The role of the natural environment in the emergence of antibiotic resistance in Gram-negative bacteria

During the past 10 years, multidrug-resistant Gram-negative Enterobacteriaceae have become a substantial challenge to infection control. It has been suggested by clinicians that the effectiveness of antibiotics is in such rapid decline that, depending on the pathogen concerned, their future utility...

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Published in	The Lancet infectious diseases Vol. 13; no. 2; pp. 155 - 165
Main Authors	Wellington, Elizabeth MH, Boxall, Alistair BA, Cross, Paul, Feil, Edward J, Gaze, William H, Hawkey, Peter M, Johnson-Rollings, Ashley S, Jones, Davey L, Lee, Nicholas M, Otten, Wilfred, Thomas, Christopher M, Williams, A Prysor
Format	Journal Article
Language	English
Published	London Elsevier Ltd 01.02.2013 Lancet Publishing Group Elsevier Limited
Subjects	Animals Anthropogenic factors Anti-Bacterial Agents - therapeutic use Antibacterial agents Antibiotic resistance Antibiotics Antibiotics. Antiinfectious agents. Antiparasitic agents Bacteria Biological and medical sciences Drug resistance Drug Resistance, Bacterial - genetics Economics Enterobacteriaceae Evolution Gene-Environment Interaction Genome, Bacterial Gram-negative bacteria Gram-Negative Bacteria - genetics Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections - drug therapy Humans Infection Infectious Disease Infectious diseases Manure - microbiology Medical sciences Models, Biological Mortality Mutation Natural environment Pathogens Pharmaceutical industry Pharmaceuticals Pharmacology. Drug treatments Pollutants Pollution effects R Factors Reservoirs Sewage - chemistry Sewage - microbiology Wastes Resistance Environment Antibiotic Antibacterial agent Epidemiology Gram negative bacteria
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Abstract	During the past 10 years, multidrug-resistant Gram-negative Enterobacteriaceae have become a substantial challenge to infection control. It has been suggested by clinicians that the effectiveness of antibiotics is in such rapid decline that, depending on the pathogen concerned, their future utility can be measured in decades or even years. Unless the rise in antibiotic resistance can be reversed, we can expect to see a substantial rise in incurable infection and fatality in both developed and developing regions. Antibiotic resistance develops through complex interactions, with resistance arising by de-novo mutation under clinical antibiotic selection or frequently by acquisition of mobile genes that have evolved over time in bacteria in the environment. The reservoir of resistance genes in the environment is due to a mix of naturally occurring resistance and those present in animal and human waste and the selective effects of pollutants, which can co-select for mobile genetic elements carrying multiple resistant genes. Less attention has been given to how anthropogenic activity might be causing evolution of antibiotic resistance in the environment. Although the economics of the pharmaceutical industry continue to restrict investment in novel biomedical responses, action must be taken to avoid the conjunction of factors that promote evolution and spread of antibiotic resistance.
AbstractList	During the past 10 years, multidrug-resistant Gram-negative Enterobacteriaceae have become a substantial challenge to infection control. It has been suggested by clinicians that the effectiveness of antibiotics is in such rapid decline that, depending on the pathogen concerned, their future utility can be measured in decades or even years. Unless the rise in antibiotic resistance can be reversed, we can expect to see a substantial rise in incurable infection and fatality in both developed and developing regions. Antibiotic resistance develops through complex interactions, with resistance arising by de-novo mutation under clinical antibiotic selection or frequently by acquisition of mobile genes that have evolved over time in bacteria in the environment. The reservoir of resistance genes in the environment is due to a mix of naturally occurring resistance and those present in animal and human waste and the selective effects of pollutants, which can co-select for mobile genetic elements carrying multiple resistant genes. Less attention has been given to how anthropogenic activity might be causing evolution of antibiotic resistance in the environment. Although the economics of the pharmaceutical industry continue to restrict investment in novel biomedical responses, action must be taken to avoid the conjunction of factors that promote evolution and spread of antibiotic resistance. Summary During the past 10 years, multidrug-resistant Gram-negative Enterobacteriaceae have become a substantial challenge to infection control. It has been suggested by clinicians that the effectiveness of antibiotics is in such rapid decline that, depending on the pathogen concerned, their future utility can be measured in decades or even years. Unless the rise in antibiotic resistance can be reversed, we can expect to see a substantial rise in incurable infection and fatality in both developed and developing regions. Antibiotic resistance develops through complex interactions, with resistance arising by de-novo mutation under clinical antibiotic selection or frequently by acquisition of mobile genes that have evolved over time in bacteria in the environment. The reservoir of resistance genes in the environment is due to a mix of naturally occurring resistance and those present in animal and human waste and the selective effects of pollutants, which can co-select for mobile genetic elements carrying multiple resistant genes. Less attention has been given to how anthropogenic activity might be causing evolution of antibiotic resistance in the environment. Although the economics of the pharmaceutical industry continue to restrict investment in novel biomedical responses, action must be taken to avoid the conjunction of factors that promote evolution and spread of antibiotic resistance. During the past 10 years, multidrug-resistant Gram-negative Enterobacteriaceae have become a substantial challenge to infection control. It has been suggested by clinicians that the effectiveness of antibiotics is in such rapid decline that, depending on the pathogen concerned, their future utility can be measured in decades or even years. Unless the rise in antibiotic resistance can be reversed, we can expect to see a substantial rise in incurable infection and fatality in both developed and developing regions. Antibiotic resistance develops through complex interactions, with resistance arising by de-novo mutation under clinical antibiotic selection or frequently by acquisition of mobile genes that have evolved over time in bacteria in the environment. The reservoir of resistance genes in the environment is due to a mix of naturally occurring resistance and those present in animal and human waste and the selective effects of pollutants, which can co-select for mobile genetic elements carrying multiple resistant genes. Less attention has been given to how anthropogenic activity might be causing evolution of antibiotic resistance in the environment. Although the economics of the pharmaceutical industry continue to restrict investment in novel biomedical responses, action must be taken to avoid the conjunction of factors that promote evolution and spread of antibiotic resistance.During the past 10 years, multidrug-resistant Gram-negative Enterobacteriaceae have become a substantial challenge to infection control. It has been suggested by clinicians that the effectiveness of antibiotics is in such rapid decline that, depending on the pathogen concerned, their future utility can be measured in decades or even years. Unless the rise in antibiotic resistance can be reversed, we can expect to see a substantial rise in incurable infection and fatality in both developed and developing regions. Antibiotic resistance develops through complex interactions, with resistance arising by de-novo mutation under clinical antibiotic selection or frequently by acquisition of mobile genes that have evolved over time in bacteria in the environment. The reservoir of resistance genes in the environment is due to a mix of naturally occurring resistance and those present in animal and human waste and the selective effects of pollutants, which can co-select for mobile genetic elements carrying multiple resistant genes. Less attention has been given to how anthropogenic activity might be causing evolution of antibiotic resistance in the environment. Although the economics of the pharmaceutical industry continue to restrict investment in novel biomedical responses, action must be taken to avoid the conjunction of factors that promote evolution and spread of antibiotic resistance.
Author	Jones, Davey L Lee, Nicholas M Cross, Paul Feil, Edward J Wellington, Elizabeth MH Boxall, Alistair BA Thomas, Christopher M Gaze, William H Otten, Wilfred Williams, A Prysor Hawkey, Peter M Johnson-Rollings, Ashley S
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Elizabeth MH surname: Wellington fullname: Wellington, Elizabeth MH email: e.m.h.wellington@warwick.ac.uk organization: School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK – sequence: 2 givenname: Alistair BA surname: Boxall fullname: Boxall, Alistair BA organization: Environment Department, University of York, Heslington, York, UK – sequence: 3 givenname: Paul surname: Cross fullname: Cross, Paul organization: School of Environment, Natural Resources and Geography, Bangor University, Bangor, UK – sequence: 4 givenname: Edward J surname: Feil fullname: Feil, Edward J organization: Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, UK – sequence: 5 givenname: William H surname: Gaze fullname: Gaze, William H organization: European Centre for Environment and Human Health, Exeter University Medical School, Knowledge Spa, Royal Cornwall Hospital, Truro, UK – sequence: 6 givenname: Peter M surname: Hawkey fullname: Hawkey, Peter M organization: Health Protection Agency, West Midlands Public Health Laboratory, Heart of England NHS Foundation Trust, Bordesley Green East, Birmingham, UK – sequence: 7 givenname: Ashley S surname: Johnson-Rollings fullname: Johnson-Rollings, Ashley S organization: School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK – sequence: 8 givenname: Davey L surname: Jones fullname: Jones, Davey L organization: School of Environment, Natural Resources and Geography, Bangor University, Bangor, UK – sequence: 9 givenname: Nicholas M surname: Lee fullname: Lee, Nicholas M organization: Institute of Education, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK – sequence: 10 givenname: Wilfred surname: Otten fullname: Otten, Wilfred organization: The SIMBIOS Centre, University of Abertay Dundee, Dundee, UK – sequence: 11 givenname: Christopher M surname: Thomas fullname: Thomas, Christopher M organization: School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK – sequence: 12 givenname: A Prysor surname: Williams fullname: Williams, A Prysor organization: School of Environment, Natural Resources and Geography, Bangor University, Bangor, UK
BackLink	http://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=26902747$$DView record in Pascal Francis https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23347633$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
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Snippet	During the past 10 years, multidrug-resistant Gram-negative Enterobacteriaceae have become a substantial challenge to infection control. It has been suggested... Summary During the past 10 years, multidrug-resistant Gram-negative Enterobacteriaceae have become a substantial challenge to infection control. It has been...
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SubjectTerms	Animals Anthropogenic factors Anti-Bacterial Agents - therapeutic use Antibacterial agents Antibiotic resistance Antibiotics Antibiotics. Antiinfectious agents. Antiparasitic agents Bacteria Biological and medical sciences Drug resistance Drug Resistance, Bacterial - genetics Economics Enterobacteriaceae Evolution Gene-Environment Interaction Genome, Bacterial Gram-negative bacteria Gram-Negative Bacteria - genetics Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections - drug therapy Humans Infection Infectious Disease Infectious diseases Manure - microbiology Medical sciences Models, Biological Mortality Mutation Natural environment Pathogens Pharmaceutical industry Pharmaceuticals Pharmacology. Drug treatments Pollutants Pollution effects R Factors Reservoirs Sewage - chemistry Sewage - microbiology Wastes
Title	The role of the natural environment in the emergence of antibiotic resistance in Gram-negative bacteria
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