Profiling unauthorized natural resource users for better targeting of conservation interventions

Unauthorized use of natural resources is a key threat to many protected areas. Approaches to reducing this threat include law enforcement and integrated conservation and development (ICD) projects, but for such ICDs to be targeted effectively, it is important to understand who is illegally using whi...

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Bibliographic Details
Published inConservation biology Vol. 29; no. 6; pp. 1636 - 1646
Main Authors Harrison, Mariel, Baker, Julia, Twinamatsiko, Medard, Milner‐Gulland, E.J
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published United States Blackwell Scientific Publications 01.12.2015
Blackwell Publishing Ltd
Wiley Periodicals Inc
John Wiley and Sons Inc
Subjects
caza furtiva
conservation areas
Conservation of Natural Resources - legislation & jurisprudence
Conservation of Natural Resources - methods
Contributed Paper
Contributed Papers
employment
forest products
forest resources
Forests
gorilas de montaña
household surveys
households
Humans
income
Law enforcement
Motivation
mountain gorillas
National parks
natural resource use
Natural Resources
Parks, Recreational
people
poaching
pobreza
poverty
resentimiento
resentment
roads
Socioeconomic Factors
Surveys and Questionnaires
técnica de conteo no pareado
Uganda
unmatched count technique
uso de recursos protegidas
wild animals
Uganda
pobreza
resentimiento
unmatched count technique
caza furtiva
mountain gorillas
resentment
natural resource use
uso de recursos protegidas
técnica de conteo no pareado
Uganda
gorilas de montaña
poaching
poverty
Online AccessGet full text

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Abstract Unauthorized use of natural resources is a key threat to many protected areas. Approaches to reducing this threat include law enforcement and integrated conservation and development (ICD) projects, but for such ICDs to be targeted effectively, it is important to understand who is illegally using which natural resources and why. The nature of unauthorized behavior makes it difficult to ascertain this information through direct questioning. Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda, has many ICD projects, including authorizing some local people to use certain nontimber forest resources from the park. However, despite over 25 years of ICD, unauthorized resource use continues. We used household surveys, indirect questioning (unmatched count technique), and focus group discussions to generate profiles of authorized and unauthorized resource users and to explore motivations for unauthorized activity. Overall, unauthorized resource use was most common among people from poor households who lived closest to the park boundary and farthest from roads and trading centers. Other motivations for unauthorized resource use included crop raiding by wild animals, inequity of revenue sharing, and lack of employment, factors that created resentment among the poorest communities. In some communities, benefits obtained from ICD were reported to be the greatest deterrents against unauthorized activity, although law enforcement ranked highest overall. Despite the sensitive nature of exploring unauthorized resource use, management‐relevant insights into the profiles and motivations of unauthorized resource users can be gained from a combination of survey techniques, as adopted here. To reduce unauthorized activity at Bwindi, we suggest ICD benefit the poorest people living in remote areas and near the park boundary by providing affordable alternative sources of forest products and addressing crop raiding. To prevent resentment from driving further unauthorized activity, ICDs should be managed transparently and equitably.
AbstractList Unauthorized use of natural resources is a key threat to many protected areas. Approaches to reducing this threat include law enforcement and integrated conservation and development (ICD) projects, but for such ICDs to be targeted effectively, it is important to understand who is illegally using which natural resources and why. The nature of unauthorized behavior makes it difficult to ascertain this information through direct questioning. Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda, has many ICD projects, including authorizing some local people to use certain nontimber forest resources from the park. However, despite over 25 years of ICD, unauthorized resource use continues. We used household surveys, indirect questioning (unmatched count technique), and focus group discussions to generate profiles of authorized and unauthorized resource users and to explore motivations for unauthorized activity. Overall, unauthorized resource use was most common among people from poor households who lived closest to the park boundary and farthest from roads and trading centers. Other motivations for unauthorized resource use included crop raiding by wild animals, inequity of revenue sharing, and lack of employment, factors that created resentment among the poorest communities. In some communities, benefits obtained from ICD were reported to be the greatest deterrents against unauthorized activity, although law enforcement ranked highest overall. Despite the sensitive nature of exploring unauthorized resource use, management-relevant insights into the profiles and motivations of unauthorized resource users can be gained from a combination of survey techniques, as adopted here. To reduce unauthorized activity at Bwindi, we suggest ICD benefit the poorest people living in remote areas and near the park boundary by providing affordable alternative sources of forest products and addressing crop raiding. To prevent resentment from driving further unauthorized activity, ICDs should be managed transparently and equitably.
Unauthorized use of natural resources is a key threat to many protected areas. Approaches to reducing this threat include law enforcement and integrated conservation and development (ICD) projects, but for such ICDs to be targeted effectively, it is important to understand who is illegally using which natural resources and why. The nature of unauthorized behavior makes it difficult to ascertain this information through direct questioning. Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda, has many ICD projects, including authorizing some local people to use certain nontimber forest resources from the park. However, despite over 25 years of ICD, unauthorized resource use continues. We used household surveys, indirect questioning (unmatched count technique), and focus group discussions to generate profiles of authorized and unauthorized resource users and to explore motivations for unauthorized activity. Overall, unauthorized resource use was most common among people from poor households who lived closest to the park boundary and farthest from roads and trading centers. Other motivations for unauthorized resource use included crop raiding by wild animals, inequity of revenue sharing, and lack of employment, factors that created resentment among the poorest communities. In some communities, benefits obtained from ICD were reported to be the greatest deterrents against unauthorized activity, although law enforcement ranked highest overall. Despite the sensitive nature of exploring unauthorized resource use, management-relevant insights into the profiles and motivations of unauthorized resource users can be gained from a combination of survey techniques, as adopted here. To reduce unauthorized activity at Bwindi, we suggest ICD benefit the poorest people living in remote areas and near the park boundary by providing affordable alternative sources of forest products and addressing crop raiding. To prevent resentment from driving further unauthorized activity, ICDs should be managed transparently and equitably. Identificación del Perfil de Usuarios No Autorizados de Recursos Naturales para Mejorar las Intervenciones de Conservación Resumen El uso no autorizado de recursos naturales es una amenaza clave para muchas áreas naturales. Los métodos para la reducción de esta amenaza incluyen la aplicación de leyes y los proyectos integrados de conservación y desarrollo (ICD), pero para que los ICD sean operados efectivamente, es importante comprender quien esta utilizando ilegalmente cuales recursos naturales y porque. La naturaleza de la conducta no autorizada dificulta la determinación de esta información mediante preguntas directas. El Parque Nacional Impenetrable Bwindi, Uganda, tiene muchos proyectos ICD, incluyendo la autorización para que algunos habitantes locales utilicen ciertos recursos no maderables del parque. Sin embargo, no obstante más de 25 años de ICD, el uso no autorizado de recursos continua. Utilizamos muestreos en hogares, entrevistas indirectas (técnica de conteo no pareado) y discusiones con grupos focales para generar perfiles de los usuarios autorizados y no autorizados y para explorar las motivaciones para las actividades no autorizadas. En general, el uso no autorizado de recursos fue más común entre gente de hogares empobrecidos que vivían cerca del límite del parque y más lejos de los caminos y de los centros de comercio. Otras motivaciones para el uso no autorizado de recursos incluyen la afectación de cultivos por animales silvestres, la desigualdad de la repartición de ganancias y la falta de empleo, factores que crearon resentimiento en las comunidades más pobres. En algunas comunidades, los beneficios obtenidos de los ICD fueron reportados como los mayores factores disuasorios de actividades no autorizadas, aunque la aplicación de leyes fue el más alto en general. A pesar de la naturaleza sensible de la exploración del uso no autorizado de recursos, se puede obtener una perspectiva relevante para el manejo de usuarios no autorizados de recursos por medio de una combinación de técnicas de muestreo, como en este trabajo. Para reducir la actividad no autorizada en Bwindi, sugerimos que los ICD beneficien a la gente más pobre que vive en áreas remotas y cerca de los límites del parque proporcionando fuentes alternativas de productos forestales y atendiendo la afectación de cultivos. Para prevenir que el resentimiento motive mayores actividades no autorizadas, los ICD deben ser manejados transparente y equitativamente.
Abstract Unauthorized use of natural resources is a key threat to many protected areas. Approaches to reducing this threat include law enforcement and integrated conservation and development (ICD) projects, but for such ICDs to be targeted effectively, it is important to understand who is illegally using which natural resources and why. The nature of unauthorized behavior makes it difficult to ascertain this information through direct questioning. Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda, has many ICD projects, including authorizing some local people to use certain nontimber forest resources from the park. However, despite over 25 years of ICD, unauthorized resource use continues. We used household surveys, indirect questioning (unmatched count technique), and focus group discussions to generate profiles of authorized and unauthorized resource users and to explore motivations for unauthorized activity. Overall, unauthorized resource use was most common among people from poor households who lived closest to the park boundary and farthest from roads and trading centers. Other motivations for unauthorized resource use included crop raiding by wild animals, inequity of revenue sharing, and lack of employment, factors that created resentment among the poorest communities. In some communities, benefits obtained from ICD were reported to be the greatest deterrents against unauthorized activity, although law enforcement ranked highest overall. Despite the sensitive nature of exploring unauthorized resource use, management‐relevant insights into the profiles and motivations of unauthorized resource users can be gained from a combination of survey techniques, as adopted here. To reduce unauthorized activity at Bwindi, we suggest ICD benefit the poorest people living in remote areas and near the park boundary by providing affordable alternative sources of forest products and addressing crop raiding. To prevent resentment from driving further unauthorized activity, ICDs should be managed transparently and equitably. Identificación del Perfil de Usuarios No Autorizados de Recursos Naturales para Mejorar las Intervenciones de Conservación Resumen El uso no autorizado de recursos naturales es una amenaza clave para muchas áreas naturales. Los métodos para la reducción de esta amenaza incluyen la aplicación de leyes y los proyectos integrados de conservación y desarrollo (ICD), pero para que los ICD sean operados efectivamente, es importante comprender quien esta utilizando ilegalmente cuales recursos naturales y porque. La naturaleza de la conducta no autorizada dificulta la determinación de esta información mediante preguntas directas. El Parque Nacional Impenetrable Bwindi, Uganda, tiene muchos proyectos ICD, incluyendo la autorización para que algunos habitantes locales utilicen ciertos recursos no maderables del parque. Sin embargo, no obstante más de 25 años de ICD, el uso no autorizado de recursos continua. Utilizamos muestreos en hogares, entrevistas indirectas (técnica de conteo no pareado) y discusiones con grupos focales para generar perfiles de los usuarios autorizados y no autorizados y para explorar las motivaciones para las actividades no autorizadas. En general, el uso no autorizado de recursos fue más común entre gente de hogares empobrecidos que vivían cerca del límite del parque y más lejos de los caminos y de los centros de comercio. Otras motivaciones para el uso no autorizado de recursos incluyen la afectación de cultivos por animales silvestres, la desigualdad de la repartición de ganancias y la falta de empleo, factores que crearon resentimiento en las comunidades más pobres. En algunas comunidades, los beneficios obtenidos de los ICD fueron reportados como los mayores factores disuasorios de actividades no autorizadas, aunque la aplicación de leyes fue el más alto en general. A pesar de la naturaleza sensible de la exploración del uso no autorizado de recursos, se puede obtener una perspectiva relevante para el manejo de usuarios no autorizados de recursos por medio de una combinación de técnicas de muestreo, como en este trabajo. Para reducir la actividad no autorizada en Bwindi, sugerimos que los ICD beneficien a la gente más pobre que vive en áreas remotas y cerca de los límites del parque proporcionando fuentes alternativas de productos forestales y atendiendo la afectación de cultivos. Para prevenir que el resentimiento motive mayores actividades no autorizadas, los ICD deben ser manejados transparente y equitativamente.
Unauthorized use of natural resources is a key threat to many protected areas. Approaches to reducing this threat include law enforcement and integrated conservation and development (ICD) projects, but for such ICDs to be targeted effectively, it is important to understand who is illegally using which natural resources and why. The nature of unauthorized behavior makes it difficult to ascertain this information through direct questioning. Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda, has many ICD projects, including authorizing some local people to use certain nontimber forest resources from the park. However, despite over 25 years of ICD, unauthorized resource use continues. We used household surveys, indirect questioning (unmatched count technique), and focus group discussions to generate profiles of authorized and unauthorized resource users and to explore motivations for unauthorized activity. Overall, unauthorized resource use was most common among people from poor households who lived closest to the park boundary and farthest from roads and trading centers. Other motivations for unauthorized resource use included crop raiding by wild animals, inequity of revenue sharing, and lack of employment, factors that created resentment among the poorest communities. In some communities, benefits obtained from ICD were reported to be the greatest deterrents against unauthorized activity, although law enforcement ranked highest overall. Despite the sensitive nature of exploring unauthorized resource use, management-relevant insights into the profiles and motivations of unauthorized resource users can be gained from a combination of survey techniques, as adopted here. To reduce unauthorized activity at Bwindi, we suggest ICD benefit the poorest people living in remote areas and near the park boundary by providing affordable alternative sources of forest products and addressing crop raiding. To prevent resentment from driving further unauthorized activity, ICDs should be managed transparently and equitably.Original Abstract: Identificacion del Perfil de Usuarios No Autorizados de Recursos Naturales para Mejorar las Intervenciones de Conservacion Resumen El uso no autorizado de recursos naturales es una amenaza clave para muchas areas naturales. Los metodos para la reduccion de esta amenaza incluyen la aplicacion de leyes y los proyectos integrados de conservacion y desarrollo (ICD), pero para que los ICD sean operados efectivamente, es importante comprender quien esta utilizando ilegalmente cuales recursos naturales y porque. La naturaleza de la conducta no autorizada dificulta la determinacion de esta informacion mediante preguntas directas. El Parque Nacional Impenetrable Bwindi, Uganda, tiene muchos proyectos ICD, incluyendo la autorizacion para que algunos habitantes locales utilicen ciertos recursos no maderables del parque. Sin embargo, no obstante mas de 25 anos de ICD, el uso no autorizado de recursos continua. Utilizamos muestreos en hogares, entrevistas indirectas (tecnica de conteo no pareado) y discusiones con grupos focales para generar perfiles de los usuarios autorizados y no autorizados y para explorar las motivaciones para las actividades no autorizadas. En general, el uso no autorizado de recursos fue mas comun entre gente de hogares empobrecidos que vivian cerca del limite del parque y mas lejos de los caminos y de los centros de comercio. Otras motivaciones para el uso no autorizado de recursos incluyen la afectacion de cultivos por animales silvestres, la desigualdad de la reparticion de ganancias y la falta de empleo, factores que crearon resentimiento en las comunidades mas pobres. En algunas comunidades, los beneficios obtenidos de los ICD fueron reportados como los mayores factores disuasorios de actividades no autorizadas, aunque la aplicacion de leyes fue el mas alto en general. A pesar de la naturaleza sensible de la exploracion del uso no autorizado de recursos, se puede obtener una perspectiva relevante para el manejo de usuarios no autorizados de recursos por medio de una combinacion de tecnicas de muestreo, como en este trabajo. Para reducir la actividad no autorizada en Bwindi, sugerimos que los ICD beneficien a la gente mas pobre que vive en areas remotas y cerca de los limites del parque proporcionando fuentes alternativas de productos forestales y atendiendo la afectacion de cultivos. Para prevenir que el resentimiento motive mayores actividades no autorizadas, los ICD deben ser manejados transparente y equitativamente.
Unauthorized use of natural resources is a key threat to many protected areas. Approaches to reducing this threat include law enforcement and integrated conservation and development (ICD) projects, but for such ICDs to be targeted effectively, it is important to understand who is illegally using which natural resources and why. The nature of unauthorized behavior makes it difficult to ascertain this information through direct questioning. Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda, has many ICD projects, including authorizing some local people to use certain nontimber forest resources from the park. However, despite over 25 years of ICD, unauthorized resource use continues. We used household surveys, indirect questioning (unmatched count technique), and focus group discussions to generate profiles of authorized and unauthorized resource users and to explore motivations for unauthorized activity. Overall, unauthorized resource use was most common among people from poor households who lived closest to the park boundary and farthest from roads and trading centers. Other motivations for unauthorized resource use included crop raiding by wild animals, inequity of revenue sharing, and lack of employment, factors that created resentment among the poorest communities. In some communities, benefits obtained from ICD were reported to be the greatest deterrents against unauthorized activity, although law enforcement ranked highest overall. Despite the sensitive nature of exploring unauthorized resource use, management-relevant insights into the profiles and motivations of unauthorized resource users can be gained from a combination of survey techniques, as adopted here. To reduce unauthorized activity at Bwindi, we suggest ICD benefit the poorest people living in remote areas and near the park boundary by providing affordable alternative sources of forest products and addressing crop raiding. To prevent resentment from driving further unauthorized activity, ICDs should be managed transparently and equitably. El uso no autorizado de recursos naturales es una amenaza clave para muchas áreas naturales. Los métodos para la reducción de esta amenaza incluyen la aplicación de leyes y los proyectos integrados de conservación y desarrollo (ICD), pero para que los ICD sean operados efectivamente, es importante comprender quien esta utilizando ilegalmente cuales recursos naturales y porque. La naturaleza de la conducta no autorizada dificulta la determinación de esta información mediante preguntas directas. El Parque Nacional Impenetrable Bwindi, Uganda, tiene muchos proyectos ICD, incluyendo la autorización para que algunos habitantes locales utilicen ciertos recursos no maderables del parque. Sin embargo, no obstante más de 25 años de ICD, el uso no authorizado de recursos continua. Utilizamos muestreos en hogares, entrevistas indirectas (técnica de conteo no pareado) y discusiones con grupos focales para generar perfiles de los usuarios autorizados y no autorizados y para explorar las motivaciones para las actividades no autorizadas. En general, el uso no autorizado de recursos fue más común entre gente de hogares empobrecidos que vivían cerca del límite del parque y más lejos de los caminos y de los centros de comercio. Otras motivaciones para el uso no autorizado de recursos incluyen la afectación de cultivos por animales silvestres, la desigualdad de la repartición de ganancias y la falta de empleo, factores que crearon resentimiento en las comunidades más pobres. En algunas comunidades, los beneficios obtenidos de los ICD fueron reportados como los mayores factores disuasorios de actividades no autorizadas, aunque la aplicación de leyes fue el más alto en general. A pesar de la naturaleza sensible de la exploración del uso no autorizado de recursos, se puede obtener una perspectiva relevante para el manejo de usuarios no autorizados de recursos por medio de una combinación de técnicas de muestreo, como en este trabajo. Para reducir la actividad no autorizada en Bwindi, sugerimos que los ICD beneficien a la gente más pobre que vive en áreas remotas y cerca de los límites del parque proporcionando fuentes alternativas de productos forestales y atendiendo la afectación de cultivos. Para prevenir que el resentimiento motive mayores actividades no autorizadas, los ICD deben ser manejados transparente y equitativamente.
Unauthorized use of natural resources is a key threat to many protected areas. Approaches to reducing this threat include law enforcement and integrated conservation and development (ICD) projects, but for such ICDs to be targeted effectively, it is important to understand who is illegally using which natural resources and why. The nature of unauthorized behavior makes it difficult to ascertain this information through direct questioning. Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda, has many ICD projects, including authorizing some local people to use certain nontimber forest resources from the park. However, despite over 25 years of ICD, unauthorized resource use continues. We used household surveys, indirect questioning (unmatched count technique), and focus group discussions to generate profiles of authorized and unauthorized resource users and to explore motivations for unauthorized activity. Overall, unauthorized resource use was most common among people from poor households who lived closest to the park boundary and farthest from roads and trading centers. Other motivations for unauthorized resource use included crop raiding by wild animals, inequity of revenue sharing, and lack of employment, factors that created resentment among the poorest communities. In some communities, benefits obtained from ICD were reported to be the greatest deterrents against unauthorized activity, although law enforcement ranked highest overall. Despite the sensitive nature of exploring unauthorized resource use, management‐relevant insights into the profiles and motivations of unauthorized resource users can be gained from a combination of survey techniques, as adopted here. To reduce unauthorized activity at Bwindi, we suggest ICD benefit the poorest people living in remote areas and near the park boundary by providing affordable alternative sources of forest products and addressing crop raiding. To prevent resentment from driving further unauthorized activity, ICDs should be managed transparently and equitably. Identificación del Perfil de Usuarios No Autorizados de Recursos Naturales para Mejorar las Intervenciones de Conservación Resumen El uso no autorizado de recursos naturales es una amenaza clave para muchas áreas naturales. Los métodos para la reducción de esta amenaza incluyen la aplicación de leyes y los proyectos integrados de conservación y desarrollo (ICD), pero para que los ICD sean operados efectivamente, es importante comprender quien esta utilizando ilegalmente cuales recursos naturales y porque. La naturaleza de la conducta no autorizada dificulta la determinación de esta información mediante preguntas directas. El Parque Nacional Impenetrable Bwindi, Uganda, tiene muchos proyectos ICD, incluyendo la autorización para que algunos habitantes locales utilicen ciertos recursos no maderables del parque. Sin embargo, no obstante más de 25 años de ICD, el uso no autorizado de recursos continua. Utilizamos muestreos en hogares, entrevistas indirectas (técnica de conteo no pareado) y discusiones con grupos focales para generar perfiles de los usuarios autorizados y no autorizados y para explorar las motivaciones para las actividades no autorizadas. En general, el uso no autorizado de recursos fue más común entre gente de hogares empobrecidos que vivían cerca del límite del parque y más lejos de los caminos y de los centros de comercio. Otras motivaciones para el uso no autorizado de recursos incluyen la afectación de cultivos por animales silvestres, la desigualdad de la repartición de ganancias y la falta de empleo, factores que crearon resentimiento en las comunidades más pobres. En algunas comunidades, los beneficios obtenidos de los ICD fueron reportados como los mayores factores disuasorios de actividades no autorizadas, aunque la aplicación de leyes fue el más alto en general. A pesar de la naturaleza sensible de la exploración del uso no autorizado de recursos, se puede obtener una perspectiva relevante para el manejo de usuarios no autorizados de recursos por medio de una combinación de técnicas de muestreo, como en este trabajo. Para reducir la actividad no autorizada en Bwindi, sugerimos que los ICD beneficien a la gente más pobre que vive en áreas remotas y cerca de los límites del parque proporcionando fuentes alternativas de productos forestales y atendiendo la afectación de cultivos. Para prevenir que el resentimiento motive mayores actividades no autorizadas, los ICD deben ser manejados transparente y equitativamente.
Author Harrison, Mariel
Milner-Gulland, E.J.
Twinamatsiko, Medard
Baker, Julia
AuthorAffiliation 1 Department of Life Sciences Imperial College London Silwood Park Campus, Buckhurst Road Ascot Berkshire SL5 7PY
2 Parsons Brinckerhoff 6 Devonshire Square London EC2M 4YE
3 International Institute for Environment and Development 80–86 Gray's Inn Road London WC1×8NH
4 Institute of Tropical Forest Conservation P.O. Box 44 Kabale Uganda
AuthorAffiliation_xml – name: 2 Parsons Brinckerhoff 6 Devonshire Square London EC2M 4YE
– name: 3 International Institute for Environment and Development 80–86 Gray's Inn Road London WC1×8NH
– name: 1 Department of Life Sciences Imperial College London Silwood Park Campus, Buckhurst Road Ascot Berkshire SL5 7PY
– name: 4 Institute of Tropical Forest Conservation P.O. Box 44 Kabale Uganda
Author_xml – sequence: 1
  fullname: Harrison, Mariel
– sequence: 2
  fullname: Baker, Julia
– sequence: 3
  fullname: Twinamatsiko, Medard
– sequence: 4
  fullname: Milner‐Gulland, E.J
BackLink https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26238261$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
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Issue 6
Keywords pobreza
resentimiento
unmatched count technique
caza furtiva
mountain gorillas
resentment
natural resource use
uso de recursos protegidas
técnica de conteo no pareado
Uganda
gorilas de montaña
poaching
poverty
Language English
License Attribution
2015 The Authors. Conservation Biology published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of Society for Conservation Biology.
This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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Notes http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cobi.12575
Details of the survey methods, including how ethical issues were addressed, the UTC (Appendix S1), and of socioeconomic variables, UCT models, and saliences of all motivations and deterrents (Appendix S2) are available online. The authors are solely responsible for the content and functionality of these materials. Queries (other than absence of the material) should be directed to the corresponding author. Figure S1. Sample Unmatched Count Technique cards, showing the control card on the left and the treatment card on the right, including the sensitive item, in this case bushmeat. Table S1. Changes in wealth and education according to education and proximity to Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, roads and trading centers. Table S2. Variation in socioeconomic characteristics of resource user groups compared to the baseline sample mean. Table S3. Set of models selected based on AICc for bushmeat consumption. Table S4. Set of models selected based on AICc for firewood collection from the park. Table S5. Motivations for resource use, as ranked by 17 focus groups. Table S6. Deterrents against resource use, as ranked by 17 focus groups.
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Snippet Unauthorized use of natural resources is a key threat to many protected areas. Approaches to reducing this threat include law enforcement and integrated...
Abstract Unauthorized use of natural resources is a key threat to many protected areas. Approaches to reducing this threat include law enforcement and...
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SubjectTerms caza furtiva
conservation areas
Conservation of Natural Resources - legislation & jurisprudence
Conservation of Natural Resources - methods
Contributed Paper
Contributed Papers
employment
forest products
forest resources
Forests
gorilas de montaña
household surveys
households
Humans
income
Law enforcement
Motivation
mountain gorillas
National parks
natural resource use
Natural Resources
Parks, Recreational
people
poaching
pobreza
poverty
resentimiento
resentment
roads
Socioeconomic Factors
Surveys and Questionnaires
técnica de conteo no pareado
Uganda
unmatched count technique
uso de recursos protegidas
wild animals
Title Profiling unauthorized natural resource users for better targeting of conservation interventions
URI https://api.istex.fr/ark:/67375/WNG-ZDK7Z3CF-N/fulltext.pdf
https://www.jstor.org/stable/24761076
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111%2Fcobi.12575
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26238261
https://www.proquest.com/docview/1757152425
https://search.proquest.com/docview/1760927707
https://search.proquest.com/docview/1846411990
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PMC4975694
Volume 29
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