The Anti-Inflammatory Mediator, Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide, Modulates the Differentiation and Function of Th Subsets in Rheumatoid Arthritis

• Published in: Journal of Immunology Research Vol. 2018; no. 2018; pp. 1 - 11
• Main Authors: Juarranz, Yasmina, Martínez, Carmen, Seoane, Iria V., Pérez-García, Selene, Carrión, Mar, Gutiérrez-Cañas, Irene, Villanueva-Romero, Raúl, Gomariz, Rosa P.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Cairo, Egypt Hindawi Publishing Corporation 01.01.2018; Hindawi; John Wiley & Sons, Inc; Hindawi Limited; Wiley
• Subjects: Antigens; Autoantigens; Autoimmune diseases; Cell differentiation; Cytokines; Damage patterns; Diabetes; Disease; Environmental factors; Helper cells; Immune system; Immunological memory; Immunological tolerance; Immunology; Immunomodulation; Inflammation; Intestine; Ligands; Lymphocytes; Lymphocytes T; Macrophages; Memory cells; Neurosciences; Pathogens; Pathology; Pattern recognition receptors; Peptides; Review; Rheumatoid arthritis; Subpopulations; Synoviocytes; T cell receptors; Toll-like receptors; Transcription factors; Tumor necrosis factor-TNF; Vasoactive agents; Vasoactive intestinal peptide
• ISSN: 2314-8861; 2314-7156
• DOI: 10.1155/2018/6043710

Genetic background, epigenetic modifications, and environmental factors trigger autoimmune response in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Several pathogenic infections have been related to the onset of RA and may cause an inadequate immunological tolerance towards critical self-antigens leading to chronic joint inflammation and an imbalance between different T helper (Th) subsets. Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is a mediator that modulates all the stages comprised between the arrival of pathogens and Th cell differentiation in RA through its known anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory actions. This “neuroimmunopeptide” modulates the pathogenic activity of diverse cell subpopulations involved in RA as lymphocytes, fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS), or macrophages. In addition, VIP decreases the expression of pattern recognition receptor (PRR) such as toll-like receptors (TLRs) in FLS from RA patients. These receptors act as sensors of pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) and damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) connecting the innate and adaptive immune system. Moreover, VIP modulates the imbalance between Th subsets in RA, decreasing pathogenic Th1 and Th17 subsets and favoring Th2 or Treg profile during the differentiation/polarization of naïve or memory Th cells. Finally, VIP regulates the plasticity between theses subsets. In this review, we provide an overview of VIP effects on the aforementioned features of RA pathology.