Transcranial magnetic stimulation of the brain: What is stimulated? – A consensus and critical position paper

• Published in: Clinical neurophysiology Vol. 140; pp. 59 - 97
• Main Authors: Siebner, Hartwig R., Funke, Klaus, Aberra, Aman S., Antal, Andrea, Bestmann, Sven, Chen, Robert, Classen, Joseph, Davare, Marco, Di Lazzaro, Vincenzo, Fox, Peter T., Hallett, Mark, Karabanov, Anke N., Kesselheim, Janine, Beck, Mikkel M., Koch, Giacomo, Liebetanz, David, Meunier, Sabine, Miniussi, Carlo, Paulus, Walter, Peterchev, Angel V., Popa, Traian, Ridding, Michael C., Thielscher, Axel, Ziemann, Ulf, Rothwell, John C., Ugawa, Yoshikazu
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Netherlands Elsevier B.V 01.08.2022
• Subjects: Action Potentials; Brain - physiology; Consensus; Evoked Potentials, Motor - physiology; Humans; Mechanism of action; Motor cortex; Neurology; Neurons - physiology; Physiology; Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation; LICI; PAS; TES; A-P; M1; PT; rCMRglu; P-A; POST; PMd; ANT; CBI; S-D; cTBS; PFC; IPS; L-M; Motor cortex; PMv; D-wave; Physiology; SICI; Mechanism of action; ISI; SICF; CSP; M1-HAND; rCBF; Transcranial magnetic stimulation; EEG; MT; VGSC; BEM; iTBS; FEM; fMRI; LAI; GABA; MEP; SAF; SAI; TMS; I-waves; rTMS; PET; TEP; Short-interval intracortical inhibition; Long-latency afferent inhibition; TMS evoked EEG potential; Short-interval intracortical facilitation; Direct wave; Continuous theta-burst stimulation; Motor threshold; Functional magnetic resonance imaging; Intermittent theta-burst stimulation; Long-interval intracortical inhibition; Ventral premotor cortex; Intraparietal sulcus; Voltage-gated sodium channel Indices; posterior; Phosphene threshold; Primary motor cortex; Transcranial electric stimulation; Strength–duration; Posterior-to-anterior; γ-aminobutyric acid; Interstimulus interval; Motor evoked potential; Finite Element Methods; Short-latency afferent inhibition; Indirect waves; Electroencephalography; anterior; Short-latency afferent facilitation; Boundary element method; Regional metabolic rate of glucose; Cerebellar-brain inhibition; Dorsal premotor cortex; Hand representation of primary motor cortex; Cortical silent period; Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation; Prefrontal cortex; Lateral-to-medial; Anterior-to-posterior; Paired associative stimulation; Regional cerebral blood flow; Positron emission tomography
• ISSN: 1388-2457; 1872-8952; 1872-8952
• DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2022.04.022

•TMS primarily targets the gyri at the hemispheric surface due to limited depth penetration.•The direct response to TMS is complex, involving a mixture of neuronal populations.•Myelinated axon terminals of pyramidal cells and inhibitory interneurons in the crown of the gyri constitute low-threshold...