Frictional Characteristics of Atomically Thin Sheets

Using friction force microscopy, we compared the nanoscale frictional characteristics of atomically thin sheets of graphene, molybdenum disulfide (MoS₂), niobium diselenide, and hexagonal boron nitride exfoliated onto a weakly adherent substrate (silicon oxide) to those of their bulk counterparts. M...

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Published in	Science (American Association for the Advancement of Science) Vol. 328; no. 5974; pp. 76 - 80
Main Authors	Lee, Changgu, Li, Qunyang, Kalb, William, Liu, Xin-Zhou, Berger, Helmuth, Carpick, Robert W, Hone, James
Format	Journal Article
Language	English
Published	Washington, DC American Association for the Advancement of Science 02.04.2010 The American Association for the Advancement of Science
Subjects	Adhesion Atoms & subatomic particles Bending Boron boron nitride Condensed matter: structure, mechanical and thermal properties Crystal lattices elastic deformation Exact sciences and technology finite element analysis Friction Graphene Graphite Material properties Materials Materials science Mechanical and acoustical properties Mica microscopy Molybdenum molybdenum disulfide Nanoscience Niobium Physical properties of thin films, nonelectronic Physics silica Sliding Surfaces and interfaces; thin films and whiskers (structure and nonelectronic properties) Atomic force microscopy Molybdenum sulfide Slip Boron nitride Nanostructures Elastic deformation Thin films Thickness Finite element method Nanometer scale Friction Stick slip Graphene Atomistic model Silicon oxides Niobium selenides Modelling
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Abstract	Using friction force microscopy, we compared the nanoscale frictional characteristics of atomically thin sheets of graphene, molybdenum disulfide (MoS₂), niobium diselenide, and hexagonal boron nitride exfoliated onto a weakly adherent substrate (silicon oxide) to those of their bulk counterparts. Measurements down to single atomic sheets revealed that friction monotonically increased as the number of layers decreased for all four materials. Suspended graphene membranes showed the same trend, but binding the graphene strongly to a mica surface suppressed the trend. Tip-sample adhesion forces were indistinguishable for all thicknesses and substrate arrangements. Both graphene and MoS₂ exhibited atomic lattice stick-slip friction, with the thinnest sheets possessing a sliding-length-dependent increase in static friction. These observations, coupled with finite element modeling, suggest that the trend arises from the thinner sheets' increased susceptibility to out-of-plane elastic deformation. The generality of the results indicates that this may be a universal characteristic of nanoscale friction for atomically thin materials weakly bound to substrates.
AbstractList	Using friction force microscopy, we compared the nanoscale frictional characteristics of atomically thin sheets of graphene, molybdenum disulfide (MoS2), niobium diselenide, and hexagonal boron nitride exfoliated onto a weakly adherent substrate (silicon oxide) to those of their bulk counterparts. Measurements down to single atomic sheets revealed that friction monotonically increased as the number of layers decreased for all four materials. Suspended graphene membranes showed the same trend, but binding the graphene strongly to a mica surface suppressed the trend. Tip-sample adhesion forces were indistinguishable for all thicknesses and substrate arrangements. Both graphene and MoS2 exhibited atomic lattice stick-slip friction, with the thinnest sheets possessing a sliding-length-dependent increase in static friction. These observations, coupled with finite element modeling, suggest that the trend arises from the thinner sheets' increased susceptibility to out-of-plane elastic deformation. The generality of the results indicates that this may be a universal characteristic of nanoscale friction for atomically thin materials weakly bound to substrates. Using friction force microscopy, we compared the nanoscale frictional characteristics of atomically thin sheets of graphene, molybdenum disulfide (MoS(2)), niobium diselenide, and hexagonal boron nitride exfoliated onto a weakly adherent substrate (silicon oxide) to those of their bulk counterparts. Measurements down to single atomic sheets revealed that friction monotonically increased as the number of layers decreased for all four materials. Suspended graphene membranes showed the same trend, but binding the graphene strongly to a mica surface suppressed the trend. Tip- sample adhesion forces were indistinguishable for all thicknesses and substrate arrangements. Both graphene and MoS(2) exhibited atomic lattice stick-slip friction, with the thinnest sheets possessing a sliding-length- dependent increase in static friction. These observations, coupled with finite element modeling, suggest that the trend arises from the thinner sheets' increased susceptibility to out-of-plane elastic deformation. The generality of the results indicates that this may be a universal characteristic of nanoscale friction for atomically thin materials weakly bound to substrates. Using friction force microscopy, we compared the nanoscale frictional characteristics of atomically thin sheets of graphene, molybdenum disulfide (MoS₂), niobium diselenide, and hexagonal boron nitride exfoliated onto a weakly adherent substrate (silicon oxide) to those of their bulk counterparts. Measurements down to single atomic sheets revealed that friction monotonically increased as the number of layers decreased for all four materials. Suspended graphene membranes showed the same trend, but binding the graphene strongly to a mica surface suppressed the trend. Tip-sample adhesion forces were indistinguishable for all thicknesses and substrate arrangements. Both graphene and MoS₂ exhibited atomic lattice stick-slip friction, with the thinnest sheets possessing a sliding-length-dependent increase in static friction. These observations, coupled with finite element modeling, suggest that the trend arises from the thinner sheets' increased susceptibility to out-of-plane elastic deformation. The generality of the results indicates that this may be a universal characteristic of nanoscale friction for atomically thin materials weakly bound to substrates. Using friction force microscopy, we compared the nanoscale frictional characteristics of atomically thin sheets of graphene, molybdenum disulfide (MoS2), niobium diselenide, and hexagonal boron nitride exfoliated onto a weakly adherent substrate (silicon oxide) to those of their bulk counterparts. Measurements down to single atomic sheets revealed that friction monotonically increased as the number of layers decreased for all four materials. Suspended graphene membranes showed the same trend, but binding the graphene strongly to a mica surface suppressed the trend. Tip-sample adhesion forces were indistinguishable for all thicknesses and substrate arrangements. Both graphene and MoS2 exhibited atomic lattice stick-slip friction, with the thinnest sheets possessing a sliding-length-dependent increase in static friction. These observations, coupled with finite element modeling, suggest that the trend arises from the thinner sheets' increased susceptibility to out-of-plane elastic deformation. The generality of the results indicates that this may be a universal characteristic of nanoscale friction for atomically thin materials weakly bound to substrates. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT] The rubbing motion between two surfaces is always hindered by friction, which is caused by continuous contacting and attraction between the surfaces. These interactions may only occur over a distance of a few nanometers, but what happens when the interacting materials are only that thick? Lee et al. (p. 76 ; see the Perspective by Müser and Shakhvorostov ) explored the frictional properties of a silicon tip in contact with four atomically thin quasi–two dimensional materials with different electrical properties. For all the materials, the friction was seen to increase as the thickness of the film decreased, both for flakes supported by substrates and for regions placed above holes that formed freely suspended membranes. Placing graphene on mica, to which it strongly adheres, suppressed this trend. For these thin, weakly adhered films, out-of-plane buckling is likely to dominate the frictional response, which leads to this universal behavior. A universal trend is observed for the friction properties of thin films on weakly adhering substrates. Using friction force microscopy, we compared the nanoscale frictional characteristics of atomically thin sheets of graphene, molybdenum disulfide (MoS 2 ), niobium diselenide, and hexagonal boron nitride exfoliated onto a weakly adherent substrate (silicon oxide) to those of their bulk counterparts. Measurements down to single atomic sheets revealed that friction monotonically increased as the number of layers decreased for all four materials. Suspended graphene membranes showed the same trend, but binding the graphene strongly to a mica surface suppressed the trend. Tip-sample adhesion forces were indistinguishable for all thicknesses and substrate arrangements. Both graphene and MoS 2 exhibited atomic lattice stick-slip friction, with the thinnest sheets possessing a sliding-length–dependent increase in static friction. These observations, coupled with finite element modeling, suggest that the trend arises from the thinner sheets’ increased susceptibility to out-of-plane elastic deformation. The generality of the results indicates that this may be a universal characteristic of nanoscale friction for atomically thin materials weakly bound to substrates. The Ediacaran Period (635 to 542 million years ago) was a time of fundamental environmental and evolutionary change, culminating in the first appearance of macroscopic animals. Here, we present a detailed spatial and temporal record of Ediacaran ocean chemistry for the Doushantuo Formation in the Nanhua Basin, South China. We find evidence for a metastable zone of euxinic (anoxic and sulfidic) waters impinging on the continental shelf and sandwiched within ferruginous [Fe(ll)-enriched] deep waters. A stratified ocean with coeval oxic, sulfidic, and ferruginous zones, favored by overall low oceanic sulfate concentrations, was maintained dynamically throughout the Ediacaran Period. Our model reconciles seemingly conflicting geochemical redox conditions proposed previously for Ediacaran deep oceans and helps to explain the patchy temporal record of early metazoan fossils. Using friction force microscopy, we compared the nanoscale frictional characteristics of atomically thin sheets of graphene, molybdenum disulfide (MoS2), niobium diselenide, and hexagonal boron nitride exfoliated onto a weakly adherent substrate (silicon oxide) to those of their bulk counterparts. Measurements down to single atomic sheets revealed that friction monotonically increased as the number of layers decreased for all four materials. Suspended graphene membranes showed the same trend, but binding the graphene strongly to a mica surface suppressed the trend. Tip-sample adhesion forces were indistinguishable for all thicknesses and substrate arrangements. Both graphene and MoS2 exhibited atomic lattice stick-slip friction, with the thinnest sheets possessing a sliding-length-dependent increase in static friction. These observations, coupled with finite element modeling, suggest that the trend arises from the thinner sheets' increased susceptibility to out-of-plane elastic deformation. The generality of the results indicates that this may be a universal characteristic of nanoscale friction for atomically thin materials weakly bound to substrates.Using friction force microscopy, we compared the nanoscale frictional characteristics of atomically thin sheets of graphene, molybdenum disulfide (MoS2), niobium diselenide, and hexagonal boron nitride exfoliated onto a weakly adherent substrate (silicon oxide) to those of their bulk counterparts. Measurements down to single atomic sheets revealed that friction monotonically increased as the number of layers decreased for all four materials. Suspended graphene membranes showed the same trend, but binding the graphene strongly to a mica surface suppressed the trend. Tip-sample adhesion forces were indistinguishable for all thicknesses and substrate arrangements. Both graphene and MoS2 exhibited atomic lattice stick-slip friction, with the thinnest sheets possessing a sliding-length-dependent increase in static friction. These observations, coupled with finite element modeling, suggest that the trend arises from the thinner sheets' increased susceptibility to out-of-plane elastic deformation. The generality of the results indicates that this may be a universal characteristic of nanoscale friction for atomically thin materials weakly bound to substrates.
Author	Kalb, William Carpick, Robert W Hone, James Liu, Xin-Zhou Li, Qunyang Berger, Helmuth Lee, Changgu
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 fullname: Lee, Changgu – sequence: 2 fullname: Li, Qunyang – sequence: 3 fullname: Kalb, William – sequence: 4 fullname: Liu, Xin-Zhou – sequence: 5 fullname: Berger, Helmuth – sequence: 6 fullname: Carpick, Robert W – sequence: 7 fullname: Hone, James
BackLink	http://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=22571640$$DView record in Pascal Francis https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20360104$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
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Keywords	Atomic force microscopy Molybdenum sulfide Slip Boron nitride Nanostructures Elastic deformation Thin films Thickness Finite element method Nanometer scale Friction Stick slip Graphene Atomistic model Silicon oxides Niobium selenides Modelling
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References	e_1_3_2_26_2 e_1_3_2_27_2 e_1_3_2_28_2 e_1_3_2_29_2 e_1_3_2_20_2 e_1_3_2_21_2 e_1_3_2_22_2 e_1_3_2_23_2 e_1_3_2_24_2 e_1_3_2_25_2 e_1_3_2_9_2 e_1_3_2_15_2 e_1_3_2_8_2 e_1_3_2_16_2 e_1_3_2_7_2 e_1_3_2_17_2 e_1_3_2_6_2 e_1_3_2_18_2 e_1_3_2_19_2 e_1_3_2_30_2 e_1_3_2_32_2 e_1_3_2_10_2 e_1_3_2_31_2 e_1_3_2_5_2 e_1_3_2_4_2 e_1_3_2_12_2 e_1_3_2_3_2 e_1_3_2_13_2 e_1_3_2_2_2 e_1_3_2_14_2 Tortonese M. (e_1_3_2_11_2) 1997; 3009 20360097 - Science. 2010 Apr 2;328(5974):52-3
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Snippet	Using friction force microscopy, we compared the nanoscale frictional characteristics of atomically thin sheets of graphene, molybdenum disulfide (MoS₂),... The Ediacaran Period (635 to 542 million years ago) was a time of fundamental environmental and evolutionary change, culminating in the first appearance of... The rubbing motion between two surfaces is always hindered by friction, which is caused by continuous contacting and attraction between the surfaces. These... Using friction force microscopy, we compared the nanoscale frictional characteristics of atomically thin sheets of graphene, molybdenum disulfide (MoS2),... Using friction force microscopy, we compared the nanoscale frictional characteristics of atomically thin sheets of graphene, molybdenum disulfide (MoS(2)),...
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SubjectTerms	Adhesion Atoms & subatomic particles Bending Boron boron nitride Condensed matter: structure, mechanical and thermal properties Crystal lattices elastic deformation Exact sciences and technology finite element analysis Friction Graphene Graphite Material properties Materials Materials science Mechanical and acoustical properties Mica microscopy Molybdenum molybdenum disulfide Nanoscience Niobium Physical properties of thin films, nonelectronic Physics silica Sliding Surfaces and interfaces; thin films and whiskers (structure and nonelectronic properties)
Title	Frictional Characteristics of Atomically Thin Sheets
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