Cross-sectional analysis of national testosterone prescribing through prescription drug monitoring programs, 2018–2022
For two decades preceding the COVID-19 pandemic, testosterone therapy (TT) became more prevalent in the US. Given the forced shift in practice patterns and healthcare accessibility during the pandemic, it was unclear how TT utilization would change. To assess the change in testosterone prescriptions...
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| Published in | PloS one Vol. 19; no. 8; p. e0309160 |
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| Main Authors | , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
United States
Public Library of Science
28.08.2024
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| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 1932-6203 1932-6203 |
| DOI | 10.1371/journal.pone.0309160 |
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| Abstract | For two decades preceding the COVID-19 pandemic, testosterone therapy (TT) became more prevalent in the US. Given the forced shift in practice patterns and healthcare accessibility during the pandemic, it was unclear how TT utilization would change.
To assess the change in testosterone prescriptions nationally.
Cross-sectional study.
State prescription drug monitoring program data between 2018 and 2022.
All individuals filling testosterone prescriptions in participating states.
Unique people filling testosterone prescriptions annually, demographic information on gender and age as available.
In 2022 there was a 27% relative increase of subjects treated with TT (+439,659 cases compared with 2018). The increase was more evident in the pandemic period with a rise in prevalence most notable for people 45-54 (114,114 people, 35% increase) and 35-44 (97,263 people, 58% increase). All regions except the Midwest increased the total population treated, led by the South (52%) followed by the West (28%) and Northeast (23%). Available data indicated men accounted for most patients treated in all age groups except under 24 years.
Study population limited to those in participating states with no diagnostic information and limited demographics available.
Between 2018 and 2022, and primarily after the start of the pandemic in 2020, nationally there was a substantial increase in the number of people using TT. The largest increases occurred in a younger demographic, primarily men, than have previously been reported or studied. These results echo other findings showing increased use of controlled substances during the pandemic period and warrant further study regarding the factors behind this rise. |
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| AbstractList | For two decades preceding the COVID-19 pandemic, testosterone therapy (TT) became more prevalent in the US. Given the forced shift in practice patterns and healthcare accessibility during the pandemic, it was unclear how TT utilization would change.
To assess the change in testosterone prescriptions nationally.
Cross-sectional study.
State prescription drug monitoring program data between 2018 and 2022.
All individuals filling testosterone prescriptions in participating states.
Unique people filling testosterone prescriptions annually, demographic information on gender and age as available.
In 2022 there was a 27% relative increase of subjects treated with TT (+439,659 cases compared with 2018). The increase was more evident in the pandemic period with a rise in prevalence most notable for people 45-54 (114,114 people, 35% increase) and 35-44 (97,263 people, 58% increase). All regions except the Midwest increased the total population treated, led by the South (52%) followed by the West (28%) and Northeast (23%). Available data indicated men accounted for most patients treated in all age groups except under 24 years.
Study population limited to those in participating states with no diagnostic information and limited demographics available.
Between 2018 and 2022, and primarily after the start of the pandemic in 2020, nationally there was a substantial increase in the number of people using TT. The largest increases occurred in a younger demographic, primarily men, than have previously been reported or studied. These results echo other findings showing increased use of controlled substances during the pandemic period and warrant further study regarding the factors behind this rise. For two decades preceding the COVID-19 pandemic, testosterone therapy (TT) became more prevalent in the US. Given the forced shift in practice patterns and healthcare accessibility during the pandemic, it was unclear how TT utilization would change. To assess the change in testosterone prescriptions nationally. Cross-sectional study. State prescription drug monitoring program data between 2018 and 2022. All individuals filling testosterone prescriptions in participating states. Unique people filling testosterone prescriptions annually, demographic information on gender and age as available. In 2022 there was a 27% relative increase of subjects treated with TT (+439,659 cases compared with 2018). The increase was more evident in the pandemic period with a rise in prevalence most notable for people 45-54 (114,114 people, 35% increase) and 35-44 (97,263 people, 58% increase). All regions except the Midwest increased the total population treated, led by the South (52%) followed by the West (28%) and Northeast (23%). Available data indicated men accounted for most patients treated in all age groups except under 24 years. Between 2018 and 2022, and primarily after the start of the pandemic in 2020, nationally there was a substantial increase in the number of people using TT. The largest increases occurred in a younger demographic, primarily men, than have previously been reported or studied. These results echo other findings showing increased use of controlled substances during the pandemic period and warrant further study regarding the factors behind this rise. BackgroundFor two decades preceding the COVID-19 pandemic, testosterone therapy (TT) became more prevalent in the US. Given the forced shift in practice patterns and healthcare accessibility during the pandemic, it was unclear how TT utilization would change.ObjectiveTo assess the change in testosterone prescriptions nationally.DesignCross-sectional study.Data sourcesState prescription drug monitoring program data between 2018 and 2022.ParticipantsAll individuals filling testosterone prescriptions in participating states.MeasurementsUnique people filling testosterone prescriptions annually, demographic information on gender and age as available.ResultsIn 2022 there was a 27% relative increase of subjects treated with TT (+439,659 cases compared with 2018). The increase was more evident in the pandemic period with a rise in prevalence most notable for people 45–54 (114,114 people, 35% increase) and 35–44 (97,263 people, 58% increase). All regions except the Midwest increased the total population treated, led by the South (52%) followed by the West (28%) and Northeast (23%). Available data indicated men accounted for most patients treated in all age groups except under 24 years.LimitationsStudy population limited to those in participating states with no diagnostic information and limited demographics available.ConclusionBetween 2018 and 2022, and primarily after the start of the pandemic in 2020, nationally there was a substantial increase in the number of people using TT. The largest increases occurred in a younger demographic, primarily men, than have previously been reported or studied. These results echo other findings showing increased use of controlled substances during the pandemic period and warrant further study regarding the factors behind this rise. Background For two decades preceding the COVID-19 pandemic, testosterone therapy (TT) became more prevalent in the US. Given the forced shift in practice patterns and healthcare accessibility during the pandemic, it was unclear how TT utilization would change. Objective To assess the change in testosterone prescriptions nationally. Design Cross-sectional study. Data sources State prescription drug monitoring program data between 2018 and 2022. Participants All individuals filling testosterone prescriptions in participating states. Measurements Unique people filling testosterone prescriptions annually, demographic information on gender and age as available. Results In 2022 there was a 27% relative increase of subjects treated with TT (+439,659 cases compared with 2018). The increase was more evident in the pandemic period with a rise in prevalence most notable for people 45-54 (114,114 people, 35% increase) and 35-44 (97,263 people, 58% increase). All regions except the Midwest increased the total population treated, led by the South (52%) followed by the West (28%) and Northeast (23%). Available data indicated men accounted for most patients treated in all age groups except under 24 years. Limitations Study population limited to those in participating states with no diagnostic information and limited demographics available. Conclusion Between 2018 and 2022, and primarily after the start of the pandemic in 2020, nationally there was a substantial increase in the number of people using TT. The largest increases occurred in a younger demographic, primarily men, than have previously been reported or studied. These results echo other findings showing increased use of controlled substances during the pandemic period and warrant further study regarding the factors behind this rise. Background For two decades preceding the COVID-19 pandemic, testosterone therapy (TT) became more prevalent in the US. Given the forced shift in practice patterns and healthcare accessibility during the pandemic, it was unclear how TT utilization would change. Objective To assess the change in testosterone prescriptions nationally. Design Cross-sectional study. Data sources State prescription drug monitoring program data between 2018 and 2022. Participants All individuals filling testosterone prescriptions in participating states. Measurements Unique people filling testosterone prescriptions annually, demographic information on gender and age as available. Results In 2022 there was a 27% relative increase of subjects treated with TT (+439,659 cases compared with 2018). The increase was more evident in the pandemic period with a rise in prevalence most notable for people 45–54 (114,114 people, 35% increase) and 35–44 (97,263 people, 58% increase). All regions except the Midwest increased the total population treated, led by the South (52%) followed by the West (28%) and Northeast (23%). Available data indicated men accounted for most patients treated in all age groups except under 24 years. Limitations Study population limited to those in participating states with no diagnostic information and limited demographics available. Conclusion Between 2018 and 2022, and primarily after the start of the pandemic in 2020, nationally there was a substantial increase in the number of people using TT. The largest increases occurred in a younger demographic, primarily men, than have previously been reported or studied. These results echo other findings showing increased use of controlled substances during the pandemic period and warrant further study regarding the factors behind this rise. For two decades preceding the COVID-19 pandemic, testosterone therapy (TT) became more prevalent in the US. Given the forced shift in practice patterns and healthcare accessibility during the pandemic, it was unclear how TT utilization would change.BACKGROUNDFor two decades preceding the COVID-19 pandemic, testosterone therapy (TT) became more prevalent in the US. Given the forced shift in practice patterns and healthcare accessibility during the pandemic, it was unclear how TT utilization would change.To assess the change in testosterone prescriptions nationally.OBJECTIVETo assess the change in testosterone prescriptions nationally.Cross-sectional study.DESIGNCross-sectional study.State prescription drug monitoring program data between 2018 and 2022.DATA SOURCESState prescription drug monitoring program data between 2018 and 2022.All individuals filling testosterone prescriptions in participating states.PARTICIPANTSAll individuals filling testosterone prescriptions in participating states.Unique people filling testosterone prescriptions annually, demographic information on gender and age as available.MEASUREMENTSUnique people filling testosterone prescriptions annually, demographic information on gender and age as available.In 2022 there was a 27% relative increase of subjects treated with TT (+439,659 cases compared with 2018). The increase was more evident in the pandemic period with a rise in prevalence most notable for people 45-54 (114,114 people, 35% increase) and 35-44 (97,263 people, 58% increase). All regions except the Midwest increased the total population treated, led by the South (52%) followed by the West (28%) and Northeast (23%). Available data indicated men accounted for most patients treated in all age groups except under 24 years.RESULTSIn 2022 there was a 27% relative increase of subjects treated with TT (+439,659 cases compared with 2018). The increase was more evident in the pandemic period with a rise in prevalence most notable for people 45-54 (114,114 people, 35% increase) and 35-44 (97,263 people, 58% increase). All regions except the Midwest increased the total population treated, led by the South (52%) followed by the West (28%) and Northeast (23%). Available data indicated men accounted for most patients treated in all age groups except under 24 years.Study population limited to those in participating states with no diagnostic information and limited demographics available.LIMITATIONSStudy population limited to those in participating states with no diagnostic information and limited demographics available.Between 2018 and 2022, and primarily after the start of the pandemic in 2020, nationally there was a substantial increase in the number of people using TT. The largest increases occurred in a younger demographic, primarily men, than have previously been reported or studied. These results echo other findings showing increased use of controlled substances during the pandemic period and warrant further study regarding the factors behind this rise.CONCLUSIONBetween 2018 and 2022, and primarily after the start of the pandemic in 2020, nationally there was a substantial increase in the number of people using TT. The largest increases occurred in a younger demographic, primarily men, than have previously been reported or studied. These results echo other findings showing increased use of controlled substances during the pandemic period and warrant further study regarding the factors behind this rise. |
| Audience | Academic |
| Author | Thallapureddy, Aneesh Selinger, Scott |
| AuthorAffiliation | 2 University of Texas at Austin Dell Medical School, Austin, Texas, United States of America 1 Department of Internal Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Texas at Austin Dell Medical School, Austin, Texas, United States of America General Sir John Kotelawala Defence University Faculty of Medicine, SRI LANKA |
| AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: 1 Department of Internal Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Texas at Austin Dell Medical School, Austin, Texas, United States of America – name: 2 University of Texas at Austin Dell Medical School, Austin, Texas, United States of America – name: General Sir John Kotelawala Defence University Faculty of Medicine, SRI LANKA |
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| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39196907$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| Cites_doi | 10.1056/NEJMoa2215025 10.1001/jamainternmed.2015.1573 10.1111/cen.12594 10.1007/s11920-019-1088-y 10.1177/1740774514524032 10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.6895 10.5694/mja13.10111 10.1056/NEJMoa2308836 10.1001/jamainternmed.2018.6505 10.1001/jamainternmed.2022.4928 10.1001/jama.2018.7999 10.1001/jama.2021.8012 10.1097/PSY.0000000000000890 10.1038/s41443-023-00709-1 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.31012 10.1016/j.euf.2017.10.016 10.1111/jsm.12114 10.1007/s11606-023-08316-y 10.1038/s41443-021-00471-2 10.3390/nu13020671 |
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| Copyright | Copyright: © 2024 Selinger, Thallapureddy. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. COPYRIGHT 2024 Public Library of Science 2024 Selinger, Thallapureddy. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License. 2024 Selinger, Thallapureddy 2024 Selinger, Thallapureddy 2024 Selinger, Thallapureddy. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License. |
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