Age-Related Changes in the Center of Pressure Trajectory during Obstacle Crossing
[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to determine how younger and older adults modulate the center of pressure (COP) trajectory in the anteroposterior (A-P) and mediolateral (M-L) directions while stepping over an obstacle and during gait initiation (GI). [Subjects] Fifteen community-dwelling hea...
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| Published in | Journal of Physical Therapy Science Vol. 21; no. 1; pp. 75 - 80 |
|---|---|
| Main Author | |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
The Society of Physical Therapy Science
2009
|
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 0915-5287 2187-5626 |
| DOI | 10.1589/jpts.21.75 |
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| Abstract | [Purpose] The purpose of this study was to determine how younger and older adults modulate the center of pressure (COP) trajectory in the anteroposterior (A-P) and mediolateral (M-L) directions while stepping over an obstacle and during gait initiation (GI). [Subjects] Fifteen community-dwelling healthy older adults and fifteen healthy younger adults volunteered to participate in this study. [Methods] Subjects initiated gait or stepped over an obstacle at a self-paced speed with the right limb, in response to auditory cues. Performance was assessed by recording changes in the displacement of the COP in the A-P and M-L directions using two force plates. [Results] For combined test conditions, the A-P and M-L displacements of the COP in the older adults were significantly lower than the A-P and M-L displacements of the COP in the younger adults (p < 0.05). However, there were no significant differences between GI and stepping conditions for the COP shift (p > 0.05). [Conclusion] These findings suggest that a reduction in the magnitude of the COP shift with obstacle avoidance diminishes the ability of older adults to generate forward momentum and to maintain the lateral stability that is highly related to falls. |
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| AbstractList | [Abstract.] [Purpose] The purpose of this study was to determine how younger and older adults modulate the center of pressure (COP) trajectory in the anteroposterior (A-P) and mediolateral (M-L) directions while stepping over an obstacle and during gait initiation (GI). [Subjects] Fifteen community-dwelling healthy older adults and fifteen healthy younger adults volunteered to participate in this study. [Methods] Subjects initiated gait or stepped over an obstacle at a self-paced speed with the right limb, in response to auditory cues. Performance was assessed by recording changes in the displacement of the COP in the A-P and M-L directions using two force plates. [Results] For combined test conditions, the A-P and M-L displacements of the COP in the older adults were significantly lower than the A-P and M-L displacements of the COP in the younger adults (p<0.05). However, there were no significant differences between GI and stepping conditions for the COP shift (p>0.05). [Conclusion] These findings suggest that a reduction in the magnitude of the COP shift with obstacle avoidance diminishes the ability of older adults to generate forward momentum and to maintain the lateral stability that is highly related to falls. [Purpose] The purpose of this study was to determine how younger and older adults modulate the center of pressure (COP) trajectory in the anteroposterior (A-P) and mediolateral (M-L) directions while stepping over an obstacle and during gait initiation (GI). [Subjects] Fifteen community- dwelling healthy older adults and fifteen healthy younger adults volunteered to participate in this study. [Methods] Subjects initiated gait or stepped over an obstacle at a self-paced speed with the right limb, in response to auditory cues. Performance was assessed by recording changes in the displacement of the COP in the A-P and M-L directions using two force plates. [Results] For combined test conditions, the A-P and M-L displacements of the COP in the older adults were significantly lower than the A-P and M-L displacements of the COP in the younger adults (p < 0.05). However, there were no significant differences between GI and stepping conditions for the COP shift (p > 0.05). [Conclusion] These findings suggest that a reduction in the magnitude of the COP shift with obstacle avoidance diminishes the ability of older adults to generate forward momentum and to maintain the lateral stability that is highly related to falls. |
| Author | Kim, Hyeong-Dong |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 fullname: Kim, Hyeong-Dong organization: Catholic University of Daegu, College of Health Science, Department of Physical Therapy |
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| Cites_doi | 10.1093/geront/34.1.16 10.1113/jphysiol.1991.sp018616 10.1080/02701367.1990.10607495 10.1097/00005650-199206000-00002 10.1097/00002060-199108000-00009 10.3138/ptc.41.6.304 10.1007/BF00298717 10.1111/j.1532-5415.1987.tb01313.x 10.1115/1.2895414 10.1001/jama.271.2.128 10.1007/BF00228132 10.1520/JFS13991J 10.1016/S0966-6362(99)00013-2 10.1161/01.STR.24.8.1173 10.1093/geronj/46.6.M196 10.1016/S1050-6411(02)00085-8 10.1016/0021-9290(86)90120-X 10.1016/S0966-6362(02)00067-X 10.2105/AJPH.82.7.1020 10.1053/apmr.2000.7162 10.1007/s00221-002-1150-5 10.1093/ageing/27.1.55 10.1056/NEJM198904203201606 10.1093/ageing/19.2.136 10.1016/S0021-9290(96)00161-3 10.1016/S0966-6362(00)00087-4 10.1016/S0003-9993(99)90187-9 10.1093/gerona/55.5.M270 10.1111/j.1532-5415.1994.tb06540.x 10.1080/13607860120038357 10.1177/089826439000200202 10.1093/gerona/55.3.M147 10.1111/j.1532-5415.1992.tb01992.x 10.1053/apmr.2001.24893 10.1016/S0003-9993(98)90425-7 10.1016/0022-3956(75)90026-6 10.1093/ptj/82.6.566 10.1016/S0002-9343(98)00115-6 |
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| References | 38) Greenspan SL, Myers ER, Kiel DP, et al.: Fall direction, bone mineral density, and function: risk factors for hip fracture in frail nursing home elderly. Am J Med, 1988, 104: 539-545. 21) Tombaugh TN, McIntyre NJ: The mini-mental state examination: a comprehensive review. J Am Geriatr Soc, 1992, 40: 922-935. 34) Hurley MV, Rees J, Newham DJ: Quadriceps function, proprioceptive acuity and functional performance in healthy young, middle aged and elderly subjects. Age Ageing, 1998, 27: 55-62. 26) Brunt D, Lafferty MJ, Mckeon A, et al.: Invariant characteristics of gait initiation. Am J Phys Med Rehabil, 1991, 70: 206-212. 40) Hayes WC, Myers ER, Morris JN, et al.: Impact near the hip dominates fracture risk in elderly nursing home residents who fall. Calcif Tissue Int, 1993, 52: 192-198. 23) Yip JY, Wilber KH, Myrtle RC, et al.: Comparison of older adult subject and proxy responses on the SF-36 health-related quality of life instrument. Aging Ment Health, 2001, 5: 136-142. 7) Tinetti ME, Speechley M: Prevention of falls among the elderly. N Engl J Med, 1989, 320: 1055-1059. 35) Whipple RH, Wolfson LI, Amerman PM: The relationship of knee and ankle weakness to falls in nursing home residents: an isokinetic study. J Am Geriatr Soc, 1987, 35: 13-20. 31) Zettel JL, McIlroy WE, Maki BE: Environmental constraints on foot trajectory reveal the capacity for modulation of anticipatory postural adjustments during rapid triggered stepping reactions. Exp Brain Res, 2002, 146: 38-47. 27) Crenna P, Frigo C: A motor programme for the initiation of forward-oriented movements in humans. J Physiol, 1991, 437: 635-653. 36) Wolfson L, Judge J, Whipple R, et al.: Strength is a major factor in balance, gait, and the occurrence of fa11s. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci, 1995, 50: 64-67. 20) Folstein MF, Folstein SE, McHugh PR: "Mini-mental state". A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. J Psychiatr Res, 1975, 12: 189-198. 33) McIlroy WE, Maki BE: The control of lateral stability during rapid stepping reactions evoked by antero-posterior perturbation: does anticipatory control play a role? Gait Posture, 1999, 9: 190-198. 13) Martin M, Shinberg M, Kuchibhatla M, et al.: Gait initiation in community-dwelling adults with Parkinson disease: comparison with older and younger adults without the disease. Phys Ther, 2002, 82: 566-577. 37) Cumming RG, Klineberg RJ: Fall frequency and characteristics and the risk of hip fractures. J Am Geriatr Soc, 1994, 42: 774-778. 15) Chang H, Krebs DE: Dynamic balance control in elders: gait initiation assessment as a screening tool. Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 1999, 80: 490-494. 8) Campbell AJ, Borrie MJ, Spears GF, et al.: Circumstances and consequences of falls experienced by a community population 70 years and over during a prospective study. Age Ageing, 1990, 19: 136-141. 24) Keppel G: Design and Analysis: A researcher's handbook. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, 1982, pp169-183. 11) Chen HC, Ashton-Miller JA, Alexander NB, et al.: Stepping over obstacles: gait patterns of healthy young and older adults. J Gerontol A Bio Sci Med Sci, 1991, 46: M196-M203. 22) Turnbull JC, Kersten P, Habib M, et al.: Validation of the Frenchay Activities Index in a general population aged 16 years and older. Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 2000, 81: 1034-1038. 4) Bernstein AB, Schur CL: Expenditures for unintentional injuries among the elderly. J Aging Health, 1990, 2: 157-178. 5) Englander F, Hodson TJ, Terregrossa RA: Economic dimensions of slip and fall injuries. J Forensic Sci, 1996, 41: 733-746. 10) Chou LS, Draganich LF: Stepping over an obstacle increases the motions and moments of the joints of the trailing limb in young adults. J Biomech, 1997, 30: 331-337. 32) Maki BE, Edmondstone MA, McIlroy WE. Age-related differences in laterally directed compensatory stepping behavior. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci, 2000, 55: M270-M277. 42) Chou LS, Kaufman KR, Hahn ME, et al.: Medio-lateral motion of the center of mass during obstacle crossing distinguishes elderly individuals with imbalance. Gait Posture, 2003, 18: 125-133. 25) Breniere Y, Do MC: When and how does steady state gait movement induced from upright posture begin? J Biomech, 1986, 19: 1035-1040. 6) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Public health and aging: trends in aging-United States and worldwide. MMWR CDC Surveill Summ, 2003, 52: 101-106. 16) Berg KO, Wood-Dauphinee SL, Williams JI, et al.: Measuring balance in the elderly: preliminary development of an instrument. Physiother Can, 1989, 41: 304-311. 30) Winter DA, Patla AE, Ishac M, et al.: Motor mechanisms of balance during quiet standing. J Electromyogr Kinesiol, 2003, 13: 49-56. 19) Ware JE Jr, Sherbourne CD: The MOS 36-item short-form health survey (SF-36). I. Conceptual framework and item selection. Med Care, 1992, 30: 473-483. 39) Greenspan SL, Myers ER, Maitland LA, et al.: Fall severity and bone mineral density as risk factors for hip fracture in ambulatory elderly. JAMA, 1994, 271: 128-133. 17) Berg KO, Maki BE, Williams JI, et al.: Clinical and laboratory measures of postural balance in an elderly population. Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 1992, 73: 1073-1080. 29) Rogers MW, Pai YC: Dynamic transition in stance support accompanying leg flexion movements in man. Exp Brain Res, 1990, 8: 398-402. 41) Robinovitch SN, Hayes WC, McMahon TA: Prediction of femoral impact forces in falls on the hip, J Biomech Eng, 1991, 113: 366-374. 12) Begg RK, Sparrow WA: Gait characteristics of young and older individuals negotiating a raised surface: implications for the prevention of falls. J Gerontol A Bio Sci Med Sci, 2000, 55: M147-M154. 2) Hausdorff JM, Rios DA, Edelber HK: Gait variability and fall risk in community-living older adults: a 1-year prospective study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 2001, 82: 1050-1056. 9) Chou LS, Kaufman KR, Brey RH, et al.: Motion of the whole body's center of mass when stepping over obstacles of different heights. Gait Posture, 2001, 13: 17-26. 18) Schuling J, de Haan R, Limburg M, et al.: The Frenchay Activities Index: Assessment of functional status in stroke patients. Stroke, 1993, 24: 1173-1177. 1) Hornbrook MC, Stevens VJ, Wingfield DJ, et al.: Preventing falls among community-dwelling older persons: results from a randomized trial. Gerontologist, 1994, 34: 16-23. 3) Alexander BH, Rivara FP, Wolf ME: The cost and frequency of hospitalization for fall-related injuries in older adults. Am J Public Health, 1992, 82: 1020-1023. 28) Shephard RJ, Berridge M, Montelpare W: On the generality of the "sit and reach" test: an analysis of flexibility data for an aging population. Res Q Exerc Sport, 1990, 61: 326-330. 14) Polcyn AF, Lipsitz LA, Kerrigan DC, et al.: Age-related changes in the initiation of gait: degradation of central mechanisms for momentum generation. Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 1998, 79: 1582-1589. 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 (41) 1991; 113 (36) 1995; 50 30 31 10 32 11 33 12 34 13 35 14 15 37 16 38 17 39 18 19 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 40 20 42 21 |
| References_xml | – reference: 23) Yip JY, Wilber KH, Myrtle RC, et al.: Comparison of older adult subject and proxy responses on the SF-36 health-related quality of life instrument. Aging Ment Health, 2001, 5: 136-142. – reference: 36) Wolfson L, Judge J, Whipple R, et al.: Strength is a major factor in balance, gait, and the occurrence of fa11s. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci, 1995, 50: 64-67. – reference: 16) Berg KO, Wood-Dauphinee SL, Williams JI, et al.: Measuring balance in the elderly: preliminary development of an instrument. Physiother Can, 1989, 41: 304-311. – reference: 30) Winter DA, Patla AE, Ishac M, et al.: Motor mechanisms of balance during quiet standing. J Electromyogr Kinesiol, 2003, 13: 49-56. – reference: 38) Greenspan SL, Myers ER, Kiel DP, et al.: Fall direction, bone mineral density, and function: risk factors for hip fracture in frail nursing home elderly. Am J Med, 1988, 104: 539-545. – reference: 42) Chou LS, Kaufman KR, Hahn ME, et al.: Medio-lateral motion of the center of mass during obstacle crossing distinguishes elderly individuals with imbalance. Gait Posture, 2003, 18: 125-133. – reference: 21) Tombaugh TN, McIntyre NJ: The mini-mental state examination: a comprehensive review. J Am Geriatr Soc, 1992, 40: 922-935. – reference: 39) Greenspan SL, Myers ER, Maitland LA, et al.: Fall severity and bone mineral density as risk factors for hip fracture in ambulatory elderly. JAMA, 1994, 271: 128-133. – reference: 29) Rogers MW, Pai YC: Dynamic transition in stance support accompanying leg flexion movements in man. Exp Brain Res, 1990, 8: 398-402. – reference: 22) Turnbull JC, Kersten P, Habib M, et al.: Validation of the Frenchay Activities Index in a general population aged 16 years and older. Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 2000, 81: 1034-1038. – reference: 7) Tinetti ME, Speechley M: Prevention of falls among the elderly. N Engl J Med, 1989, 320: 1055-1059. – reference: 32) Maki BE, Edmondstone MA, McIlroy WE. Age-related differences in laterally directed compensatory stepping behavior. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci, 2000, 55: M270-M277. – reference: 33) McIlroy WE, Maki BE: The control of lateral stability during rapid stepping reactions evoked by antero-posterior perturbation: does anticipatory control play a role? Gait Posture, 1999, 9: 190-198. – reference: 11) Chen HC, Ashton-Miller JA, Alexander NB, et al.: Stepping over obstacles: gait patterns of healthy young and older adults. J Gerontol A Bio Sci Med Sci, 1991, 46: M196-M203. – reference: 15) Chang H, Krebs DE: Dynamic balance control in elders: gait initiation assessment as a screening tool. Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 1999, 80: 490-494. – reference: 19) Ware JE Jr, Sherbourne CD: The MOS 36-item short-form health survey (SF-36). I. Conceptual framework and item selection. Med Care, 1992, 30: 473-483. – reference: 9) Chou LS, Kaufman KR, Brey RH, et al.: Motion of the whole body's center of mass when stepping over obstacles of different heights. Gait Posture, 2001, 13: 17-26. – reference: 20) Folstein MF, Folstein SE, McHugh PR: "Mini-mental state". A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. J Psychiatr Res, 1975, 12: 189-198. – reference: 41) Robinovitch SN, Hayes WC, McMahon TA: Prediction of femoral impact forces in falls on the hip, J Biomech Eng, 1991, 113: 366-374. – reference: 8) Campbell AJ, Borrie MJ, Spears GF, et al.: Circumstances and consequences of falls experienced by a community population 70 years and over during a prospective study. Age Ageing, 1990, 19: 136-141. – reference: 14) Polcyn AF, Lipsitz LA, Kerrigan DC, et al.: Age-related changes in the initiation of gait: degradation of central mechanisms for momentum generation. Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 1998, 79: 1582-1589. – reference: 4) Bernstein AB, Schur CL: Expenditures for unintentional injuries among the elderly. J Aging Health, 1990, 2: 157-178. – reference: 28) Shephard RJ, Berridge M, Montelpare W: On the generality of the "sit and reach" test: an analysis of flexibility data for an aging population. Res Q Exerc Sport, 1990, 61: 326-330. – reference: 2) Hausdorff JM, Rios DA, Edelber HK: Gait variability and fall risk in community-living older adults: a 1-year prospective study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 2001, 82: 1050-1056. – reference: 18) Schuling J, de Haan R, Limburg M, et al.: The Frenchay Activities Index: Assessment of functional status in stroke patients. Stroke, 1993, 24: 1173-1177. – reference: 5) Englander F, Hodson TJ, Terregrossa RA: Economic dimensions of slip and fall injuries. J Forensic Sci, 1996, 41: 733-746. – reference: 17) Berg KO, Maki BE, Williams JI, et al.: Clinical and laboratory measures of postural balance in an elderly population. Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 1992, 73: 1073-1080. – reference: 24) Keppel G: Design and Analysis: A researcher's handbook. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, 1982, pp169-183. – reference: 40) Hayes WC, Myers ER, Morris JN, et al.: Impact near the hip dominates fracture risk in elderly nursing home residents who fall. Calcif Tissue Int, 1993, 52: 192-198. – reference: 27) Crenna P, Frigo C: A motor programme for the initiation of forward-oriented movements in humans. J Physiol, 1991, 437: 635-653. – reference: 6) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Public health and aging: trends in aging-United States and worldwide. MMWR CDC Surveill Summ, 2003, 52: 101-106. – reference: 1) Hornbrook MC, Stevens VJ, Wingfield DJ, et al.: Preventing falls among community-dwelling older persons: results from a randomized trial. Gerontologist, 1994, 34: 16-23. – reference: 10) Chou LS, Draganich LF: Stepping over an obstacle increases the motions and moments of the joints of the trailing limb in young adults. J Biomech, 1997, 30: 331-337. – reference: 35) Whipple RH, Wolfson LI, Amerman PM: The relationship of knee and ankle weakness to falls in nursing home residents: an isokinetic study. J Am Geriatr Soc, 1987, 35: 13-20. – reference: 37) Cumming RG, Klineberg RJ: Fall frequency and characteristics and the risk of hip fractures. J Am Geriatr Soc, 1994, 42: 774-778. – reference: 13) Martin M, Shinberg M, Kuchibhatla M, et al.: Gait initiation in community-dwelling adults with Parkinson disease: comparison with older and younger adults without the disease. Phys Ther, 2002, 82: 566-577. – reference: 31) Zettel JL, McIlroy WE, Maki BE: Environmental constraints on foot trajectory reveal the capacity for modulation of anticipatory postural adjustments during rapid triggered stepping reactions. Exp Brain Res, 2002, 146: 38-47. – reference: 12) Begg RK, Sparrow WA: Gait characteristics of young and older individuals negotiating a raised surface: implications for the prevention of falls. J Gerontol A Bio Sci Med Sci, 2000, 55: M147-M154. – reference: 3) Alexander BH, Rivara FP, Wolf ME: The cost and frequency of hospitalization for fall-related injuries in older adults. Am J Public Health, 1992, 82: 1020-1023. – reference: 34) Hurley MV, Rees J, Newham DJ: Quadriceps function, proprioceptive acuity and functional performance in healthy young, middle aged and elderly subjects. Age Ageing, 1998, 27: 55-62. – reference: 25) Breniere Y, Do MC: When and how does steady state gait movement induced from upright posture begin? J Biomech, 1986, 19: 1035-1040. – reference: 26) Brunt D, Lafferty MJ, Mckeon A, et al.: Invariant characteristics of gait initiation. Am J Phys Med Rehabil, 1991, 70: 206-212. – ident: 1 doi: 10.1093/geront/34.1.16 – ident: 27 doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.1991.sp018616 – ident: 28 doi: 10.1080/02701367.1990.10607495 – ident: 19 doi: 10.1097/00005650-199206000-00002 – ident: 26 doi: 10.1097/00002060-199108000-00009 – ident: 16 doi: 10.3138/ptc.41.6.304 – ident: 40 doi: 10.1007/BF00298717 – ident: 35 doi: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.1987.tb01313.x – volume: 113 start-page: 366 issn: 0148-0731 issue: 4 year: 1991 ident: 41 doi: 10.1115/1.2895414 – ident: 39 doi: 10.1001/jama.271.2.128 – ident: 29 doi: 10.1007/BF00228132 – ident: 5 doi: 10.1520/JFS13991J – ident: 33 doi: 10.1016/S0966-6362(99)00013-2 – ident: 18 doi: 10.1161/01.STR.24.8.1173 – ident: 11 doi: 10.1093/geronj/46.6.M196 – ident: 24 – ident: 30 doi: 10.1016/S1050-6411(02)00085-8 – ident: 25 doi: 10.1016/0021-9290(86)90120-X – ident: 42 doi: 10.1016/S0966-6362(02)00067-X – ident: 3 doi: 10.2105/AJPH.82.7.1020 – ident: 22 doi: 10.1053/apmr.2000.7162 – ident: 17 – ident: 31 doi: 10.1007/s00221-002-1150-5 – ident: 34 doi: 10.1093/ageing/27.1.55 – ident: 7 doi: 10.1056/NEJM198904203201606 – ident: 8 doi: 10.1093/ageing/19.2.136 – ident: 10 doi: 10.1016/S0021-9290(96)00161-3 – ident: 9 doi: 10.1016/S0966-6362(00)00087-4 – ident: 15 doi: 10.1016/S0003-9993(99)90187-9 – ident: 32 doi: 10.1093/gerona/55.5.M270 – ident: 37 doi: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.1994.tb06540.x – volume: 50 start-page: 64 issn: 1079-5006 issue: Special Issue year: 1995 ident: 36 – ident: 23 doi: 10.1080/13607860120038357 – ident: 4 doi: 10.1177/089826439000200202 – ident: 12 doi: 10.1093/gerona/55.3.M147 – ident: 21 doi: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.1992.tb01992.x – ident: 2 doi: 10.1053/apmr.2001.24893 – ident: 14 doi: 10.1016/S0003-9993(98)90425-7 – ident: 20 doi: 10.1016/0022-3956(75)90026-6 – ident: 6 – ident: 13 doi: 10.1093/ptj/82.6.566 – ident: 38 doi: 10.1016/S0002-9343(98)00115-6 |
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| StartPage | 75 |
| SubjectTerms | Center of pressure Falls Obstacle crossing |
| Title | Age-Related Changes in the Center of Pressure Trajectory during Obstacle Crossing |
| URI | https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jpts/21/1/21_1_75/_article/-char/en http://mol.medicalonline.jp/library/journal/download?GoodsID=ca8jjpts/2009/002101/012&name=0075-0080e https://www.proquest.com/docview/771900471 https://www.proquest.com/docview/885051410 |
| Volume | 21 |
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| ispartofPNX | Journal of Physical Therapy Science, 2009, Vol.21(1), pp.75-80 |
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