Do elite breath-hold divers suffer from mild short-term memory impairments?
Repeated apneas are associated with severe hypoxemia that may ultimately lead to loss of consciousness in some breath-hold divers. Despite increasing number of practitioners, the relationship between apnea-induced hypoxia and neurocognitive functions is still poorly understood in the sport of free d...
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| Published in | Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism Vol. 43; no. 3; pp. 247 - 251 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
Canada
NRC Research Press
01.03.2018
Canadian Science Publishing NRC Research Press NRC Research Press (Canadian Science Publishing) |
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 1715-5312 1715-5320 1715-5320 |
| DOI | 10.1139/apnm-2017-0245 |
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| Abstract | Repeated apneas are associated with severe hypoxemia that may ultimately lead to loss of consciousness in some breath-hold divers. Despite increasing number of practitioners, the relationship between apnea-induced hypoxia and neurocognitive functions is still poorly understood in the sport of free diving. To shed light onto this phenomenon, we examined the impact of long-term breath-hold diving training on attentional processing, short-term memory, and long-term mnesic and executive functions. Thirty-six men matched for age, height, and weight were separated into the following 3 groups: (i) 12 elite breath-hold divers (EBHD), mean static apnea best time 371 s, 105 months mean apnea experience; (ii) 12 novice breath-hold divers, mean best time 243 s, 8.75 months mean apnea experience; and (iii) 12 physical education students with no breath-hold diving experience; all of these participants performed varied written and computerized neuropsychological tasks. Compared with the 2 other groups, the EBHD group was slower to complete the interference card during a Stroop test (F
[1,33]
= 4.70, p < 0.05), and presented more errors on the interference card (F
[1,33]
= 2.96, p < 0.05) and a lower total interference score (F
[1,33]
= 5.64, p < 0.05). The time to complete the interference card test was positively correlated with maximal static apnea duration (r = 0.73, p < 0.05) and the number of years of breath-hold diving training (r = 0.79, p < 0.001). These findings suggest that breath-hold diving training over several years may cause mild, but persistent, short-term memory impairments. |
|---|---|
| AbstractList | Repeated apneas are associated with severe hypoxemia that may ultimately lead to loss of consciousness in some breath-hold divers. Despite increasing number of practitioners, the relationship between apnea-induced hypoxia and neurocognitive functions is still poorly understood in the sport of free diving. To shed light onto this phenomenon, we examined the impact of long-term breath-hold diving training on attentional processing, short-term memory, and long-term mnesic and executive functions. Thirty-six men matched for age, height, and weight were separated into the following 3 groups: (i) 12 elite breath-hold divers (EBHD), mean static apnea best time 371 s, 105 months mean apnea experience; (ii) 12 novice breath-hold divers, mean best time 243 s, 8.75 months mean apnea experience; and (iii) 12 physical education students with no breath-hold diving experience; all of these participants performed varied written and computerized neuropsychological tasks. Compared with the 2 other groups, the EBHD group was slower to complete the interference card during a Stroop test ([F.sub.[1,33] = 4.70, p < 0.05), and presented more errors on the interference card ([F.sub.[1,33] = 2.96, p < 0.05) and a lower total interference score ([F.sub.[1,33] = 5.64, p < 0.05). The time to complete the interference card test was positively correlated with maximal static apnea duration (r =0.73, p < 0.05) and the number of years of breath-hold diving training (r = 0.79, p < 0.001). These findings suggest that breath-hold diving training over several years may cause mild, but persistent, short-term memory impairments. Key words: breath-hold diving, apnea, hypoxia, cognition, short-term memory. La repetition de periodes d'apnee est associee a une hypoxemie grave qui, ultimement, peut aboutir a la perte de conscience chez des plongeurs en apnee. Nonobstant le nombre croissant d'adeptes, la relation entre l'hypoxie due a l'apnee et les fonctions neurocognitives est mal comprise dans le sport de la plongee libre. Pour en apprendre davantage au sujet de ce phenomene, on examine l'impact de l'entrainement a long terme de la plongee en apnee sur les processus attentionnels, la memoire a court terme, les fonctions mnesiques et executives a long terme. On divise en 3 groupes 36 hommes apparies selon l'age, la stature et la masse corporelle: (i) 12 plongeurs en apnee de haut niveau (<>, moyenne du meilleur temps de performance en apnee statique: 371 s, moyenne d'experience a l'apnee: 105 mois), (ii) 12 plongeurs en apnee de niveau novice (moyenne du meilleur temps de performance : 243 s, moyenne d'experience a l'apnee : 8,75 mois) et (iii) 12 etudiants en education physique sans experience de plongee en apnee; tous ces participants se soumettent a des tests neuropsychologiques ecrits et informatises. Comparativement aux deux autres groupes, les sujets du groupe EBHD prennent plus de temps pour lire la carte d'interference au test de Stroop ([F.sub.[1,33] = 4,70, p < 0,05), font plus d'erreurs a la carte d'interference ([F.sub.[1,33] = 2,96, p < 0,05] et ont un score global plus faible ([F.sub.[1,33] = 5,64, p < 0,05). Le temps de performance a la carte d'interference est positivement correle aladuree de l'apnee statique maximale (r = 0,73, p < 0,05) et au nombre d'annees d'entrainement a la plongee en apnee (r = 0,79, p < 0,001). D'apres ces observations, l'entrainement de plusieurs annees a la plongee en apnee peut causer des legers, mais permanents, troubles de memoire a court terme. [Traduit par la Redaction] Mots-cles: plongee en apnee, apnee, hypoxie, cognition, memoire a court terme. Repeated apneas are associated with severe hypoxemia that may ultimately lead to loss of consciousness in some breath-hold divers. Despite increasing number of practitioners, the relationship between apnea-induced hypoxia and neurocognitive functions is still poorly understood in the sport of free diving. To shed light onto this phenomenon, we examined the impact of long-term breath-hold diving training on attentional processing, short-term memory, and long-term mnesic and executive functions. Thirty-six men matched for age, height, and weight were separated into the following 3 groups: (i) 12 elite breath-hold divers (EBHD), mean static apnea best time 371 s, 105 months mean apnea experience; (ii) 12 novice breath-hold divers, mean best time 243 s, 8.75 months mean apnea experience; and (iii) 12 physical education students with no breath-hold diving experience; all of these participants performed varied written and computerized neuropsychological tasks. Compared with the 2 other groups, the EBHD group was slower to complete the interference card during a Stroop test ([F.sub.[1,33] = 4.70, p < 0.05), and presented more errors on the interference card ([F.sub.[1,33] = 2.96, p < 0.05) and a lower total interference score ([F.sub.[1,33] = 5.64, p < 0.05). The time to complete the interference card test was positively correlated with maximal static apnea duration (r =0.73, p < 0.05) and the number of years of breath-hold diving training (r = 0.79, p < 0.001). These findings suggest that breath-hold diving training over several years may cause mild, but persistent, short-term memory impairments. Repeated apneas are associated with severe hypoxemia that may ultimately lead to loss of consciousness in some breath-hold divers. Despite increasing number of practitioners, the relationship between apnea-induced hypoxia and neurocognitive functions is still poorly understood in the sport of free diving. To shed light onto this phenomenon, we examined the impact of long-term breath-hold diving training on attentional processing, short-term memory, and long-term mnesic and executive functions. Thirty-six men matched for age, height, and weight were separated into the following 3 groups: (i) 12 elite breath-hold divers (EBHD), mean static apnea best time 371 s, 105 months mean apnea experience; (ii) 12 novice breath-hold divers, mean best time 243 s, 8.75 months mean apnea experience; and (iii) 12 physical education students with no breath-hold diving experience; all of these participants performed varied written and computerized neuropsychological tasks. Compared with the 2 other groups, the EBHD group was slower to complete the interference card during a Stroop test (F = 4.70, p < 0.05), and presented more errors on the interference card (F = 2.96, p < 0.05) and a lower total interference score (F = 5.64, p < 0.05). The time to complete the interference card test was positively correlated with maximal static apnea duration (r = 0.73, p < 0.05) and the number of years of breath-hold diving training (r = 0.79, p < 0.001). These findings suggest that breath-hold diving training over several years may cause mild, but persistent, short-term memory impairments. Repeated apneas are associated with severe hypoxemia that may ultimately lead to loss of consciousness in some breath-hold divers. Despite increasing number of practitioners, the relationship between apnea-induced hypoxia and neurocognitive functions is still poorly understood in the sport of free diving. To shed light onto this phenomenon, we examined the impact of long-term breath-hold diving training on attentional processing, short-term memory, and long-term mnesic and executive functions. Thirty-six men matched for age, height, and weight were separated into the following 3 groups: (i) 12 elite breath-hold divers (EBHD), mean static apnea best time 371 s, 105 months mean apnea experience; (ii) 12 novice breath-hold divers, mean best time 243 s, 8.75 months mean apnea experience; and (iii) 12 physical education students with no breath-hold diving experience; all of these participants performed varied written and computerized neuropsychological tasks. Compared with the 2 other groups, the EBHD group was slower to complete the interference card during a Stroop test (F [1,33] = 4.70, p < 0.05), and presented more errors on the interference card (F [1,33] = 2.96, p < 0.05) and a lower total interference score (F [1,33] = 5.64, p < 0.05). The time to complete the interference card test was positively correlated with maximal static apnea duration (r = 0.73, p < 0.05) and the number of years of breath-hold diving training (r = 0.79, p < 0.001). These findings suggest that breath-hold diving training over several years may cause mild, but persistent, short-term memory impairments. Repeated apneas are associated with severe hypoxemia that may ultimately lead to loss of consciousness in some breath-hold divers. Despite increasing number of practitioners, the relationship between apnea-induced hypoxia and neurocognitive functions is still poorly understood in the sport of free diving. To shed light onto this phenomenon, we examined the impact of long-term breath-hold diving training on attentional processing, short-term memory, and long-term mnesic and executive functions. Thirty-six men matched for age, height, and weight were separated into the following 3 groups: (i) 12 elite breath-hold divers (EBHD), mean static apnea best time 371 s, 105 months mean apnea experience; (ii) 12 novice breath-hold divers, mean best time 243 s, 8.75 months mean apnea experience; and (iii) 12 physical education students with no breath-hold diving experience; all of these participants performed varied written and computerized neuropsychological tasks. Compared with the 2 other groups, the EBHD group was slower to complete the interference card during a Stroop test (F [1,33] = 4.70, p < 0.05), and presented more errors on the interference card (F [1,33] = 2.96, p < 0.05) and a lower total interference score (F [1,33] = 5.64, p < 0.05). The time to complete the interference card test was positively correlated with maximal static apnea duration (r = 0.73, p < 0.05) and the number of years of breath-hold diving training (r = 0.79, p < 0.001). These findings suggest that breath-hold diving training over several years may cause mild, but persistent, short-term memory impairments. Repeated apneas are associated with severe hypoxemia that may ultimately lead to loss of consciousness in some breath-hold divers. Despite increasing number of practitioners, the relationship between apnea-induced hypoxia and neurocognitive functions is still poorly understood in the sport of free diving. To shed light onto this phenomenon, we examined the impact of long-term breath-hold diving training on attentional processing, short-term memory, and long-term mnesic and executive functions. Thirty-six men matched for age, height, and weight were separated into the following 3 groups: (i) 12 elite breath-hold divers (EBHD), mean static apnea best time 371 s, 105 months mean apnea experience; (ii) 12 novice breath-hold divers, mean best time 243 s, 8.75 months mean apnea experience; and (iii) 12 physical education students with no breath-hold diving experience; all of these participants performed varied written and computerized neuropsychological tasks. Compared with the 2 other groups, the EBHD group was slower to complete the interference card during a Stroop test (F[₁,₃₃] = 4.70, p < 0.05), and presented more errors on the interference card (F[₁,₃₃] = 2.96, p < 0.05) and a lower total interference score (F[₁,₃₃] = 5.64, p < 0.05). The time to complete the interference card test was positively correlated with maximal static apnea duration (r = 0.73, p < 0.05) and the number of years of breath-hold diving training (r = 0.79, p < 0.001). These findings suggest that breath-hold diving training over several years may cause mild, but persistent, short-term memory impairments. Repeated apneas are associated with severe hypoxemia that may ultimately lead to loss of consciousness in some breath-hold divers. Despite increasing number of practitioners, the relationship between apnea-induced hypoxia and neurocognitive functions is still poorly understood in the sport of free diving. To shed light onto this phenomenon, we examined the impact of long-term breath-hold diving training on attentional processing, short-term memory, and long-term mnesic and executive functions. Thirty-six men matched for age, height, and weight were separated into the following 3 groups: (i) 12 elite breath-hold divers (EBHD), mean static apnea best time 371 s, 105 months mean apnea experience; (ii) 12 novice breath-hold divers, mean best time 243 s, 8.75 months mean apnea experience; and (iii) 12 physical education students with no breath-hold diving experience; all of these participants performed varied written and computerized neuropsychological tasks. Compared with the 2 other groups, the EBHD group was slower to complete the interference card during a Stroop test (F[1,33] = 4.70, p < 0.05), and presented more errors on the interference card (F[1,33] = 2.96, p < 0.05) and a lower total interference score (F[1,33] = 5.64, p < 0.05). The time to complete the interference card test was positively correlated with maximal static apnea duration (r = 0.73, p < 0.05) and the number of years of breath-hold diving training (r = 0.79, p < 0.001). These findings suggest that breath-hold diving training over several years may cause mild, but persistent, short-term memory impairments.Repeated apneas are associated with severe hypoxemia that may ultimately lead to loss of consciousness in some breath-hold divers. Despite increasing number of practitioners, the relationship between apnea-induced hypoxia and neurocognitive functions is still poorly understood in the sport of free diving. To shed light onto this phenomenon, we examined the impact of long-term breath-hold diving training on attentional processing, short-term memory, and long-term mnesic and executive functions. Thirty-six men matched for age, height, and weight were separated into the following 3 groups: (i) 12 elite breath-hold divers (EBHD), mean static apnea best time 371 s, 105 months mean apnea experience; (ii) 12 novice breath-hold divers, mean best time 243 s, 8.75 months mean apnea experience; and (iii) 12 physical education students with no breath-hold diving experience; all of these participants performed varied written and computerized neuropsychological tasks. Compared with the 2 other groups, the EBHD group was slower to complete the interference card during a Stroop test (F[1,33] = 4.70, p < 0.05), and presented more errors on the interference card (F[1,33] = 2.96, p < 0.05) and a lower total interference score (F[1,33] = 5.64, p < 0.05). The time to complete the interference card test was positively correlated with maximal static apnea duration (r = 0.73, p < 0.05) and the number of years of breath-hold diving training (r = 0.79, p < 0.001). These findings suggest that breath-hold diving training over several years may cause mild, but persistent, short-term memory impairments. |
| Abstract_FL | La répétition de périodes d’apnée est associée à une hypoxémie grave qui, ultimement, peut aboutir à la perte de conscience chez des plongeurs en apnée. Nonobstant le nombre croissant d’adeptes, la relation entre l’hypoxie due à l’apnée et les fonctions neurocognitives est mal comprise dans le sport de la plongée libre. Pour en apprendre davantage au sujet de ce phénomène, on examine l’impact de l’entraînement à long terme de la plongée en apnée sur les processus attentionnels, la mémoire à court terme, les fonctions mnésiques et exécutives à long terme. On divise en 3 groupes 36 hommes appariés selon l’âge, la stature et la masse corporelle : (i) 12 plongeurs en apnée de haut niveau (« EBHD », moyenne du meilleur temps de performance en apnée statique : 371 s, moyenne d’expérience à l’apnée : 105 mois), (ii) 12 plongeurs en apnée de niveau novice (moyenne du meilleur temps de performance : 243 s, moyenne d’expérience à l’apnée : 8,75 mois) et (iii) 12 étudiants en éducation physique sans expérience de plongée en apnée; tous ces participants se soumettent à des tests neuropsychologiques écrits et informatisés. Comparativement aux deux autres groupes, les sujets du groupe EBHD prennent plus de temps pour lire la carte d’interférence au test de Stroop (F
[1,33]
= 4,70, p < 0,05), font plus d’erreurs à la carte d’interférence (F
[1,33]
= 2,96, p < 0,05] et ont un score global plus faible (F
[1,33]
= 5,64, p < 0,05). Le temps de performance à la carte d’interférence est positivement corrélé à la durée de l’apnée statique maximale (r = 0,73, p < 0,05) et au nombre d’années d’entraînement à la plongée en apnée (r = 0,79, p < 0,001). D’après ces observations, l’entraînement de plusieurs années à la plongée en apnée peut causer des légers, mais permanents, troubles de mémoire à court terme. [Traduit par la Rédaction] |
| Audience | Academic |
| Author | Lemaître, Frédéric Faure, Sylvane Costalat, Guillaume Billaut, François Gueit, Patrice |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: François surname: Billaut fullname: Billaut, François organization: Département de kinésiologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, 2300, rue de la Terrasse, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada – sequence: 2 givenname: Patrice surname: Gueit fullname: Gueit, Patrice organization: Centre d’Etudes des Transformations des Activités Physiques et Sportives, EA n°3832, Faculté des Sciences du Sport et de l’Education Physique de Rouen, Université de Rouen, Mont-Saint-Aignan 76130, France – sequence: 3 givenname: Sylvane surname: Faure fullname: Faure, Sylvane organization: Laboratoire d’Anthropologie et de Psychologie Cognitives et Sociales, EA 7278, Université Nice – Sophia-Antipolis, Nice 06357, France – sequence: 4 givenname: Guillaume surname: Costalat fullname: Costalat, Guillaume organization: Laboratoire Adaptations Physiologiques à l’Exercice et Réadaptation à l’effort (APERE), EA n°3300, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens 80025, France – sequence: 5 givenname: Frédéric surname: Lemaître fullname: Lemaître, Frédéric organization: Centre d’Etudes des Transformations des Activités Physiques et Sportives, EA n°3832, Faculté des Sciences du Sport et de l’Education Physique de Rouen, Université de Rouen, Mont-Saint-Aignan 76130, France |
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| Snippet | Repeated apneas are associated with severe hypoxemia that may ultimately lead to loss of consciousness in some breath-hold divers. Despite increasing number of... |
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| SubjectTerms | Adult Anoxia apnea apnée Breath Holding breath-hold diving cognition Cognition & reasoning consciousness Diving education Executive function Health aspects Human health and pathology Humans Hypoxia Hypoxia - etiology hypoxie Life Sciences Male Memory Memory disorders Memory, Short-Term men Middle Aged mémoire à court terme Neuropsychological Tests Physiological aspects plongée en apnée Risk factors Short-term memory Skin diving Sleep apnea sports students Tissues and Organs Young Adult |
| Title | Do elite breath-hold divers suffer from mild short-term memory impairments? |
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