Early smallpox vaccine manufacturing in the United States: Introduction of the “animal vaccine” in 1870, establishment of “vaccine farms”, and the beginnings of the vaccine industry

• Published in: Vaccine Vol. 38; no. 30; pp. 4773 - 4779
• Main Authors: Esparza, José, Lederman, Seth, Nitsche, Andreas, Damaso, Clarissa R.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Netherlands Elsevier Ltd 19.06.2020; Elsevier Limited; Elsevier Science
• Subjects: 19th century; Allergy and Immunology; Animal vaccines; Animals; Antitoxins; Calves; Cattle; Contamination; Cowpox; Diphtheria; Diphtheria antitoxin; Europe; Evolution; Farms; Humans; Immunization; industry; Pasteur, Louis (1822-95); Physicians; Sexually transmitted diseases; Smallpox; Smallpox - prevention & control; Smallpox Vaccine; STD; Syphilis; Tetanus; United States; Vaccination; Vaccine farm; Vaccine industry; Vaccines; Vaccinia; Vaccinia virus; United States; Europe; New York; United Kingdom > UK; United States > US; England; Italy; France; Vaccine industry; Smallpox; Vaccine farm; Vaccinia; Diphtheria antitoxin; Smallpox vaccine

•Manufacturing of the smallpox vaccine at the end of the 19th century was the beginning of the vaccine industry in the United States.•There is not information regarding the stocks or seed viruses used to manufacture those early vaccines.•Historical information, will allow a better understanding of t...