Smouldering multiple sclerosis: the ‘real MS’ - Giovannoni, Gavin; Popescu, Veronica; Wuerfel, Jens; Hellwig, Kerstin; Iacobaeus, Ellen; Jensen, Michael B.; García-Domínguez, José Manuel; Sousa, Livia; De Rossi, Nicola; Hupperts, Raymond; Fenu, Giuseppe; Bodini, Benedetta; et al. (Therapeutic advances in neurological disorders, 2022)
Keywords: alemtuzumab; Alzheimer disease; amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; antioxidant; ascorbic acid; biological marker; brain atrophy; brain damage; brain size; Bruton tyrosine kinase; carrier protein; CD68 antigen; cellular immunity; Central nervous system; clinical outcome; Clinical trials; Cognition; deferoxamine; degenerative disease; demyelination; diffusion tensor imaging; disease activity; disease course; disease duration; disease exacerbation; edema; Epstein Barr virus; Expanded Disability Status Scale; Fc receptor; gliosis; glutathione; hematopoietic stem cell transplantation; homeostasis; human; Human endogenous retrovirus; imaging; immunoglobulin enhancer binding protein; inflammation; Inflammatory diseases; innate immunity; iron; iron chelation; Life Sciences; Magnetic resonance imaging; memory B lymphocyte; microglia; Multiple sclerosis; myelooptic neuropathy; natalizumab; nerve degeneration; Neuroimaging; Neurons and Cognition; neuroprotection; Neurosciences; Neurovetenskaper; nitric oxide synthase; nuclear magnetic resonance imaging; ocrelizumab; optic neuritis; oxidative stress; Patients; phenotype; positron emission tomography; progression independent of relapse activity; progressive multiple sclerosis; protein p22; reactive oxygen metabolite; relapse; Review; rheumatoid arthritis; rituximab; scoring system; smouldering multiple sclerosis; Spinal cord; T1 weighted imaging; thioctic acid; tissue injury; upregulation; white matter; smouldering multiple sclerosis; progressive multiple sclerosis; multiple sclerosis; progression independent of relapse activity