Snf1‐related protein kinases SnRK2.4 and SnRK2.10 are involved in maintenance of root system architecture during salt stress

• Published in: The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology Vol. 72; no. 3; pp. 436 - 449
• Main Authors: McLoughlin, Fionn, Galvan‐Ampudia, Carlos S, Julkowska, Magdalena M, Caarls, Lotte, van der Does, Dieuwertje, Laurière, Christiane, Munnik, Teun, Haring, Michel A, Testerink, Christa
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Oxford, UK Blackwell Publishing Ltd 01.11.2012; Blackwell
• Subjects: Arabidopsis; Arabidopsis - cytology; Arabidopsis - drug effects; Arabidopsis - genetics; Arabidopsis - physiology; Arabidopsis Proteins - genetics; Arabidopsis Proteins - metabolism; Arabidopsis thaliana; Biological and medical sciences; cellular membrane targeting; centrifugation; cytosol; Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Germination; Hydroponics; Kinases; knockout mutants; lateral root emergence; Models, Molecular; Mutation; Organ Specificity; Original; osmotic stress; Phenotype; Phosphatidic Acids - metabolism; phospholipids; Phosphorylation; Plant biology; Plant physiology and development; Plant Roots - cytology; Plant Roots - drug effects; Plant Roots - genetics; Plant Roots - physiology; Plant Vascular Bundle; Plants, Genetically Modified; primary root growth; promoter regions; Protein Binding; protein kinase activity; protein kinases; Protein Kinases - genetics; Protein Kinases - metabolism; Protein Transport; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases - genetics; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases - metabolism; Proteins; recruitment; root growth; root primordia; root systems; Salinity; salinity stress; salt stress; Signal Transduction; Snf1‐related protein kinase; Sodium Chloride - pharmacology; Stress response; Stress, Physiological; Sucrose; Snf1-related protein kinase; Architecture; Targeting; Root; Enzyme; Growth; Transferases; Lateral; Non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase; salinity stress; protein kinase activity; Stress; Salinity; Arabidopsis thaliana; Salt; lateral root emergence; cellular membrane targeting; Cruciferae; Dicotyledones; Angiospermae; Membrane; Spermatophyta; primary root growth
• ISSN: 0960-7412; 1365-313X
• DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2012.05089.x

The sucrose non‐fermenting‐1‐related protein kinase 2 (SnRK2) family represents a unique family of plant‐specific protein kinases implicated in cellular signalling in response to osmotic stress. In our studies, we observed that two class 1 SnRK2 kinases, SnRK2.4 and SnRK2.10, are rapidly and transiently activated in Arabidopsis roots after exposure to salt. Under saline conditions, snrk2.4 knockout mutants had a reduced primary root length, while snrk2.10 mutants exhibited a reduction in the number of lateral roots. The reduced lateral root density was found to be a combinatory effect of a decrease in the number of lateral root primordia and an increase in the number of arrested lateral root primordia. The phenotypes were in agreement with the observed expression patterns of genomic yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) fusions of SnRK2.10 and ‐2.4, under control of their native promoter sequences. SnRK2.10 was found to be expressed in the vascular tissue at the base of a developing lateral root, whereas SnRK2.4 was expressed throughout the root, with higher expression in the vascular system. Salt stress triggered a rapid re‐localization of SnRK2.4–YFP from the cytosol to punctate structures in root epidermal cells. Differential centrifugation experiments of isolated Arabidopsis root proteins confirmed recruitment of endogenous SnRK2.4/2.10 to membranes upon exposure to salt, supporting their observed binding affinity for the phospholipid phosphatidic acid. Together, our results reveal a role for SnRK2.4 and ‐2.10 in root growth and architecture in saline conditions.