fully traits-based approach to modeling global vegetation distribution

• Published in: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences - PNAS Vol. 111; no. 38; pp. 13733 - 13738
• Main Authors: van Bodegom, Peter M., Douma, Jacob C., Verheijen, Lieneke M.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States National Academy of Sciences 23.09.2014; National Acad Sciences
• Subjects: acclimation; Adaptation, Physiological; amazonian forest; Biological Sciences; classification; Climate change; Climate models; co2; Dry forests; earth system model; economics spectrum; Ecosystem models; Environmental impact; functional traits; Global climate models; Models, Biological; photosynthesis; Plant Physiological Phenomena; plant traits; Plants; prediction; Quantitative Trait, Heritable; Vegetation; Vegetation mapping; Vegetation structure; vegetation types; trait-environment relationships; functional variation; vegetation attributes; global vegetation map; probabilistic model
• ISSN: 0027-8424; 1091-6490; 1091-6490
• DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1304551110

Dynamic Global Vegetation Models (DGVMs) are indispensable for our understanding of climate change impacts. The application of traits in DGVMs is increasingly refined. However, a comprehensive analysis of the direct impacts of trait variation on global vegetation distribution does not yet exist. Here, we present such analysis as proof of principle. We run regressions of trait observations for leaf mass per area, stem-specific density, and seed mass from a global database against multiple environmental drivers, making use of findings of global trait convergence. This analysis explained up to 52% of the global variation of traits. Global trait maps, generated by coupling the regression equations to gridded soil and climate maps, showed up to orders of magnitude variation in trait values. Subsequently, nine vegetation types were characterized by the trait combinations that they possess using Gaussian mixture density functions. The trait maps were input to these functions to determine global occurrence probabilities for each vegetation type. We prepared vegetation maps, assuming that the most probable (and thus, most suited) vegetation type at each location will be realized. This fully traits-based vegetation map predicted 42% of the observed vegetation distribution correctly. Our results indicate that a major proportion of the predictive ability of DGVMs with respect to vegetation distribution can be attained by three traits alone if traits like stem-specific density and seed mass are included. We envision that our traits-based approach, our observation-driven trait maps, and our vegetation maps may inspire a new generation of powerful traits-based DGVMs. Significance Models on vegetation dynamics are indispensable for our understanding of climate change impacts. These models contain variables describing vegetation attributes, so-called traits. However, the direct impacts of trait variation on global vegetation distribution are unknown. We derived global trait maps based on information on environmental drivers. Subsequently, we characterized nine globally representative vegetation types based on their trait combinations and could make valid predictions of their global occurrence probabilities based on trait maps. This study provides a proof of concept for the link between plant traits and vegetation types, stimulating enhanced application of trait-based approaches in vegetation modeling. We envision that our approach, our observation-driven trait maps, and vegetation maps may inspire a new generation of powerful traits-based vegetation models.