Macroscopic gradients of synaptic excitation and inhibition in the neocortex

With advances in connectomics, transcriptome and neurophysiological technologies, the neuroscience of brain-wide neural circuits is poised to take off. A major challenge is to understand how a vast diversity of functions is subserved by parcellated areas of mammalian neocortex composed of repetition...

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Bibliographic Details
Published inNature reviews. Neuroscience Vol. 21; no. 3; pp. 169 - 178
Main Author Wang, Xiao-Jing
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published London Nature Publishing Group UK 01.03.2020
Nature Publishing Group
Subjects
631/378/116/1925
631/378/116/2393
631/378/1595/1636
631/378/1697
631/378/3920
Animal Genetics and Genomics
Animals
Artificial intelligence
Behavioral Sciences
Biological Techniques
Biomedical and Life Sciences
Biomedicine
Cerebral cortex
Connectome
Cortical Excitability - physiology
Developmental plasticity
Dynamical systems
Excitation (Physiology)
Functional plasticity
Gene expression
Humans
Inhibition (Neurophysiology)
Mental disorders
Mental Disorders - physiopathology
Models, Neurological
Neocortex
Neocortex - physiology
Nervous system
Neural Inhibition - physiology
Neural networks
Neural Pathways - physiology
Neurobiology
Neurons
Neurons - physiology
Neuroplasticity
Neurosciences
Observations
Perspective
Physiological aspects
Synapses
Synapses - physiology
Transcriptomes
United States
Online AccessGet full text

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Abstract With advances in connectomics, transcriptome and neurophysiological technologies, the neuroscience of brain-wide neural circuits is poised to take off. A major challenge is to understand how a vast diversity of functions is subserved by parcellated areas of mammalian neocortex composed of repetitions of a canonical local circuit. Areas of the cerebral cortex differ from each other not only in their input–output patterns but also in their biological properties. Recent experimental and theoretical work has revealed that such variations are not random heterogeneities; rather, synaptic excitation and inhibition display systematic macroscopic gradients across the entire cortex, and they are abnormal in mental illness. Quantitative differences along these gradients can lead to qualitatively novel behaviours in non-linear neural dynamical systems, by virtue of a phenomenon mathematically described as bifurcation. The combination of macroscopic gradients and bifurcations, in tandem with biological evolution, development and plasticity, provides a generative mechanism for functional diversity among cortical areas, as a general principle of large-scale cortical organization. Certain biological properties vary across different areas of the cerebral cortex. In this Perspective, Xiao-Jing Wang proposes that macroscopic gradients in some properties align with functional hierarchy and can lead to qualitative differences in function.
AbstractList With advances in connectomics, transcriptome and neurophysiological technologies, the neuroscience of brain-wide neural circuits is poised to take off. A major challenge is to understand how a vast diversity of functions is subserved by parcellated areas of mammalian neocortex composed of repetitions of a canonical local circuit. Areas of the cerebral cortex differ from each other not only in their input–output patterns but also in their biological properties. Recent experimental and theoretical work has revealed that such variations are not random heterogeneities; rather, synaptic excitation and inhibition display systematic macroscopic gradients across the entire cortex, and they are abnormal in mental illness. Quantitative differences along these gradients can lead to qualitatively novel behaviours in non-linear neural dynamical systems, by virtue of a phenomenon mathematically described as bifurcation. The combination of macroscopic gradients and bifurcations, in tandem with biological evolution, development and plasticity, provides a generative mechanism for functional diversity among cortical areas, as a general principle of large-scale cortical organization.Certain biological properties vary across different areas of the cerebral cortex. In this Perspective, Xiao-Jing Wang proposes that macroscopic gradients in some properties align with functional hierarchy and can lead to qualitative differences in function.
With advances in connectomics, transcriptome and neurophysiological technologies, the neuroscience of brain-wide neural circuits is poised to take off. A major challenge is to understand how a vast diversity of functions is subserved by parcellated areas of mammalian neocortex composed of repetitions of a canonical local circuit. Areas of the cerebral cortex differ from each other in not only their input-output patterns but also their biological properties. Recent experimental and theoretical work has revealed that such variations are not random heterogeneities; rather, synaptic excitation and inhibition display systematic macroscopic gradients across the entire cortex, and they are abnormal in mental illness. Quantitative differences along these gradients can lead to qualitatively novel behaviours in nonlinear neural dynamical systems, by virtue of a phenomenon mathematically described as bifurcation. The combination of macroscopic gradients and bifurcations, in tandem with biological evolution, development and plasticity, provides a generative mechanism for functional diversity among cortical areas, as a general principle of large-scale cortical organization.
With advances in connectomics, transcriptome and neurophysiological technologies, the neuroscience of brain-wide neural circuits is poised to take off. A major challenge is to understand how a vast diversity of functions is subserved by parcellated areas of mammalian neocortex composed of repetitions of a canonical local circuit. Areas of the cerebral cortex differ from each other not only in their input-output patterns but also in their biological properties. Recent experimental and theoretical work has revealed that such variations are not random heterogeneities; rather, synaptic excitation and inhibition display systematic macroscopic gradients across the entire cortex, and they are abnormal in mental illness. Quantitative differences along these gradients can lead to qualitatively novel behaviours in non-linear neural dynamical systems, by virtue of a phenomenon mathematically described as bifurcation. The combination of macroscopic gradients and bifurcations, in tandem with biological evolution, development and plasticity, provides a generative mechanism for functional diversity among cortical areas, as a general principle of large-scale cortical organization.With advances in connectomics, transcriptome and neurophysiological technologies, the neuroscience of brain-wide neural circuits is poised to take off. A major challenge is to understand how a vast diversity of functions is subserved by parcellated areas of mammalian neocortex composed of repetitions of a canonical local circuit. Areas of the cerebral cortex differ from each other not only in their input-output patterns but also in their biological properties. Recent experimental and theoretical work has revealed that such variations are not random heterogeneities; rather, synaptic excitation and inhibition display systematic macroscopic gradients across the entire cortex, and they are abnormal in mental illness. Quantitative differences along these gradients can lead to qualitatively novel behaviours in non-linear neural dynamical systems, by virtue of a phenomenon mathematically described as bifurcation. The combination of macroscopic gradients and bifurcations, in tandem with biological evolution, development and plasticity, provides a generative mechanism for functional diversity among cortical areas, as a general principle of large-scale cortical organization.
With advances in connectomics, transcriptome and neurophysiological technologies, the neuroscience of brain-wide neural circuits is poised to take off. A major challenge is to understand how a vast diversity of functions is subserved by parcellated areas of mammalian neocortex composed of repetitions of a canonical local circuit. Areas of the cerebral cortex differ from each other not only in their input-output patterns but also in their biological properties. Recent experimental and theoretical work has revealed that such variations are not random heterogeneities; rather, synaptic excitation and inhibition display systematic macroscopic gradients across the entire cortex, and they are abnormal in mental illness. Quantitative differences along these gradients can lead to qualitatively novel behaviours in non-linear neural dynamical systems, by virtue of a phenomenon mathematically described as bifurcation. The combination of macroscopic gradients and bifurcations, in tandem with biological evolution, development and plasticity, provides a generative mechanism for functional diversity among cortical areas, as a general principle of large-scale cortical organization.
With advances in connectomics, transcriptome and neurophysiological technologies, the neuroscience of brain-wide neural circuits is poised to take off. A major challenge is to understand how a vast diversity of functions is subserved by parcellated areas of mammalian neocortex composed of repetitions of a canonical local circuit. Areas of the cerebral cortex differ from each other not only in their input-output patterns but also in their biological properties. Recent experimental and theoretical work has revealed that such variations are not random heterogeneities; rather, synaptic excitation and inhibition display systematic macroscopic gradients across the entire cortex, and they are abnormal in mental illness. Quantitative differences along these gradients can lead to qualitatively novel behaviours in non-linear neural dynamical systems, by virtue of a phenomenon mathematically described as bifurcation. The combination of macroscopic gradients and bifurcations, in tandem with biological evolution, development and plasticity, provides a generative mechanism for functional diversity among cortical areas, as a general principle of large-scale cortical organization.
With advances in connectomics, transcriptome and neurophysiological technologies, the neuroscience of brain-wide neural circuits is poised to take off. A major challenge is to understand how a vast diversity of functions is subserved by parcellated areas of mammalian neocortex composed of repetitions of a canonical local circuit. Areas of the cerebral cortex differ from each other not only in their input–output patterns but also in their biological properties. Recent experimental and theoretical work has revealed that such variations are not random heterogeneities; rather, synaptic excitation and inhibition display systematic macroscopic gradients across the entire cortex, and they are abnormal in mental illness. Quantitative differences along these gradients can lead to qualitatively novel behaviours in non-linear neural dynamical systems, by virtue of a phenomenon mathematically described as bifurcation. The combination of macroscopic gradients and bifurcations, in tandem with biological evolution, development and plasticity, provides a generative mechanism for functional diversity among cortical areas, as a general principle of large-scale cortical organization. Certain biological properties vary across different areas of the cerebral cortex. In this Perspective, Xiao-Jing Wang proposes that macroscopic gradients in some properties align with functional hierarchy and can lead to qualitative differences in function.
Audience Academic
Author Wang, Xiao-Jing
Author_xml – sequence: 1
  givenname: Xiao-Jing
  orcidid: 0000-0003-3124-8474
  surname: Wang
  fullname: Wang, Xiao-Jing
  email: xjwang@nyu.edu
  organization: Center for Neural Science, New York University
BackLink https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32029928$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
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Snippet With advances in connectomics, transcriptome and neurophysiological technologies, the neuroscience of brain-wide neural circuits is poised to take off. A major...
With advances in connectomics, transcriptome and neurophysiological technologies, the neuroscience of brain-wide neural circuits is poised to take off. A major...
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SubjectTerms 631/378/116/1925
631/378/116/2393
631/378/1595/1636
631/378/1697
631/378/3920
Animal Genetics and Genomics
Animals
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Behavioral Sciences
Biological Techniques
Biomedical and Life Sciences
Biomedicine
Cerebral cortex
Connectome
Cortical Excitability - physiology
Developmental plasticity
Dynamical systems
Excitation (Physiology)
Functional plasticity
Gene expression
Humans
Inhibition (Neurophysiology)
Mental disorders
Mental Disorders - physiopathology
Models, Neurological
Neocortex
Neocortex - physiology
Nervous system
Neural Inhibition - physiology
Neural networks
Neural Pathways - physiology
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Neurons
Neurons - physiology
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Observations
Perspective
Physiological aspects
Synapses
Synapses - physiology
Transcriptomes
Title Macroscopic gradients of synaptic excitation and inhibition in the neocortex
URI https://link.springer.com/article/10.1038/s41583-020-0262-x
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32029928
https://www.proquest.com/docview/2360059799
https://www.proquest.com/docview/2476768782
https://www.proquest.com/docview/2352633651
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PMC7334830
Volume 21
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