/min et de 13,1 cm/s/L/min, respectivement, soit un E/e′ de 13,2 et une VRT de 3,4 m/s à un DC de 15 L/min. Conclusions: Chez des sujets adultes en bonne santé, le rapport E/e′ a légèrement augmenté pendant l’effort modéré. Les valeurs E/e′ et VRT dépendent toutes deux de l’intensité de l’effort et seraient donc mieux exprimées comme une fonction du débit cardiaque pour le diagnostic d’une réponse diastolique VG normale ou anormale à l’effort.
AbstractBackgroundExercise transthoracic Doppler echocardiography (TTE) is considered suggestive of left ventricular (LV) diastolic dysfunction when the ratio of mitral Doppler E to tissue Doppler e′ waves is >15 with or without a peak tricuspid regurgitation velocity (TRV) >3.4 m/s. However, these measurements may be affected by exercise intensity. The aim of the study was to define the normal limits of LV diastolic function indices during exercise TTE. MethodsOne hundred ninety-two healthy adults (47% females, aged 16-76 years) underwent resting and exercise TTE on a semirecumbent cycle ergometer. LV diastolic measurements were acquired at baseline and midlevel exercise (heart rate ≤110 bpm) fusion of E and A waves. TRV was acquired at rest and at peak exercise. The E/e′ ratio was calculated with e′ as the average of septal and lateral measurements. ResultsAt midlevel exercise, E/e′ increased modestly from 6.3 ± 1.9 to 7.3 ± 2.3 ( P < 0.001) as a function of workload and cardiac output (CO), independently of sex and age. The 95th percentile of exercise E/e′ was 11.8. The slope of E/e′/CO was 0.4 ± 1.2/L/min. The slope of TRV/CO was 10.8 ± 11.5 cm/s/L/min. The upper 95% confidence interval of the E/e′/CO and TRV/CO slopes were 0.6/L/min and 13.1 cm/s/L/min, corresponding to an E/e′ of 13.2 and a TRV of 3.4 m/s at a CO of 15 L/min. ConclusionsIn healthy adult subjects, E/e′ slightly increased during midlevel exercise. Both E/e′ and TRV are exercise intensity-dependent and would therefore be better expressed as a function of CO for the diagnosis of normal vs abnormal LV diastolic response to exercise.
Exercise transthoracic Doppler echocardiography (TTE) is considered suggestive of left ventricular (LV) diastolic dysfunction when the ratio of mitral Doppler E to tissue Doppler e' waves is >15 with or without a peak tricuspid regurgitation velocity (TRV) >3.4 m/s. However, these measurements may be affected by exercise intensity. The aim of the study was to define the normal limits of LV diastolic function indices during exercise TTE.BackgroundExercise transthoracic Doppler echocardiography (TTE) is considered suggestive of left ventricular (LV) diastolic dysfunction when the ratio of mitral Doppler E to tissue Doppler e' waves is >15 with or without a peak tricuspid regurgitation velocity (TRV) >3.4 m/s. However, these measurements may be affected by exercise intensity. The aim of the study was to define the normal limits of LV diastolic function indices during exercise TTE.One hundred ninety-two healthy adults (47% females, aged 16-76 years) underwent resting and exercise TTE on a semirecumbent cycle ergometer. LV diastolic measurements were acquired at baseline and midlevel exercise (heart rate ≤110 bpm) fusion of E and A waves. TRV was acquired at rest and at peak exercise. The E/e' ratio was calculated with e' as the average of septal and lateral measurements.MethodsOne hundred ninety-two healthy adults (47% females, aged 16-76 years) underwent resting and exercise TTE on a semirecumbent cycle ergometer. LV diastolic measurements were acquired at baseline and midlevel exercise (heart rate ≤110 bpm) fusion of E and A waves. TRV was acquired at rest and at peak exercise. The E/e' ratio was calculated with e' as the average of septal and lateral measurements.At midlevel exercise, E/e' increased modestly from 6.3 ± 1.9 to 7.3 ± 2.3 (P < 0.001) as a function of workload and cardiac output (CO), independently of sex and age. The 95th percentile of exercise E/e' was 11.8. The slope of E/e'/CO was 0.4 ± 1.2/L/min. The slope of TRV/CO was 10.8 ± 11.5 cm/s/L/min. The upper 95% confidence interval of the E/e'/CO and TRV/CO slopes were 0.6/L/min and 13.1 cm/s/L/min, corresponding to an E/e' of 13.2 and a TRV of 3.4 m/s at a CO of 15 L/min.ResultsAt midlevel exercise, E/e' increased modestly from 6.3 ± 1.9 to 7.3 ± 2.3 (P < 0.001) as a function of workload and cardiac output (CO), independently of sex and age. The 95th percentile of exercise E/e' was 11.8. The slope of E/e'/CO was 0.4 ± 1.2/L/min. The slope of TRV/CO was 10.8 ± 11.5 cm/s/L/min. The upper 95% confidence interval of the E/e'/CO and TRV/CO slopes were 0.6/L/min and 13.1 cm/s/L/min, corresponding to an E/e' of 13.2 and a TRV of 3.4 m/s at a CO of 15 L/min.In healthy adult subjects, E/e' slightly increased during midlevel exercise. Both E/e' and TRV are exercise intensity-dependent and would therefore be better expressed as a function of CO for the diagnosis of normal vs abnormal LV diastolic response to exercise.ConclusionsIn healthy adult subjects, E/e' slightly increased during midlevel exercise. Both E/e' and TRV are exercise intensity-dependent and would therefore be better expressed as a function of CO for the diagnosis of normal vs abnormal LV diastolic response to exercise.
Author Marra, Alberto
Agoston, Gergely
Grünig, Ekkehard
Lacava, Graziella
Carbone, Andreina
Ferrara, Francesco
Rega, Salvatore
Visco, Valeria
D'Alto, Michele
Franzese, Monica
Passaro, Emanuela
Cittadini, Antonio
Mazzola, Matteo
Pugliese, Nicola Riccardo
Ghio, Stefano
Castaldo, Rossana
D'Agostino, Anna
Kasprzak, Jarosław D.
Vriz, Olga
Citro, Rodolfo
Argiento, Paola
D’Andrea, Antonello
Limongelli, Giuseppe
Gargani, Luna
Wierzbowska-Drabik, Karina
Guazzi, Marco
Bossone, Eduardo
Naeije, Robert
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  surname: Ferrara
  fullname: Ferrara, Francesco
  organization: Cardio-Thoracic-Vascular Department, University Hospital “San Giovanni Di Dio E Ruggi D'Aragona,” Salerno, Italy
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  surname: Carbone
  fullname: Carbone, Andreina
  organization: Cardiology Unit, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
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  givenname: Luna
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  fullname: Gargani, Luna
  organization: Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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  givenname: Rossana
  surname: Castaldo
  fullname: Castaldo, Rossana
  organization: IRCCS Synlab SDN, Naples, Italy
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  surname: Argiento
  fullname: Argiento, Paola
  organization: Department of Cardiology, Monaldi Hospital–Naples, Italy
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  surname: Agoston
  fullname: Agoston, Gergely
  organization: Institute of Family Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
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  givenname: Rodolfo
  surname: Citro
  fullname: Citro, Rodolfo
  organization: Cardio-Thoracic-Vascular Department, University Hospital “San Giovanni Di Dio E Ruggi D'Aragona,” Salerno, Italy
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  organization: IRCCS Synlab SDN, Naples, Italy
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  givenname: Antonello
  surname: D’Andrea
  fullname: D’Andrea, Antonello
  organization: Department of Cardiology, Umberto I Hospital Nocera Inferiore, Nocera Inferiore, Italy
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  givenname: Michele
  surname: D'Alto
  fullname: D'Alto, Michele
  organization: Department of Cardiology, Monaldi Hospital–Naples, Italy
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  givenname: Monica
  surname: Franzese
  fullname: Franzese, Monica
  organization: IRCCS Synlab SDN, Naples, Italy
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  organization: Division of Cardiology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
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  givenname: Ekkehard
  surname: Grünig
  fullname: Grünig, Ekkehard
  organization: Center of Pulmonary Hypertension, Thoraxklinik Heidelberg at Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
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  givenname: Marco
  surname: Guazzi
  fullname: Guazzi, Marco
  organization: University of Milano School of Medicine, Department of Biological Sciences, Milano, Italy
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  givenname: Jarosław D.
  surname: Kasprzak
  fullname: Kasprzak, Jarosław D.
  organization: Department of Cardiology, Bieganski Hospital, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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  givenname: Graziella
  surname: Lacava
  fullname: Lacava, Graziella
  organization: Anesthesia and Intensive Care, University Hospital "San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d'Aragona," Salerno, Italy
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  givenname: Giuseppe
  surname: Limongelli
  fullname: Limongelli, Giuseppe
  organization: Inherited and Heart Disease Unit, Monaldi Hospital, A.O. Colli (University of Campania 'Luigi Vanvitelli'), Naples, Italy
– sequence: 18
  givenname: Alberto
  surname: Marra
  fullname: Marra, Alberto
  organization: Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II,” Naples, Italy
– sequence: 19
  givenname: Matteo
  surname: Mazzola
  fullname: Mazzola, Matteo
  organization: Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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  givenname: Emanuela
  surname: Passaro
  fullname: Passaro, Emanuela
  organization: IRCCS Synlab SDN, Naples, Italy
– sequence: 21
  givenname: Nicola Riccardo
  surname: Pugliese
  fullname: Pugliese, Nicola Riccardo
  organization: Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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  givenname: Salvatore
  surname: Rega
  fullname: Rega, Salvatore
  organization: Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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  givenname: Valeria
  surname: Visco
  fullname: Visco, Valeria
  organization: Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana," University of Salerno, Baronissi, Italy
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  surname: Vriz
  fullname: Vriz, Olga
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  givenname: Karina
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  fullname: Wierzbowska-Drabik, Karina
  organization: Department of Internal Diseases and Clinical Pharmacology, Bieganski Hospital, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
– sequence: 26
  givenname: Antonio
  surname: Cittadini
  fullname: Cittadini, Antonio
  organization: Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II,” Naples, Italy
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  givenname: Eduardo
  surname: Bossone
  fullname: Bossone, Eduardo
  email: eduardo.bossone@unina.it
  organization: Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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  givenname: Robert
  surname: Naeije
  fullname: Naeije, Robert
  organization: Free University of Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
BackLink https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/40182403$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
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Snippet Exercise transthoracic Doppler echocardiography (TTE) is considered suggestive of left ventricular (LV) diastolic dysfunction when the ratio of mitral Doppler...
AbstractBackgroundExercise transthoracic Doppler echocardiography (TTE) is considered suggestive of left ventricular (LV) diastolic dysfunction when the ratio...
Background: Exercise transthoracic Doppler echocardiography (TTE) is considered suggestive of left ventricular (LV) diastolic dysfunction when the ratio of...
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SubjectTerms Cardiovascular
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Title Exercise Echocardiography of Left Ventricular Diastolic Function in Healthy Subjects: Insights From the RIGHT-NET
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