PRECURRENT CONTINGENCIES: BEHAVIOR REINFORCED BY ALTERING REINFORCEMENT PROBABILITY FOR OTHER BEHAVIOR
The present study explored the effects of a precurrent contingency in which one (precurrent) activity increased the reinforcement probability for another (current) activity. Four human subjects responded on a two‐key computer mouse. Each right‐key press was reinforced (points exchangeable for money)...
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| Published in | Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior Vol. 61; no. 3; pp. 427 - 439 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
Oxford, UK
Blackwell Publishing Ltd
01.05.1994
Society for the Experimental Analysis of Behavior |
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 0022-5002 1938-3711 |
| DOI | 10.1901/jeab.1994.61-427 |
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| Abstract | The present study explored the effects of a precurrent contingency in which one (precurrent) activity increased the reinforcement probability for another (current) activity. Four human subjects responded on a two‐key computer mouse. Each right‐key press was reinforced (points exchangeable for money) with .02 probability. In one condition (no precurrent contingency), pressing the left key had no scheduled consequence; in another condition (precurrent contingency), pressing the left key increased the reinforcement probability for right‐key responding to .08 for 15 s. Initial exposure to the precurrent contingency resulted in acquisition of precurrent left‐key responding for 3 subjects, but for the 4th subject a special contingency was required. Right‐key responding occurred at a high stable rate across the conditions. Changeovers to left‐key responding dropped to near zero when the precurrent contingency was absent and were maintained at enhanced levels when the precurrent contingency was present. Contacts with the left key consisted of short response runs. Right‐key responses were more frequently emitted within 15 s of a left‐key response when the precurrent contingency was present, an efficient adaptation to the contingency. Continued research on precurrent behavior may produce insights into complex phenomena such as autoclitics and self‐control. |
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| AbstractList | The present study explored the effects of a precurrent contingency in which one (precurrent) activity increased the reinforcement probability for another (current) activity. Four human subjects responded on a two-key computer mouse. Each right-key press was reinforced (points exchangeable for money) with .02 probability. In one condition (no precurrent contingency), pressing the left key had no scheduled consequence; in another condition (precurrent contingency), pressing the left key increased the reinforcement probability for right-key responding to .08 for 15 s. Initial exposure to the precurrent contingency resulted in acquisition of precurrent left-key responding for 3 subjects, but for the 4th subject a special contingency was required. Right-key responding occurred at a high stable rate across the conditions. Changeovers to left-key responding dropped to near zero when the precurrent contingency was absent and were maintained at enhanced levels when the precurrent contingency was present. Contacts with the left key consisted of short response runs. Right-key responses were more frequently emitted within 15 s of a left-key response when the precurrent contingency was present, an efficient adaptation to the contingency. Continued research on precurrent behavior may produce insights into complex phenomena such as autoclitics and self-control.The present study explored the effects of a precurrent contingency in which one (precurrent) activity increased the reinforcement probability for another (current) activity. Four human subjects responded on a two-key computer mouse. Each right-key press was reinforced (points exchangeable for money) with .02 probability. In one condition (no precurrent contingency), pressing the left key had no scheduled consequence; in another condition (precurrent contingency), pressing the left key increased the reinforcement probability for right-key responding to .08 for 15 s. Initial exposure to the precurrent contingency resulted in acquisition of precurrent left-key responding for 3 subjects, but for the 4th subject a special contingency was required. Right-key responding occurred at a high stable rate across the conditions. Changeovers to left-key responding dropped to near zero when the precurrent contingency was absent and were maintained at enhanced levels when the precurrent contingency was present. Contacts with the left key consisted of short response runs. Right-key responses were more frequently emitted within 15 s of a left-key response when the precurrent contingency was present, an efficient adaptation to the contingency. Continued research on precurrent behavior may produce insights into complex phenomena such as autoclitics and self-control. The present study explored the effects of a precurrent contingency in which one (precurrent) activity increased the reinforcement probability for another (current) activity. Four human subjects responded on a two‐key computer mouse. Each right‐key press was reinforced (points exchangeable for money) with .02 probability. In one condition (no precurrent contingency), pressing the left key had no scheduled consequence; in another condition (precurrent contingency), pressing the left key increased the reinforcement probability for right‐key responding to .08 for 15 s. Initial exposure to the precurrent contingency resulted in acquisition of precurrent left‐key responding for 3 subjects, but for the 4th subject a special contingency was required. Right‐key responding occurred at a high stable rate across the conditions. Changeovers to left‐key responding dropped to near zero when the precurrent contingency was absent and were maintained at enhanced levels when the precurrent contingency was present. Contacts with the left key consisted of short response runs. Right‐key responses were more frequently emitted within 15 s of a left‐key response when the precurrent contingency was present, an efficient adaptation to the contingency. Continued research on precurrent behavior may produce insights into complex phenomena such as autoclitics and self‐control. |
| Author | Parsons, Joseph A. Polson, David A. D. |
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| References | Laties, V. G., Weiss, B., Clark, R. L., & Reynolds, M. D.: (1965). Overt "mediating" behavior during temporally spaced responding. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 8, Pp 107-116. Skinner, B. F.: (1950). Are theories of learning necessary? Psychological Review, 57, Pp 193-216. Parsons, J. A., Taylor, D. C., & Joyce, T. M.: (1981). Precurrent self-prompting operants in children: "Remembering." Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 36, Pp 253-266. Cohen, L. R., Looney, T. A., Brady, J. H., & Aucella, A. F.: (1976). Differential sample response schedules in the acquisition of conditional discriminations by pigeons. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 26, Pp 301-314. Skinner, B. F.: (1976). Farewell my lovely! Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 25, 218. Skinner, B. F.: (1969). Contingencies of reinforcement. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Skinner, B. F.: (1953). Science and human behavior. New York: MacMillan. Guevremont, D. C., Osnes, P. G., & Stokes, T. F.: (1988). The functional role of preschoolers' verbalizations in the generalization of self-instructional training. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 21, Pp 45-55. Laties, V. G., Weiss, B., & Weiss, A. B.: (1969). Further observations on overt "mediating" behavior and the discrimination of time. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 12, Pp 43-57. Michael, J.: (1982). Distinguishing between discriminative and motivational functions of stimuli. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 37, Pp 149-155. Torgrud, L. J., & Holborn, S. W.: (1989). Effectiveness and persistence of precurrent mediating behavior in delayed matching to sample and oddity matching with children. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 52, Pp 181-191. Case, D. A., Ploog, B. O., & Fantino, E.: (1990). Observing behavior in a computer game. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 54, Pp 185-199. Parsons, J. A.: (1976). Conditioning precurrent (problem solving) behavior of children. Revista Mexicana de Análisis de la Conducta, 2, Pp 190-206. Catania, A. C.: (1992). Learning (3rd ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Davison, M., & McCarthy, D.: (1988). The matching law: A research review. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Ziegler, S. G.: (1987). Effects of stimulus cueing on the acquisition of groundstrokes by beginning tennis players. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 20, Pp 405-411. Blough, D. S.: (1959). Delayed matching in the pigeon. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 2, Pp 151-160. Skinner, B. F.: (1957). Verbal behavior. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Skinner, B. F.: (1968). The technology of teaching. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Skinner, B. F.: (1986). Some thoughts about the future. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 45, Pp 229-235. Bullock, D. H., & Smith, W. C.: (1953). An effect of repeated conditioning-extinction upon operant strength. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 46, Pp 349-352. 1990; 54 1982; 37 1976; 25 1969; 12 1976; 2 1953 1992 1959; 2 1976; 26 1979 1957 1978 1977 1989; 52 1987; 20 1950; 57 1965; 8 1986; 45 1988; 21 1981; 36 1981 1953; 46 1969 1968 1966 1988 Catania A. C. (e_1_2_1_5_1) 1966 Parsons J. A. (e_1_2_1_16_1) 1976; 2 Rachlin H. (e_1_2_1_18_1) 1978 Davison M. (e_1_2_1_9_1) 1988 Villiers P. A. (e_1_2_1_10_1) 1977 e_1_2_1_24_1 e_1_2_1_21_1 Catania A. C. (e_1_2_1_6_1) 1992 e_1_2_1_27_1 e_1_2_1_25_1 e_1_2_1_26_1 Skinner B. F. (e_1_2_1_20_1) 1953 Skinner B. F. (e_1_2_1_23_1) 1969 Skinner B. F. (e_1_2_1_22_1) 1968 Nevin J. A. (e_1_2_1_15_1) 1979 e_1_2_1_8_1 e_1_2_1_3_1 e_1_2_1_12_1 e_1_2_1_4_1 e_1_2_1_13_1 e_1_2_1_2_1 e_1_2_1_11_1 e_1_2_1_17_1 e_1_2_1_14_1 Cohen L. R. (e_1_2_1_7_1) 1981 e_1_2_1_19_1 |
| References_xml | – reference: Parsons, J. A., Taylor, D. C., & Joyce, T. M.: (1981). Precurrent self-prompting operants in children: "Remembering." Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 36, Pp 253-266. – reference: Ziegler, S. G.: (1987). Effects of stimulus cueing on the acquisition of groundstrokes by beginning tennis players. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 20, Pp 405-411. – reference: Skinner, B. F.: (1968). The technology of teaching. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. – reference: Torgrud, L. J., & Holborn, S. W.: (1989). Effectiveness and persistence of precurrent mediating behavior in delayed matching to sample and oddity matching with children. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 52, Pp 181-191. – reference: Laties, V. G., Weiss, B., Clark, R. L., & Reynolds, M. D.: (1965). Overt "mediating" behavior during temporally spaced responding. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 8, Pp 107-116. – reference: Cohen, L. R., Looney, T. A., Brady, J. H., & Aucella, A. F.: (1976). Differential sample response schedules in the acquisition of conditional discriminations by pigeons. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 26, Pp 301-314. – reference: Catania, A. C.: (1992). Learning (3rd ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. – reference: Skinner, B. F.: (1976). Farewell my lovely! Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 25, 218. – reference: Bullock, D. H., & Smith, W. C.: (1953). An effect of repeated conditioning-extinction upon operant strength. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 46, Pp 349-352. – reference: Parsons, J. A.: (1976). Conditioning precurrent (problem solving) behavior of children. Revista Mexicana de Análisis de la Conducta, 2, Pp 190-206. – reference: Case, D. A., Ploog, B. O., & Fantino, E.: (1990). Observing behavior in a computer game. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 54, Pp 185-199. – reference: Skinner, B. F.: (1957). Verbal behavior. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. – reference: Davison, M., & McCarthy, D.: (1988). The matching law: A research review. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. – reference: Skinner, B. F.: (1969). Contingencies of reinforcement. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. – reference: Skinner, B. F.: (1953). Science and human behavior. New York: MacMillan. – reference: Skinner, B. F.: (1986). Some thoughts about the future. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 45, Pp 229-235. – reference: Michael, J.: (1982). Distinguishing between discriminative and motivational functions of stimuli. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 37, Pp 149-155. – reference: Blough, D. S.: (1959). Delayed matching in the pigeon. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 2, Pp 151-160. – reference: Guevremont, D. C., Osnes, P. G., & Stokes, T. F.: (1988). The functional role of preschoolers' verbalizations in the generalization of self-instructional training. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 21, Pp 45-55. – reference: Laties, V. G., Weiss, B., & Weiss, A. B.: (1969). Further observations on overt "mediating" behavior and the discrimination of time. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 12, Pp 43-57. – reference: Skinner, B. F.: (1950). Are theories of learning necessary? 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| Snippet | The present study explored the effects of a precurrent contingency in which one (precurrent) activity increased the reinforcement probability for another... |
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| SubjectTerms | Behavior Biological and medical sciences changeover Conditioning current behavior free operant Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology Human humans key press Learning. Memory precurrent behavior precurrent contingency probability schedule Psychology Psychology. Psychoanalysis. Psychiatry Psychology. Psychophysiology |
| Title | PRECURRENT CONTINGENCIES: BEHAVIOR REINFORCED BY ALTERING REINFORCEMENT PROBABILITY FOR OTHER BEHAVIOR |
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