Further evidence of the host plasticity of porcine circovirus-2: detection of the virus in domestic dogs in Namibia
Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV-2) is a major pathogen of swine, causing significant production losses in the pig industry worldwide. Several studies have detected the virus in different species, both in asymptomatic and diseased subjects, highlighting PCV-2 host plasticity. As PCV-2 has been identified i...
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| Published in | BMC veterinary research Vol. 21; no. 1; p. 162 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , , , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
London
BioMed Central
12.03.2025
BioMed Central Ltd BMC |
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 1746-6148 1746-6148 |
| DOI | 10.1186/s12917-025-04581-7 |
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| Abstract | Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV-2) is a major pathogen of swine, causing significant production losses in the pig industry worldwide. Several studies have detected the virus in different species, both in asymptomatic and diseased subjects, highlighting PCV-2 host plasticity. As PCV-2 has been identified in carnivores, the present study was undertaken to investigate the susceptibility of domestic dogs to PCV-2 infection by testing archived blood samples originating from low-income rural areas in Namibia. The population was selected considering the high exposure probability to PCV-2 due to direct contact and/or feeding with raw pig meat or by-products. Thirty-eight of the samples (6.61%) tested positive for PCV-2, and the complete ORF2 of 7 strains was sequenced, revealing the presence of the three major PCV-2 genotypes (i.e. PCV-2a, -2b, and -2d). Convincing epidemiological links with other Namibian and South African strains were established for PCV-2a and PCV-2b strains, while the PCV-2d strains were part of a broader clade that included sequences of viruses collected worldwide, especially in Asia. Although PCV-2 was reported in diseased dogs, no statistically significant or robust causal association between infection and disease manifestation was demonstrated. In conclusion, PCV-2 infection has been identified in Namibian dogs, most likely due to the ingestion of contaminated meat and by-products. However, the epidemiological and clinical consequences are still unclear and further investigations are necessary. Nevertheless, the high proportion of infected dogs showing clinical signs raises concern about the potential of PCV-2’s role as a relevant viral pathogen in Namibia. The use of raw meat for dog nutrition should be discouraged, considering the known risks to animal and human health through disease transmission. |
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| AbstractList | Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV-2) is a major pathogen of swine, causing significant production losses in the pig industry worldwide. Several studies have detected the virus in different species, both in asymptomatic and diseased subjects, highlighting PCV-2 host plasticity. As PCV-2 has been identified in carnivores, the present study was undertaken to investigate the susceptibility of domestic dogs to PCV-2 infection by testing archived blood samples originating from low-income rural areas in Namibia. The population was selected considering the high exposure probability to PCV-2 due to direct contact and/or feeding with raw pig meat or by-products. Thirty-eight of the samples (6.61%) tested positive for PCV-2, and the complete ORF2 of 7 strains was sequenced, revealing the presence of the three major PCV-2 genotypes (i.e. PCV-2a, -2b, and -2d). Convincing epidemiological links with other Namibian and South African strains were established for PCV-2a and PCV-2b strains, while the PCV-2d strains were part of a broader clade that included sequences of viruses collected worldwide, especially in Asia. Although PCV-2 was reported in diseased dogs, no statistically significant or robust causal association between infection and disease manifestation was demonstrated. In conclusion, PCV-2 infection has been identified in Namibian dogs, most likely due to the ingestion of contaminated meat and by-products. However, the epidemiological and clinical consequences are still unclear and further investigations are necessary. Nevertheless, the high proportion of infected dogs showing clinical signs raises concern about the potential of PCV-2’s role as a relevant viral pathogen in Namibia. The use of raw meat for dog nutrition should be discouraged, considering the known risks to animal and human health through disease transmission. Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV-2) is a major pathogen of swine, causing significant production losses in the pig industry worldwide. Several studies have detected the virus in different species, both in asymptomatic and diseased subjects, highlighting PCV-2 host plasticity. As PCV-2 has been identified in carnivores, the present study was undertaken to investigate the susceptibility of domestic dogs to PCV-2 infection by testing archived blood samples originating from low-income rural areas in Namibia. The population was selected considering the high exposure probability to PCV-2 due to direct contact and/or feeding with raw pig meat or by-products. Thirty-eight of the samples (6.61%) tested positive for PCV-2, and the complete ORF2 of 7 strains was sequenced, revealing the presence of the three major PCV-2 genotypes (i.e. PCV-2a, -2b, and -2d). Convincing epidemiological links with other Namibian and South African strains were established for PCV-2a and PCV-2b strains, while the PCV-2d strains were part of a broader clade that included sequences of viruses collected worldwide, especially in Asia. Although PCV-2 was reported in diseased dogs, no statistically significant or robust causal association between infection and disease manifestation was demonstrated. In conclusion, PCV-2 infection has been identified in Namibian dogs, most likely due to the ingestion of contaminated meat and by-products. However, the epidemiological and clinical consequences are still unclear and further investigations are necessary. Nevertheless, the high proportion of infected dogs showing clinical signs raises concern about the potential of PCV-2's role as a relevant viral pathogen in Namibia. The use of raw meat for dog nutrition should be discouraged, considering the known risks to animal and human health through disease transmission. Keywords: PCV-2, Dog, Namibia, Molecular epidemiology, Host, Phylogenesis Abstract Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV-2) is a major pathogen of swine, causing significant production losses in the pig industry worldwide. Several studies have detected the virus in different species, both in asymptomatic and diseased subjects, highlighting PCV-2 host plasticity. As PCV-2 has been identified in carnivores, the present study was undertaken to investigate the susceptibility of domestic dogs to PCV-2 infection by testing archived blood samples originating from low-income rural areas in Namibia. The population was selected considering the high exposure probability to PCV-2 due to direct contact and/or feeding with raw pig meat or by-products. Thirty-eight of the samples (6.61%) tested positive for PCV-2, and the complete ORF2 of 7 strains was sequenced, revealing the presence of the three major PCV-2 genotypes (i.e. PCV-2a, -2b, and -2d). Convincing epidemiological links with other Namibian and South African strains were established for PCV-2a and PCV-2b strains, while the PCV-2d strains were part of a broader clade that included sequences of viruses collected worldwide, especially in Asia. Although PCV-2 was reported in diseased dogs, no statistically significant or robust causal association between infection and disease manifestation was demonstrated. In conclusion, PCV-2 infection has been identified in Namibian dogs, most likely due to the ingestion of contaminated meat and by-products. However, the epidemiological and clinical consequences are still unclear and further investigations are necessary. Nevertheless, the high proportion of infected dogs showing clinical signs raises concern about the potential of PCV-2’s role as a relevant viral pathogen in Namibia. The use of raw meat for dog nutrition should be discouraged, considering the known risks to animal and human health through disease transmission. Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV-2) is a major pathogen of swine, causing significant production losses in the pig industry worldwide. Several studies have detected the virus in different species, both in asymptomatic and diseased subjects, highlighting PCV-2 host plasticity. As PCV-2 has been identified in carnivores, the present study was undertaken to investigate the susceptibility of domestic dogs to PCV-2 infection by testing archived blood samples originating from low-income rural areas in Namibia. The population was selected considering the high exposure probability to PCV-2 due to direct contact and/or feeding with raw pig meat or by-products. Thirty-eight of the samples (6.61%) tested positive for PCV-2, and the complete ORF2 of 7 strains was sequenced, revealing the presence of the three major PCV-2 genotypes (i.e. PCV-2a, -2b, and -2d). Convincing epidemiological links with other Namibian and South African strains were established for PCV-2a and PCV-2b strains, while the PCV-2d strains were part of a broader clade that included sequences of viruses collected worldwide, especially in Asia. Although PCV-2 was reported in diseased dogs, no statistically significant or robust causal association between infection and disease manifestation was demonstrated. In conclusion, PCV-2 infection has been identified in Namibian dogs, most likely due to the ingestion of contaminated meat and by-products. However, the epidemiological and clinical consequences are still unclear and further investigations are necessary. Nevertheless, the high proportion of infected dogs showing clinical signs raises concern about the potential of PCV-2's role as a relevant viral pathogen in Namibia. The use of raw meat for dog nutrition should be discouraged, considering the known risks to animal and human health through disease transmission.Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV-2) is a major pathogen of swine, causing significant production losses in the pig industry worldwide. Several studies have detected the virus in different species, both in asymptomatic and diseased subjects, highlighting PCV-2 host plasticity. As PCV-2 has been identified in carnivores, the present study was undertaken to investigate the susceptibility of domestic dogs to PCV-2 infection by testing archived blood samples originating from low-income rural areas in Namibia. The population was selected considering the high exposure probability to PCV-2 due to direct contact and/or feeding with raw pig meat or by-products. Thirty-eight of the samples (6.61%) tested positive for PCV-2, and the complete ORF2 of 7 strains was sequenced, revealing the presence of the three major PCV-2 genotypes (i.e. PCV-2a, -2b, and -2d). Convincing epidemiological links with other Namibian and South African strains were established for PCV-2a and PCV-2b strains, while the PCV-2d strains were part of a broader clade that included sequences of viruses collected worldwide, especially in Asia. Although PCV-2 was reported in diseased dogs, no statistically significant or robust causal association between infection and disease manifestation was demonstrated. In conclusion, PCV-2 infection has been identified in Namibian dogs, most likely due to the ingestion of contaminated meat and by-products. However, the epidemiological and clinical consequences are still unclear and further investigations are necessary. Nevertheless, the high proportion of infected dogs showing clinical signs raises concern about the potential of PCV-2's role as a relevant viral pathogen in Namibia. The use of raw meat for dog nutrition should be discouraged, considering the known risks to animal and human health through disease transmission. |
| ArticleNumber | 162 |
| Audience | Academic |
| Author | de Villiers, Mari Molini, Umberto Franzo, Giovanni Dundon, William G. Coetzee, Lauren M. de Villiers, Lourens Cattoli, Giovanni Green, Herschelle P. Khaiseb, Siegfried |
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| Keywords | Molecular epidemiology Phylogenesis Host Dog Namibia PCV-2 |
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| Snippet | Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV-2) is a major pathogen of swine, causing significant production losses in the pig industry worldwide. Several studies have detected... Abstract Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV-2) is a major pathogen of swine, causing significant production losses in the pig industry worldwide. Several studies have... |
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| SubjectTerms | Advances in canine health research Animals Asia blood Carnivores Circoviridae Infections - epidemiology Circoviridae Infections - veterinary Circoviridae Infections - virology Circovirus - genetics Circovirus - isolation & purification Datasets Diagnosis direct contact Disease Disease transmission Diseases Distribution DNA virus infections DNA viruses Dog Dog Diseases - epidemiology Dog Diseases - virology Dogs Domestic animals Epidemiology Food contamination Genetic aspects Genomes Genotype Genotype & phenotype Genotypes Heparan sulfate Hogs Host Host-virus relationships Identification and classification industry Infections ingestion Meat Medicine Medicine & Public Health Molecular epidemiology Mutation Namibia Namibia - epidemiology nutrition Pathogens PCV-2 Phylogenesis Phylogenetics Phylogeny Plasticity Porcine circovirus-2 pork probability raw meat Risk factors species Statistical analysis Strains (organisms) Swine Swine Diseases - epidemiology Swine Diseases - virology Transgenics Veterinary Medicine/Veterinary Science Viruses Zoology |
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| Title | Further evidence of the host plasticity of porcine circovirus-2: detection of the virus in domestic dogs in Namibia |
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