Unveiling below-ground species abundance in a biodiversity experiment: a test of vertical niche differentiation among grassland species
1. Plant diversity has profound effects on primary production. Plant diversity has been shown to correlate with increased primary production in nutrient-limited grassland ecosystems. This overyielding has been attributed to vertical niche differentiation among species below-ground, allowing for comp...
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| Published in | The Journal of ecology Vol. 98; no. 5; pp. 1117 - 1127 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , , , , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
Oxford, UK
Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
01.09.2010
Blackwell Publishing Blackwell Publishing Ltd Blackwell |
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
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| Abstract | 1. Plant diversity has profound effects on primary production. Plant diversity has been shown to correlate with increased primary production in nutrient-limited grassland ecosystems. This overyielding has been attributed to vertical niche differentiation among species below-ground, allowing for complementarity in resource capture. However, a rigorous test of this longstanding hypothesis is lacking because roots of different species could not be distinguished in diverse communities. 2. Here, we present the first application of a DNA-based technique that quantifies species abundances in multispecies root samples. We were thus able to compare root distributions in monocultures of two grasses and two forbs with root distributions in four-species mixtures. In order to investigate if vertical niche differentiation is driven by soil nutrient depletion, the topsoil layer of the communities were either nutrient-rich or -poor. 3. Immediately in the first year, 40% more root biomass was produced in mixtures than expected from the monocultures, together with significant below-ground complementarity effects, probably preceding above-ground overyielding. This below-ground overyielding appeared not to be the result of vertical niche differentiation, as rooting depth of the community tended to decrease, rather than increase in mixtures compared to monocultures. Roots thus tended to clump in the very dense topsoil layer rather than segregate over the whole profile in mixtures. The below-ground overyielding was mainly driven by enhanced root investments of one species, Anthoxanthum odoratum, in the densely rooted topsoil layer without retarding the growth of the other species. 4. Synthesis. Conventional ecological mechanisms, such as competition for nutrients, do not seem to be able to explain the increased root investments of A. odoratum in mixtures compared to monocultures, with apparently little effect on the root growth of the other species. Instead, the observed root responses are consistent with species-specific root recognition responses. From a community perspective, the observed early below-ground overyielding may initiate the recently reported increased soil organic matter, mineralization and N availability and thus may ultimately be responsible for the higher productivity at high plant species diversity. |
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| AbstractList | 1. Plant diversity has profound effects on primary production. Plant diversity has been shown to correlate with increased primary production in nutrient-limited grassland ecosystems. This overyielding has been attributed to vertical niche differentiation among species below-ground, allowing for complementarity in resource capture. However, a rigorous test of this longstanding hypothesis is lacking because roots of different species could not be distinguished in diverse communities. 2. Here, we present the first application of a DNA-based technique that quantifies species abundances in multispecies root samples. We were thus able to compare root distributions in monocultures of two grasses and two forbs with root distributions in four-species mixtures. In order to investigate if vertical niche differentiation is driven by soil nutrient depletion, the topsoil layer of the communities were either nutrient-rich or -poor. 3. Immediately in the first year, 40% more root biomass was produced in mixtures than expected from the monocultures, together with significant below-ground complementarity effects, probably preceding above-ground overyielding. This below-ground overyielding appeared not to be the result of vertical niche differentiation, as rooting depth of the community tended to decrease, rather than increase in mixtures compared to monocultures. Roots thus tended to clump in the very dense topsoil layer rather than segregate over the whole profile in mixtures. The below-ground overyielding was mainly driven by enhanced root investments of one species, Anthoxanthum odoratum, in the densely rooted topsoil layer without retarding the growth of the other species. 4. Synthesis. Conventional ecological mechanisms, such as competition for nutrients, do not seem to be able to explain the increased root investments of A. odoratum in mixtures compared to monocultures, with apparently little effect on the root growth of the other species. Instead, the observed root responses are consistent with species-specific root recognition responses. From a community perspective, the observed early below-ground overyielding may initiate the recently reported increased soil organic matter, mineralization and N availability and thus may ultimately be responsible for the higher productivity at high plant species diversity. Summary 1. Plant diversity has profound effects on primary production. Plant diversity has been shown to correlate with increased primary production in nutrient‐limited grassland ecosystems. This overyielding has been attributed to vertical niche differentiation among species below‐ground, allowing for complementarity in resource capture. However, a rigorous test of this longstanding hypothesis is lacking because roots of different species could not be distinguished in diverse communities. 2. Here, we present the first application of a DNA‐based technique that quantifies species abundances in multispecies root samples. We were thus able to compare root distributions in monocultures of two grasses and two forbs with root distributions in four‐species mixtures. In order to investigate if vertical niche differentiation is driven by soil nutrient depletion, the topsoil layer of the communities were either nutrient‐rich or ‐poor. 3. Immediately in the first year, 40% more root biomass was produced in mixtures than expected from the monocultures, together with significant below‐ground complementarity effects, probably preceding above‐ground overyielding. This below‐ground overyielding appeared not to be the result of vertical niche differentiation, as rooting depth of the community tended to decrease, rather than increase in mixtures compared to monocultures. Roots thus tended to clump in the very dense topsoil layer rather than segregate over the whole profile in mixtures. The below‐ground overyielding was mainly driven by enhanced root investments of one species, Anthoxanthum odoratum, in the densely rooted topsoil layer without retarding the growth of the other species. 4. Synthesis. Conventional ecological mechanisms, such as competition for nutrients, do not seem to be able to explain the increased root investments of A. odoratum in mixtures compared to monocultures, with apparently little effect on the root growth of the other species. Instead, the observed root responses are consistent with species‐specific root recognition responses. From a community perspective, the observed early below‐ground overyielding may initiate the recently reported increased soil organic matter, mineralization and N availability and thus may ultimately be responsible for the higher productivity at high plant species diversity. Plant diversity has profound effects on primary production. Plant diversity has been shown to correlate with increased primary production in nutrient-limited grassland ecosystems. This overyielding has been attributed to vertical niche differentiation among species below-ground, allowing for complementarity in resource capture. However, a rigorous test of this longstanding hypothesis is lacking because roots of different species could not be distinguished in diverse communities. Here, we present the first application of a DNA-based technique that quantifies species abundances in multispecies root samples. We were thus able to compare root distributions in monocultures of two grasses and two forbs with root distributions in four-species mixtures. In order to investigate if vertical niche differentiation is driven by soil nutrient depletion, the topsoil layer of the communities were either nutrient-rich or -poor. Immediately in the first year, 40% more root biomass was produced in mixtures than expected from the monocultures, together with significant below-ground complementarity effects, probably preceding above-ground overyielding. This below-ground overyielding appeared not to be the result of vertical niche differentiation, as rooting depth of the community tended to decrease, rather than increase in mixtures compared to monocultures. Roots thus tended to clump in the very dense topsoil layer rather than segregate over the whole profile in mixtures. The below-ground overyielding was mainly driven by enhanced root investments of one species, Anthoxanthum odoratum, in the densely rooted topsoil layer without retarding the growth of the other species. Conventional ecological mechanisms, such as competition for nutrients, do not seem to be able to explain the increased root investments of A. odoratum in mixtures compared to monocultures, with apparently little effect on the root growth of the other species. Instead, the observed root responses are consistent with species-specific root recognition responses. From a community perspective, the observed early below-ground overyielding may initiate the recently reported increased soil organic matter, mineralization and N availability and thus may ultimately be responsible for the higher productivity at high plant species diversity. 1. Plant diversity has profound effects on primary production. Plant diversity has been shown to correlate with increased primary production in nutrient‐limited grassland ecosystems. This overyielding has been attributed to vertical niche differentiation among species below‐ground, allowing for complementarity in resource capture. However, a rigorous test of this longstanding hypothesis is lacking because roots of different species could not be distinguished in diverse communities. 2. Here, we present the first application of a DNA‐based technique that quantifies species abundances in multispecies root samples. We were thus able to compare root distributions in monocultures of two grasses and two forbs with root distributions in four‐species mixtures. In order to investigate if vertical niche differentiation is driven by soil nutrient depletion, the topsoil layer of the communities were either nutrient‐rich or ‐poor. 3. Immediately in the first year, 40% more root biomass was produced in mixtures than expected from the monocultures, together with significant below‐ground complementarity effects, probably preceding above‐ground overyielding. This below‐ground overyielding appeared not to be the result of vertical niche differentiation, as rooting depth of the community tended to decrease, rather than increase in mixtures compared to monocultures. Roots thus tended to clump in the very dense topsoil layer rather than segregate over the whole profile in mixtures. The below‐ground overyielding was mainly driven by enhanced root investments of one species, Anthoxanthum odoratum , in the densely rooted topsoil layer without retarding the growth of the other species. 4. Synthesis . Conventional ecological mechanisms, such as competition for nutrients, do not seem to be able to explain the increased root investments of A. odoratum in mixtures compared to monocultures, with apparently little effect on the root growth of the other species. Instead, the observed root responses are consistent with species‐specific root recognition responses. From a community perspective, the observed early below‐ground overyielding may initiate the recently reported increased soil organic matter, mineralization and N availability and thus may ultimately be responsible for the higher productivity at high plant species diversity. Summary1.Plant diversity has profound effects on primary production. Plant diversity has been shown to correlate with increased primary production in nutrient-limited grassland ecosystems. This overyielding has been attributed to vertical niche differentiation among species below-ground, allowing for complementarity in resource capture. However, a rigorous test of this longstanding hypothesis is lacking because roots of different species could not be distinguished in diverse communities.2.Here, we present the first application of a DNA-based technique that quantifies species abundances in multispecies root samples. We were thus able to compare root distributions in monocultures of two grasses and two forbs with root distributions in four-species mixtures. In order to investigate if vertical niche differentiation is driven by soil nutrient depletion, the topsoil layer of the communities were either nutrient-rich or -poor.3.Immediately in the first year, 40% more root biomass was produced in mixtures than expected from the monocultures, together with significant below-ground complementarity effects, probably preceding above-ground overyielding. This below-ground overyielding appeared not to be the result of vertical niche differentiation, as rooting depth of the community tended to decrease, rather than increase in mixtures compared to monocultures. Roots thus tended to clump in the very dense topsoil layer rather than segregate over the whole profile in mixtures. The below-ground overyielding was mainly driven by enhanced root investments of one species, Anthoxanthum odoratum, in the densely rooted topsoil layer without retarding the growth of the other species.4. |
| Author | Joop Ouborg, N van der Weerden, Gerard M Wagemaker, Cornelis A.M Smit-Tiekstra, Annemiek E Mommer, Liesje van Ruijven, Jasper Bögemann, Gerard M Berendse, Frank de Caluwe, Hannie de Kroon, Hans |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 fullname: Mommer, Liesje – sequence: 2 fullname: van Ruijven, Jasper – sequence: 3 fullname: de Caluwe, Hannie – sequence: 4 fullname: Smit-Tiekstra, Annemiek E – sequence: 5 fullname: Wagemaker, Cornelis A.M – sequence: 6 fullname: Joop Ouborg, N – sequence: 7 fullname: Bögemann, Gerard M – sequence: 8 fullname: van der Weerden, Gerard M – sequence: 9 fullname: Berendse, Frank – sequence: 10 fullname: de Kroon, Hans |
| BackLink | http://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=23202942$$DView record in Pascal Francis |
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| ContentType | Journal Article |
| Copyright | 2010 British Ecological Society 2010 The Authors. Journal compilation © 2010 British Ecological Society 2015 INIST-CNRS Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Sep 2010 Wageningen University & Research |
| Copyright_xml | – notice: 2010 British Ecological Society – notice: 2010 The Authors. Journal compilation © 2010 British Ecological Society – notice: 2015 INIST-CNRS – notice: Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Sep 2010 – notice: Wageningen University & Research |
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| Keywords | Grassland Community structure niche differentiation Root Plant community Interaction root interactions Ecology nutrient depletion Biodiversity root ecology Depletion species interactions Ecological niche Nutrient Ecosystem functioning Differentiation determinants of plant community diversity and structure Ecological abundance Interspecific relation |
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| Snippet | 1. Plant diversity has profound effects on primary production. Plant diversity has been shown to correlate with increased primary production in... Summary 1. Plant diversity has profound effects on primary production. Plant diversity has been shown to correlate with increased primary production in... 1. Plant diversity has profound effects on primary production. Plant diversity has been shown to correlate with increased primary production in... Plant diversity has profound effects on primary production. Plant diversity has been shown to correlate with increased primary production in nutrient-limited... Summary1.Plant diversity has profound effects on primary production. Plant diversity has been shown to correlate with increased primary production in... |
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| SubjectTerms | Animal and plant ecology Animal, plant and microbial ecology Anthoxanthum odoratum Biodiversity Biological and medical sciences biomass complementarity Deoxyribonucleic acid Determinants of plant community diversity and structure DNA Ecology ecosystem functioning ecosystems Flowers & plants forbs Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology General aspects Grasses Grasslands Human ecology interspecific competition microbial communities Mineralization Monoculture niche differentiation Niches nutrient depletion nutrients Organic matter pathogens Plant diversity Plant ecology Plant growth Plant roots Plant species Plants Primary production primary productivity productivity rhizosphere root competition root ecology root growth root interactions rooting Roots Soil ecology soil feedbacks Soil nutrients Soil organic matter Soils Species Species diversity species interactions Topsoil |
| Title | Unveiling below-ground species abundance in a biodiversity experiment: a test of vertical niche differentiation among grassland species |
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