Vibrotactile auricular vagus nerve stimulation alters limbic system connectivity in humans: A pilot study

Vibration offers a potential alternative modality for transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS). However, mechanisms of action are not well-defined. The goal of this pilot study was to evaluate the potential of vibrotactile stimulation of the outer ear as a method for activating centr...

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Published inPloS one Vol. 20; no. 5; p. e0310917
Main Authors Donovan, Kara M., Adams, Joshua D., Park, Ki Yun, Demarest, Phillip, Tan, Gansheng, Willie, Jon T., Brunner, Peter, Gorlewicz, Jenna L., Leuthardt, Eric C.
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published United States Public Library of Science 29.05.2025
Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Subjects
Adult
Amygdala
Biology and Life Sciences
Brain
Broadband
Care and treatment
Clinical trials
Cognition & reasoning
Coherence
Drug Resistant Epilepsy - physiopathology
Drug Resistant Epilepsy - therapy
EEG
Electrodes
Electroencephalography
Engineering and Technology
Epilepsy
Female
Frequencies
Health aspects
Human subjects
Humans
Limbic system
Limbic System - physiology
Limbic System - physiopathology
Male
Medicine and Health Sciences
Memory
Methods
Middle Aged
Nerves
Neural networks
Physical Sciences
Physiological aspects
Pilot Projects
Stimulation
Tactile stimuli
Vagus nerve
Vagus Nerve - physiology
Vagus nerve stimulation
Vagus Nerve Stimulation - methods
Vibration
Vibration monitoring
Vibrations
Young Adult
United States
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Abstract Vibration offers a potential alternative modality for transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS). However, mechanisms of action are not well-defined. The goal of this pilot study was to evaluate the potential of vibrotactile stimulation of the outer ear as a method for activating central brain regions similarly to established vagal nerve stimulation methods. Seven patients with intractable epilepsy undergoing stereotactic electroencephalography (sEEG) monitoring participated in the study. Vibrotactile taVNS was administered across five vibration frequencies (2, 6, 12, 20, and 40 Hz) following a randomized stimulation pattern with 30 trials per frequency. Spectral coherence during stimulation was analyzed across theta (4–8 Hz), alpha (8–13 Hz), beta (13–30 Hz), and broadband gamma (70–170 Hz) frequency bands. At the group level, vibrotactile taVNS significantly increased coherence in theta (effect sizes 6 Hz: r = 0.311; 20 Hz: r = 0.316; 40 Hz: r = 0.264) and alpha bands (effect sizes 20 Hz: r = 0.455; 40 Hz: r = 0.402). Anatomically, multiple limbic brain regions exhibited increased coherence during taVNS compared to baseline. The percentage of total electrode pairs demonstrating increased coherence was also quantified at the individual level. Twenty Hz vibration resulted in the highest percentage of responder pairs across low-frequency coherence measures, with a group-average of 33% of electrode pairs responding, though inter-subject variability was present. Overall, vibrotactile taVNS induced significant low-frequency coherence increases involving several limbic system structures. Further, parametric characterization revealed the presence of inter-subject variability in terms of identifying the vibration frequency with the greatest coherence response. These findings encourage continued research into vibrotactile stimulation as an alternative modality for noninvasive vagus nerve stimulation.
AbstractList Vibration offers a potential alternative modality for transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS). However, mechanisms of action are not well-defined. The goal of this pilot study was to evaluate the potential of vibrotactile stimulation of the outer ear as a method for activating central brain regions similarly to established vagal nerve stimulation methods. Seven patients with intractable epilepsy undergoing stereotactic electroencephalography (sEEG) monitoring participated in the study. Vibrotactile taVNS was administered across five vibration frequencies (2, 6, 12, 20, and 40 Hz) following a randomized stimulation pattern with 30 trials per frequency. Spectral coherence during stimulation was analyzed across theta (4-8 Hz), alpha (8-13 Hz), beta (13-30 Hz), and broadband gamma (70-170 Hz) frequency bands. At the group level, vibrotactile taVNS significantly increased coherence in theta (effect sizes 6 Hz: r = 0.311; 20 Hz: r = 0.316; 40 Hz: r = 0.264) and alpha bands (effect sizes 20 Hz: r = 0.455; 40 Hz: r = 0.402). Anatomically, multiple limbic brain regions exhibited increased coherence during taVNS compared to baseline. The percentage of total electrode pairs demonstrating increased coherence was also quantified at the individual level. Twenty Hz vibration resulted in the highest percentage of responder pairs across low-frequency coherence measures, with a group-average of 33% of electrode pairs responding, though inter-subject variability was present. Overall, vibrotactile taVNS induced significant low-frequency coherence increases involving several limbic system structures. Further, parametric characterization revealed the presence of inter-subject variability in terms of identifying the vibration frequency with the greatest coherence response. These findings encourage continued research into vibrotactile stimulation as an alternative modality for noninvasive vagus nerve stimulation.
Vibration offers a potential alternative modality for transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS). However, mechanisms of action are not well-defined. The goal of this pilot study was to evaluate the potential of vibrotactile stimulation of the outer ear as a method for activating central brain regions similarly to established vagal nerve stimulation methods. Seven patients with intractable epilepsy undergoing stereotactic electroencephalography (sEEG) monitoring participated in the study. Vibrotactile taVNS was administered across five vibration frequencies (2, 6, 12, 20, and 40 Hz) following a randomized stimulation pattern with 30 trials per frequency. Spectral coherence during stimulation was analyzed across theta (4-8 Hz), alpha (8-13 Hz), beta (13-30 Hz), and broadband gamma (70-170 Hz) frequency bands. At the group level, vibrotactile taVNS significantly increased coherence in theta (effect sizes 6 Hz: r = 0.311; 20 Hz: r = 0.316; 40 Hz: r = 0.264) and alpha bands (effect sizes 20 Hz: r = 0.455; 40 Hz: r = 0.402). Anatomically, multiple limbic brain regions exhibited increased coherence during taVNS compared to baseline. The percentage of total electrode pairs demonstrating increased coherence was also quantified at the individual level. Twenty Hz vibration resulted in the highest percentage of responder pairs across low-frequency coherence measures, with a group-average of 33% of electrode pairs responding, though inter-subject variability was present. Overall, vibrotactile taVNS induced significant low-frequency coherence increases involving several limbic system structures. Further, parametric characterization revealed the presence of inter-subject variability in terms of identifying the vibration frequency with the greatest coherence response. These findings encourage continued research into vibrotactile stimulation as an alternative modality for noninvasive vagus nerve stimulation.Vibration offers a potential alternative modality for transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS). However, mechanisms of action are not well-defined. The goal of this pilot study was to evaluate the potential of vibrotactile stimulation of the outer ear as a method for activating central brain regions similarly to established vagal nerve stimulation methods. Seven patients with intractable epilepsy undergoing stereotactic electroencephalography (sEEG) monitoring participated in the study. Vibrotactile taVNS was administered across five vibration frequencies (2, 6, 12, 20, and 40 Hz) following a randomized stimulation pattern with 30 trials per frequency. Spectral coherence during stimulation was analyzed across theta (4-8 Hz), alpha (8-13 Hz), beta (13-30 Hz), and broadband gamma (70-170 Hz) frequency bands. At the group level, vibrotactile taVNS significantly increased coherence in theta (effect sizes 6 Hz: r = 0.311; 20 Hz: r = 0.316; 40 Hz: r = 0.264) and alpha bands (effect sizes 20 Hz: r = 0.455; 40 Hz: r = 0.402). Anatomically, multiple limbic brain regions exhibited increased coherence during taVNS compared to baseline. The percentage of total electrode pairs demonstrating increased coherence was also quantified at the individual level. Twenty Hz vibration resulted in the highest percentage of responder pairs across low-frequency coherence measures, with a group-average of 33% of electrode pairs responding, though inter-subject variability was present. Overall, vibrotactile taVNS induced significant low-frequency coherence increases involving several limbic system structures. Further, parametric characterization revealed the presence of inter-subject variability in terms of identifying the vibration frequency with the greatest coherence response. These findings encourage continued research into vibrotactile stimulation as an alternative modality for noninvasive vagus nerve stimulation.
Audience Academic
Author Tan, Gansheng
Brunner, Peter
Adams, Joshua D.
Park, Ki Yun
Leuthardt, Eric C.
Demarest, Phillip
Willie, Jon T.
Donovan, Kara M.
Gorlewicz, Jenna L.
AuthorAffiliation 6 Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
10 Brain Laser Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
3 Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
8 Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
2 Division of Neurotechnology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
5 Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
9 Center for Innovation in Neuroscience and Technology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, S
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BackLink https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/40440290$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
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Copyright Copyright: © 2025 Donovan et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
COPYRIGHT 2025 Public Library of Science
2025 Donovan et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.
2025 Donovan et al 2025 Donovan et al
2025 Donovan et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.
Copyright_xml – notice: Copyright: © 2025 Donovan et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
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– notice: 2025 Donovan et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.
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Competing Interests: “I have read the journal's policy and the authors of this manuscript have the following competing interests: ECL reports stock ownership in Neurolutions, Face to Face Biometrics, Caeli Vascular, Acera, Sora Neuroscience, Inner Cosmos, Kinetrix, NeuroDev, Inflexion Vascular, Aurenar, Cordance Medical, Silent Surgical, and Petal Surgical, and is a consultant for E15, Neurolutions, and Petal Surgical. He is also the CEO and Co-Founder of Aurenar. JLG has ownership in Aurenar and is the CTO and Co-Founder. Washington University owns equity in Neurolutions. This does not alter our adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.”
These authors also share senior authorship.
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Snippet Vibration offers a potential alternative modality for transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS). However, mechanisms of action are not...
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StartPage e0310917
SubjectTerms Adult
Amygdala
Biology and Life Sciences
Brain
Broadband
Care and treatment
Clinical trials
Cognition & reasoning
Coherence
Drug Resistant Epilepsy - physiopathology
Drug Resistant Epilepsy - therapy
EEG
Electrodes
Electroencephalography
Engineering and Technology
Epilepsy
Female
Frequencies
Health aspects
Human subjects
Humans
Limbic system
Limbic System - physiology
Limbic System - physiopathology
Male
Medicine and Health Sciences
Memory
Methods
Middle Aged
Nerves
Neural networks
Physical Sciences
Physiological aspects
Pilot Projects
Stimulation
Tactile stimuli
Vagus nerve
Vagus Nerve - physiology
Vagus nerve stimulation
Vagus Nerve Stimulation - methods
Vibration
Vibration monitoring
Vibrations
Young Adult
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Title Vibrotactile auricular vagus nerve stimulation alters limbic system connectivity in humans: A pilot study
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https://www.proquest.com/docview/3213835177
https://www.proquest.com/docview/3214300631
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PMC12121794
https://doaj.org/article/deba1f40371345b1853a26252abae438
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0310917
Volume 20
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