Ethanol and its Nonoxidative Metabolites Promote Acute Liver Injury by Inducing ER Stress, Adipocyte Death, and Lipolysis

Binge drinking in patients with metabolic syndrome accelerates the development of alcohol-associated liver disease. However, the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. We investigated if oxidative and nonoxidative alcohol metabolism pathways, diet-induced obesity, and adipose tissues influenced the d...

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Published inCellular and molecular gastroenterology and hepatology Vol. 15; no. 2; pp. 281 - 306
Main Authors Park, Seol Hee, Seo, Wonhyo, Xu, Ming-Jiang, Mackowiak, Bryan, Lin, Yuhong, He, Yong, Fu, Yaojie, Hwang, Seonghwan, Kim, Seung-Jin, Guan, Yukun, Feng, Dechun, Yu, Liqing, Lehner, Richard, Liangpunsakul, Suthat, Gao, Bin
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published United States Elsevier Inc 01.01.2023
Elsevier
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Abstract Binge drinking in patients with metabolic syndrome accelerates the development of alcohol-associated liver disease. However, the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. We investigated if oxidative and nonoxidative alcohol metabolism pathways, diet-induced obesity, and adipose tissues influenced the development of acute liver injury in a single ethanol binge model. A single ethanol binge was administered to chow-fed or high-fat diet (HFD)-fed wild-type and genetically modified mice. Oral administration of a single dose of ethanol induced acute liver injury and hepatic endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in chow- or HFD-fed mice. Disruption of the Adh1 gene increased blood ethanol concentration and exacerbated acute ethanol-induced ER stress and liver injury in both chow-fed and HFD-fed mice, while disruption of the Aldh2 gene did not affect such hepatic injury despite high blood acetaldehyde levels. Mechanistic studies showed that alcohol, not acetaldehyde, promoted hepatic ER stress, fatty acid synthesis, and increased adipocyte death and lipolysis, contributing to acute liver injury. Increased serum fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEEs), which are formed by an enzyme-mediated esterification of ethanol with fatty acids, were detected in mice after ethanol gavage, with higher levels in Adh1 knockout mice than in wild-type mice. Deletion of the Ces1d gene in mice markedly reduced the acute ethanol-induced increase of blood FAEE levels with a slight but significant reduction of serum aminotransferase levels. Ethanol and its nonoxidative metabolites, FAEEs, not acetaldehyde, promoted acute alcohol-induced liver injury by inducing ER stress, adipocyte death, and lipolysis. ▪
AbstractList Background & AimsBinge drinking in patients with metabolic syndrome accelerates the development of alcohol-associated liver disease. However, the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. We investigated if oxidative and nonoxidative alcohol metabolism pathways, diet-induced obesity, and adipose tissues influenced the development of acute liver injury in a single ethanol binge model. Methods and ResultsA single ethanol binge was administered to chow-fed or high-fat diet (HFD)-fed wild-type and genetically modified mice. Oral administration of a single dose of ethanol induced acute liver injury and hepatic endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in chow- or HFD-fed mice. Disruption of the Adh1 gene increased blood ethanol concentration and exacerbated acute ethanol-induced ER stress and liver injury in both chow-fed and HFD-fed mice, while disruption of the Aldh2 gene did not affect such hepatic injury despite high blood acetaldehyde levels. Mechanistic studies showed that alcohol, not acetaldehyde, promoted hepatic ER stress, fatty acid synthesis, and increased adipocyte death and lipolysis, contributing to acute liver injury. Increased serum fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEEs), which are formed by an enzyme-mediated esterification of ethanol with fatty acids, were detected in mice after ethanol gavage, with higher levels in Adh1 knockout mice than in wild-type mice. Deletion of the Ces1d gene in mice markedly reduced the acute ethanol-induced increase of blood FAEE levels with a slight but significant reduction of serum aminotransferase levels. ConclusionsEthanol and its nonoxidative metabolites, FAEEs, not acetaldehyde, promoted acute alcohol-induced liver injury by inducing ER stress, adipocyte death, and lipolysis.
Binge drinking in patients with metabolic syndrome accelerates the development of alcohol-associated liver disease. However, the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. We investigated if oxidative and nonoxidative alcohol metabolism pathways, diet-induced obesity, and adipose tissues influenced the development of acute liver injury in a single ethanol binge model. A single ethanol binge was administered to chow-fed or high-fat diet (HFD)-fed wild-type and genetically modified mice. Oral administration of a single dose of ethanol induced acute liver injury and hepatic endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in chow- or HFD-fed mice. Disruption of the Adh1 gene increased blood ethanol concentration and exacerbated acute ethanol-induced ER stress and liver injury in both chow-fed and HFD-fed mice, while disruption of the Aldh2 gene did not affect such hepatic injury despite high blood acetaldehyde levels. Mechanistic studies showed that alcohol, not acetaldehyde, promoted hepatic ER stress, fatty acid synthesis, and increased adipocyte death and lipolysis, contributing to acute liver injury. Increased serum fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEEs), which are formed by an enzyme-mediated esterification of ethanol with fatty acids, were detected in mice after ethanol gavage, with higher levels in Adh1 knockout mice than in wild-type mice. Deletion of the Ces1d gene in mice markedly reduced the acute ethanol-induced increase of blood FAEE levels with a slight but significant reduction of serum aminotransferase levels. Ethanol and its nonoxidative metabolites, FAEEs, not acetaldehyde, promoted acute alcohol-induced liver injury by inducing ER stress, adipocyte death, and lipolysis. ▪
Binge drinking in patients with metabolic syndrome accelerates the development of alcohol-associated liver disease. However, the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. We investigated if oxidative and nonoxidative alcohol metabolism pathways, diet-induced obesity, and adipose tissues influenced the development of acute liver injury in a single ethanol binge model. A single ethanol binge was administered to chow-fed or high-fat diet (HFD)-fed wild-type and genetically modified mice. Oral administration of a single dose of ethanol induced acute liver injury and hepatic endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in chow- or HFD-fed mice. Disruption of the Adh1 gene increased blood ethanol concentration and exacerbated acute ethanol-induced ER stress and liver injury in both chow-fed and HFD-fed mice, while disruption of the Aldh2 gene did not affect such hepatic injury despite high blood acetaldehyde levels. Mechanistic studies showed that alcohol, not acetaldehyde, promoted hepatic ER stress, fatty acid synthesis, and increased adipocyte death and lipolysis, contributing to acute liver injury. Increased serum fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEEs), which are formed by an enzyme-mediated esterification of ethanol with fatty acids, were detected in mice after ethanol gavage, with higher levels in Adh1 knockout mice than in wild-type mice. Deletion of the Ces1d gene in mice markedly reduced the acute ethanol-induced increase of blood FAEE levels with a slight but significant reduction of serum aminotransferase levels. Ethanol and its nonoxidative metabolites, FAEEs, not acetaldehyde, promoted acute alcohol-induced liver injury by inducing ER stress, adipocyte death, and lipolysis.
Binge drinking in patients with metabolic syndrome accelerates the development of alcohol-associated liver disease. However, the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. We investigated if oxidative and nonoxidative alcohol metabolism pathways, diet-induced obesity, and adipose tissues influenced the development of acute liver injury in a single ethanol binge model.BACKGROUND & AIMSBinge drinking in patients with metabolic syndrome accelerates the development of alcohol-associated liver disease. However, the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. We investigated if oxidative and nonoxidative alcohol metabolism pathways, diet-induced obesity, and adipose tissues influenced the development of acute liver injury in a single ethanol binge model.A single ethanol binge was administered to chow-fed or high-fat diet (HFD)-fed wild-type and genetically modified mice.METHODSA single ethanol binge was administered to chow-fed or high-fat diet (HFD)-fed wild-type and genetically modified mice.Oral administration of a single dose of ethanol induced acute liver injury and hepatic endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in chow- or HFD-fed mice. Disruption of the Adh1 gene increased blood ethanol concentration and exacerbated acute ethanol-induced ER stress and liver injury in both chow-fed and HFD-fed mice, while disruption of the Aldh2 gene did not affect such hepatic injury despite high blood acetaldehyde levels. Mechanistic studies showed that alcohol, not acetaldehyde, promoted hepatic ER stress, fatty acid synthesis, and increased adipocyte death and lipolysis, contributing to acute liver injury. Increased serum fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEEs), which are formed by an enzyme-mediated esterification of ethanol with fatty acids, were detected in mice after ethanol gavage, with higher levels in Adh1 knockout mice than in wild-type mice. Deletion of the Ces1d gene in mice markedly reduced the acute ethanol-induced increase of blood FAEE levels with a slight but significant reduction of serum aminotransferase levels.RESULTSOral administration of a single dose of ethanol induced acute liver injury and hepatic endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in chow- or HFD-fed mice. Disruption of the Adh1 gene increased blood ethanol concentration and exacerbated acute ethanol-induced ER stress and liver injury in both chow-fed and HFD-fed mice, while disruption of the Aldh2 gene did not affect such hepatic injury despite high blood acetaldehyde levels. Mechanistic studies showed that alcohol, not acetaldehyde, promoted hepatic ER stress, fatty acid synthesis, and increased adipocyte death and lipolysis, contributing to acute liver injury. Increased serum fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEEs), which are formed by an enzyme-mediated esterification of ethanol with fatty acids, were detected in mice after ethanol gavage, with higher levels in Adh1 knockout mice than in wild-type mice. Deletion of the Ces1d gene in mice markedly reduced the acute ethanol-induced increase of blood FAEE levels with a slight but significant reduction of serum aminotransferase levels.Ethanol and its nonoxidative metabolites, FAEEs, not acetaldehyde, promoted acute alcohol-induced liver injury by inducing ER stress, adipocyte death, and lipolysis.CONCLUSIONSEthanol and its nonoxidative metabolites, FAEEs, not acetaldehyde, promoted acute alcohol-induced liver injury by inducing ER stress, adipocyte death, and lipolysis.
Author Mackowiak, Bryan
Park, Seol Hee
Xu, Ming-Jiang
Fu, Yaojie
Lin, Yuhong
Yu, Liqing
Gao, Bin
He, Yong
Feng, Dechun
Lehner, Richard
Hwang, Seonghwan
Guan, Yukun
Seo, Wonhyo
Kim, Seung-Jin
Liangpunsakul, Suthat
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Issue 2
Keywords FFA
ADH
GTT
JNK
TUDCA
HFD
ITT
ALT
mRNA
CLS
PERK
PBA
TUNEL
ALDH2
Binge
CHOP
cDNA
Carboxylesterase 1d
RT-qPCR
WT
HSL
AST
KO
PKA
ER
eIF2α
ALDH
TG
IRE1α
ALD
PI
FAEE
CYP2E1
crown-like structure
alanine aminotransferase
insulin tolerance test

tauroursodeoxycholic acid

c-Jun N-terminal kinase
fatty acid ethyl ester
reverse-transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction
high-fat diet
hormone-sensitive lipase
triglyceride
glucose tolerance test
4-phenylbutyric acid
alcohol-associated liver disease
aldehyde dehydrogenase 2
alcohol dehydrogenase
terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase–mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick-end labeling
complementary DNA
messenger RNA
propidium iodide
protein kinase A
knockout
cytochrome p450 2E1
aspartate aminotransferase
free fatty acid
wild-type
endoplasmic reticulum
Language English
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Snippet Binge drinking in patients with metabolic syndrome accelerates the development of alcohol-associated liver disease. However, the underlying mechanisms remain...
Background & AimsBinge drinking in patients with metabolic syndrome accelerates the development of alcohol-associated liver disease. However, the underlying...
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SubjectTerms Acetaldehyde - metabolism
ADH
Adipocytes - metabolism
ALDH
Animals
Binge
Carboxylesterase 1d
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury
Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress
Esters - metabolism
Ethanol - toxicity
FAEE
Fatty Acids - metabolism
Gastroenterology and Hepatology
Lipolysis
Liver - metabolism
Mice
Original Research
Title Ethanol and its Nonoxidative Metabolites Promote Acute Liver Injury by Inducing ER Stress, Adipocyte Death, and Lipolysis
URI https://www.clinicalkey.com/#!/content/1-s2.0-S2352345X22002132
https://www.clinicalkey.es/playcontent/1-s2.0-S2352345X22002132
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcmgh.2022.10.002
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36243320
https://www.proquest.com/docview/2725190944
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PMC9791137
Volume 15
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