Prevalence of signs of trachoma, ocular Chlamydia trachomatis infection and antibodies to Pgp3 in residents of Kiritimati Island, Kiribati
In some Pacific Island countries, such as Solomon Islands and Fiji, active trachoma is common, but ocular Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct) infection and trachomatous trichiasis (TT) are rare. On Tarawa, the most populous Kiribati island, both the active trachoma sign "trachomatous inflammation-follic...
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| Published in | PLoS neglected tropical diseases Vol. 11; no. 9; p. e0005863 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
United States
Public Library of Science
12.09.2017
Public Library of Science (PLoS) |
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
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| Abstract | In some Pacific Island countries, such as Solomon Islands and Fiji, active trachoma is common, but ocular Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct) infection and trachomatous trichiasis (TT) are rare. On Tarawa, the most populous Kiribati island, both the active trachoma sign "trachomatous inflammation-follicular" (TF) and TT are present at prevalences warranting intervention. We sought to estimate prevalences of TF, TT, ocular Ct infection, and anti-Ct antibodies on Kiritimati Island, Kiribati, to assess local relationships between these parameters, and to help determine the need for interventions against trachoma on Kiribati islands other than Tarawa.
As part of the Global Trachoma Mapping Project (GTMP), on Kiritimati, we examined 406 children aged 1-9 years for active trachoma. We collected conjunctival swabs (for droplet digital PCR against Ct plasmid targets) from 1-9-year-olds with active trachoma, and a systematic selection of 1-9-year-olds without active trachoma. We collected dried blood spots (for anti-Pgp3 ELISA) from all 1-9-year-old children. We also examined 416 adults aged ≥15 years for TT. Prevalence of TF and TT was adjusted for age (TF) or age and gender (TT) in five-year age bands.
The age-adjusted prevalence of TF in 1-9-year-olds was 28% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 24-35). The age- and gender-adjusted prevalence of TT in those aged ≥15 years was 0.2% (95% CI: 0.1-0.3%). Twenty-six (13.5%) of 193 swabs from children without active trachoma, and 58 (49.2%) of 118 swabs from children with active trachoma were positive for Ct DNA. Two hundred and ten (53%) of 397 children had anti-Pgp3 antibodies. Both infection (p<0.0001) and seropositivity (p<0.0001) were strongly associated with active trachoma. In 1-9-year-olds, the prevalence of anti-Pgp3 antibodies rose steeply with age.
Trachoma presents a public health problem on Kiritimati, where the high prevalence of ocular Ct infection and rapid increase in seropositivity with age suggest intense Ct transmission amongst young children. Interventions are required here to prevent future blindness. |
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| AbstractList | Objective In some Pacific Island countries, such as Solomon Islands and Fiji, active trachoma is common, but ocular Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct) infection and trachomatous trichiasis (TT) are rare. On Tarawa, the most populous Kiribati island, both the active trachoma sign “trachomatous inflammation-follicular” (TF) and TT are present at prevalences warranting intervention. We sought to estimate prevalences of TF, TT, ocular Ct infection, and anti-Ct antibodies on Kiritimati Island, Kiribati, to assess local relationships between these parameters, and to help determine the need for interventions against trachoma on Kiribati islands other than Tarawa. Methods As part of the Global Trachoma Mapping Project (GTMP), on Kiritimati, we examined 406 children aged 1-9 years for active trachoma. We collected conjunctival swabs (for droplet digital PCR against Ct plasmid targets) from 1-9-year-olds with active trachoma, and a systematic selection of 1-9-year-olds without active trachoma. We collected dried blood spots (for anti-Pgp3 ELISA) from all 1-9-year-old children. We also examined 416 adults aged ≥15 years for TT. Prevalence of TF and TT was adjusted for age (TF) or age and gender (TT) in five-year age bands. Results The age-adjusted prevalence of TF in 1-9-year-olds was 28% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 24-35). The age- and gender-adjusted prevalence of TT in those aged ≥15 years was 0.2% (95% CI: 0.1-0.3%). Twenty-six (13.5%) of 193 swabs from children without active trachoma, and 58 (49.2%) of 118 swabs from children with active trachoma were positive for Ct DNA. Two hundred and ten (53%) of 397 children had anti-Pgp3 antibodies. Both infection (p<0.0001) and seropositivity (p<0.0001) were strongly associated with active trachoma. In 1-9-year-olds, the prevalence of anti-Pgp3 antibodies rose steeply with age. Conclusion Trachoma presents a public health problem on Kiritimati, where the high prevalence of ocular Ct infection and rapid increase in seropositivity with age suggest intense Ct transmission amongst young children. Interventions are required here to prevent future blindness. OBJECTIVEIn some Pacific Island countries, such as Solomon Islands and Fiji, active trachoma is common, but ocular Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct) infection and trachomatous trichiasis (TT) are rare. On Tarawa, the most populous Kiribati island, both the active trachoma sign "trachomatous inflammation-follicular" (TF) and TT are present at prevalences warranting intervention. We sought to estimate prevalences of TF, TT, ocular Ct infection, and anti-Ct antibodies on Kiritimati Island, Kiribati, to assess local relationships between these parameters, and to help determine the need for interventions against trachoma on Kiribati islands other than Tarawa. METHODSAs part of the Global Trachoma Mapping Project (GTMP), on Kiritimati, we examined 406 children aged 1-9 years for active trachoma. We collected conjunctival swabs (for droplet digital PCR against Ct plasmid targets) from 1-9-year-olds with active trachoma, and a systematic selection of 1-9-year-olds without active trachoma. We collected dried blood spots (for anti-Pgp3 ELISA) from all 1-9-year-old children. We also examined 416 adults aged ≥15 years for TT. Prevalence of TF and TT was adjusted for age (TF) or age and gender (TT) in five-year age bands. RESULTSThe age-adjusted prevalence of TF in 1-9-year-olds was 28% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 24-35). The age- and gender-adjusted prevalence of TT in those aged ≥15 years was 0.2% (95% CI: 0.1-0.3%). Twenty-six (13.5%) of 193 swabs from children without active trachoma, and 58 (49.2%) of 118 swabs from children with active trachoma were positive for Ct DNA. Two hundred and ten (53%) of 397 children had anti-Pgp3 antibodies. Both infection (p<0.0001) and seropositivity (p<0.0001) were strongly associated with active trachoma. In 1-9-year-olds, the prevalence of anti-Pgp3 antibodies rose steeply with age. CONCLUSIONTrachoma presents a public health problem on Kiritimati, where the high prevalence of ocular Ct infection and rapid increase in seropositivity with age suggest intense Ct transmission amongst young children. Interventions are required here to prevent future blindness. Ocular infection with Chlamydia trachomatis causes trachoma. It is the leading infectious cause of blindness, and the target of an international campaign for elimination as a public health problem. Trachoma is endemic to Tarawa, the most populated island of Kiribati, housing approximately half the national population. However, the country has 20 inhabited islands and there were no previous trachoma prevalence data from Kiribati outside Tarawa. We set out to determine the prevalence of trachoma in the second most populated island, Kiritimati, located over 3000 km from Tarawa. In some other Pacific Island countries, ocular C . trachomatis infection is much less prevalent than the clinical signs that are used to guide interventions; we therefore looked for PCR-based evidence of current infection and antibodies to chlamydial proteins, in addition to recording clinical signs of trachoma. Our results indicate that trachoma and ocular C . trachomatis infection are prevalent on Kiritimati, and suggest that interventions are required here. The combined application of antibody, nucleic acid and clinical tools in an intervention-naïve population provides insight into their inter-relationships and the data are, therefore, of considerable interest to elimination programmes within and beyond the Pacific. Objective In some Pacific Island countries, such as Solomon Islands and Fiji, active trachoma is common, but ocular Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct) infection and trachomatous trichiasis (TT) are rare. On Tarawa, the most populous Kiribati island, both the active trachoma sign “trachomatous inflammation-follicular” (TF) and TT are present at prevalences warranting intervention. We sought to estimate prevalences of TF, TT, ocular Ct infection, and anti-Ct antibodies on Kiritimati Island, Kiribati, to assess local relationships between these parameters, and to help determine the need for interventions against trachoma on Kiribati islands other than Tarawa. Methods As part of the Global Trachoma Mapping Project (GTMP), on Kiritimati, we examined 406 children aged 1-9 years for active trachoma. We collected conjunctival swabs (for droplet digital PCR against Ct plasmid targets) from 1-9-year-olds with active trachoma, and a systematic selection of 1-9-year-olds without active trachoma. We collected dried blood spots (for anti-Pgp3 ELISA) from all 1-9-year-old children. We also examined 416 adults aged ≥15 years for TT. Prevalence of TF and TT was adjusted for age (TF) or age and gender (TT) in five-year age bands. Results The age-adjusted prevalence of TF in 1-9-year-olds was 28% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 24-35). The age- and gender-adjusted prevalence of TT in those aged ≥15 years was 0.2% (95% CI: 0.1-0.3%). Twenty-six (13.5%) of 193 swabs from children without active trachoma, and 58 (49.2%) of 118 swabs from children with active trachoma were positive for Ct DNA. Two hundred and ten (53%) of 397 children had anti-Pgp3 antibodies. Both infection (p<0.0001) and seropositivity (p<0.0001) were strongly associated with active trachoma. In 1-9-year-olds, the prevalence of anti-Pgp3 antibodies rose steeply with age. Conclusion Trachoma presents a public health problem on Kiritimati, where the high prevalence of ocular Ct infection and rapid increase in seropositivity with age suggest intense Ct transmission amongst young children. Interventions are required here to prevent future blindness. Objective In some Pacific Island countries, such as Solomon Islands and Fiji, active trachoma is common, but ocular Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct) infection and trachomatous trichiasis (TT) are rare. On Tarawa, the most populous Kiribati island, both the active trachoma sign "trachomatous inflammation-follicular" (TF) and TT are present at prevalences warranting intervention. We sought to estimate prevalences of TF, TT, ocular Ct infection, and anti-Ct antibodies on Kiritimati Island, Kiribati, to assess local relationships between these parameters, and to help determine the need for interventions against trachoma on Kiribati islands other than Tarawa. Methods As part of the Global Trachoma Mapping Project (GTMP), on Kiritimati, we examined 406 children aged 1-9 years for active trachoma. We collected conjunctival swabs (for droplet digital PCR against Ct plasmid targets) from 1-9-year-olds with active trachoma, and a systematic selection of 1-9-year-olds without active trachoma. We collected dried blood spots (for anti-Pgp3 ELISA) from all 1-9-year-old children. We also examined 416 adults aged [greater than or equal to]15 years for TT. Prevalence of TF and TT was adjusted for age (TF) or age and gender (TT) in five-year age bands. Results The age-adjusted prevalence of TF in 1-9-year-olds was 28% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 24-35). The age- and gender-adjusted prevalence of TT in those aged [greater than or equal to]15 years was 0.2% (95% CI: 0.1-0.3%). Twenty-six (13.5%) of 193 swabs from children without active trachoma, and 58 (49.2%) of 118 swabs from children with active trachoma were positive for Ct DNA. Two hundred and ten (53%) of 397 children had anti-Pgp3 antibodies. Both infection (p<0.0001) and seropositivity (p<0.0001) were strongly associated with active trachoma. In 1-9-year-olds, the prevalence of anti-Pgp3 antibodies rose steeply with age. Conclusion Trachoma presents a public health problem on Kiritimati, where the high prevalence of ocular Ct infection and rapid increase in seropositivity with age suggest intense Ct transmission amongst young children. Interventions are required here to prevent future blindness. In some Pacific Island countries, such as Solomon Islands and Fiji, active trachoma is common, but ocular Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct) infection and trachomatous trichiasis (TT) are rare. On Tarawa, the most populous Kiribati island, both the active trachoma sign "trachomatous inflammation-follicular" (TF) and TT are present at prevalences warranting intervention. We sought to estimate prevalences of TF, TT, ocular Ct infection, and anti-Ct antibodies on Kiritimati Island, Kiribati, to assess local relationships between these parameters, and to help determine the need for interventions against trachoma on Kiribati islands other than Tarawa. As part of the Global Trachoma Mapping Project (GTMP), on Kiritimati, we examined 406 children aged 1-9 years for active trachoma. We collected conjunctival swabs (for droplet digital PCR against Ct plasmid targets) from 1-9-year-olds with active trachoma, and a systematic selection of 1-9-year-olds without active trachoma. We collected dried blood spots (for anti-Pgp3 ELISA) from all 1-9-year-old children. We also examined 416 adults aged [greater than or equal to]15 years for TT. Prevalence of TF and TT was adjusted for age (TF) or age and gender (TT) in five-year age bands. The age-adjusted prevalence of TF in 1-9-year-olds was 28% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 24-35). The age- and gender-adjusted prevalence of TT in those aged [greater than or equal to]15 years was 0.2% (95% CI: 0.1-0.3%). Twenty-six (13.5%) of 193 swabs from children without active trachoma, and 58 (49.2%) of 118 swabs from children with active trachoma were positive for Ct DNA. Two hundred and ten (53%) of 397 children had anti-Pgp3 antibodies. Both infection (p<0.0001) and seropositivity (p<0.0001) were strongly associated with active trachoma. In 1-9-year-olds, the prevalence of anti-Pgp3 antibodies rose steeply with age. Trachoma presents a public health problem on Kiritimati, where the high prevalence of ocular Ct infection and rapid increase in seropositivity with age suggest intense Ct transmission amongst young children. Interventions are required here to prevent future blindness. In some Pacific Island countries, such as Solomon Islands and Fiji, active trachoma is common, but ocular Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct) infection and trachomatous trichiasis (TT) are rare. On Tarawa, the most populous Kiribati island, both the active trachoma sign "trachomatous inflammation-follicular" (TF) and TT are present at prevalences warranting intervention. We sought to estimate prevalences of TF, TT, ocular Ct infection, and anti-Ct antibodies on Kiritimati Island, Kiribati, to assess local relationships between these parameters, and to help determine the need for interventions against trachoma on Kiribati islands other than Tarawa.As part of the Global Trachoma Mapping Project (GTMP), on Kiritimati, we examined 406 children aged 1-9 years for active trachoma. We collected conjunctival swabs (for droplet digital PCR against Ct plasmid targets) from 1-9-year-olds with active trachoma, and a systematic selection of 1-9-year-olds without active trachoma. We collected dried blood spots (for anti-Pgp3 ELISA) from all 1-9-year-old children. We also examined 416 adults aged ≥15 years for TT. Prevalence of TF and TT was adjusted for age (TF) or age and gender (TT) in five-year age bands.The age-adjusted prevalence of TF in 1-9-year-olds was 28% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 24-35). The age- and gender-adjusted prevalence of TT in those aged ≥15 years was 0.2% (95% CI: 0.1-0.3%). Twenty-six (13.5%) of 193 swabs from children without active trachoma, and 58 (49.2%) of 118 swabs from children with active trachoma were positive for Ct DNA. Two hundred and ten (53%) of 397 children had anti-Pgp3 antibodies. Both infection (p<0.0001) and seropositivity (p<0.0001) were strongly associated with active trachoma. In 1-9-year-olds, the prevalence of anti-Pgp3 antibodies rose steeply with age.Trachoma presents a public health problem on Kiritimati, where the high prevalence of ocular Ct infection and rapid increase in seropositivity with age suggest intense Ct transmission amongst young children. Interventions are required here to prevent future blindness. In some Pacific Island countries, such as Solomon Islands and Fiji, active trachoma is common, but ocular Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct) infection and trachomatous trichiasis (TT) are rare. On Tarawa, the most populous Kiribati island, both the active trachoma sign "trachomatous inflammation-follicular" (TF) and TT are present at prevalences warranting intervention. We sought to estimate prevalences of TF, TT, ocular Ct infection, and anti-Ct antibodies on Kiritimati Island, Kiribati, to assess local relationships between these parameters, and to help determine the need for interventions against trachoma on Kiribati islands other than Tarawa. As part of the Global Trachoma Mapping Project (GTMP), on Kiritimati, we examined 406 children aged 1-9 years for active trachoma. We collected conjunctival swabs (for droplet digital PCR against Ct plasmid targets) from 1-9-year-olds with active trachoma, and a systematic selection of 1-9-year-olds without active trachoma. We collected dried blood spots (for anti-Pgp3 ELISA) from all 1-9-year-old children. We also examined 416 adults aged ≥15 years for TT. Prevalence of TF and TT was adjusted for age (TF) or age and gender (TT) in five-year age bands. The age-adjusted prevalence of TF in 1-9-year-olds was 28% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 24-35). The age- and gender-adjusted prevalence of TT in those aged ≥15 years was 0.2% (95% CI: 0.1-0.3%). Twenty-six (13.5%) of 193 swabs from children without active trachoma, and 58 (49.2%) of 118 swabs from children with active trachoma were positive for Ct DNA. Two hundred and ten (53%) of 397 children had anti-Pgp3 antibodies. Both infection (p<0.0001) and seropositivity (p<0.0001) were strongly associated with active trachoma. In 1-9-year-olds, the prevalence of anti-Pgp3 antibodies rose steeply with age. Trachoma presents a public health problem on Kiritimati, where the high prevalence of ocular Ct infection and rapid increase in seropositivity with age suggest intense Ct transmission amongst young children. Interventions are required here to prevent future blindness. |
| Audience | Academic |
| Author | Kiauea, Tokoriri Alexander, Neal D E Solomon, Anthony W Butcher, Robert M R Pickering, Harry Migchelsen, Stephanie J Cama, Anaseini Taoaba, Raebwebwe Itibita, Iakoba Le Mesurier, Richard T Bakhtiari, Ana Müller, Andreas Martin, Diana L Tekeraoi, Rabebe Roberts, Chrissy H Willis, Rebecca |
| AuthorAffiliation | RTI International, UNITED STATES 3 Centre for Eye Research, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia 10 Department of Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland 2 The Fred Hollows Foundation, Sydney, Australia 8 MRC Tropical Epidemiology Group, Infectious Disease Epidemiology Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom 1 International Agency for the Prevention of Blindness, Western Pacific Region, Suva, Fiji 5 Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom 7 International Trachoma Initiative, Task Force for Global Health, Decatur, Georgia, United States of America 9 Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America 4 Eye Department, Ministry of Health and Medical Services, South Tarawa, Kiribati 6 Kiritimati Hospital, London, Kiritimati Island, Kiribati |
| AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: 4 Eye Department, Ministry of Health and Medical Services, South Tarawa, Kiribati – name: 1 International Agency for the Prevention of Blindness, Western Pacific Region, Suva, Fiji – name: 2 The Fred Hollows Foundation, Sydney, Australia – name: 3 Centre for Eye Research, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia – name: 5 Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom – name: 7 International Trachoma Initiative, Task Force for Global Health, Decatur, Georgia, United States of America – name: RTI International, UNITED STATES – name: 6 Kiritimati Hospital, London, Kiritimati Island, Kiribati – name: 10 Department of Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland – name: 8 MRC Tropical Epidemiology Group, Infectious Disease Epidemiology Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom – name: 9 Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Anaseini surname: Cama fullname: Cama, Anaseini organization: The Fred Hollows Foundation, Sydney, Australia – sequence: 2 givenname: Andreas surname: Müller fullname: Müller, Andreas organization: Centre for Eye Research, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia – sequence: 3 givenname: Raebwebwe surname: Taoaba fullname: Taoaba, Raebwebwe organization: Eye Department, Ministry of Health and Medical Services, South Tarawa, Kiribati – sequence: 4 givenname: Robert M R orcidid: 0000-0003-0435-2655 surname: Butcher fullname: Butcher, Robert M R organization: Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom – sequence: 5 givenname: Iakoba surname: Itibita fullname: Itibita, Iakoba organization: Kiritimati Hospital, London, Kiritimati Island, Kiribati – sequence: 6 givenname: Stephanie J surname: Migchelsen fullname: Migchelsen, Stephanie J organization: Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom – sequence: 7 givenname: Tokoriri surname: Kiauea fullname: Kiauea, Tokoriri organization: Kiritimati Hospital, London, Kiritimati Island, Kiribati – sequence: 8 givenname: Harry surname: Pickering fullname: Pickering, Harry organization: Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom – sequence: 9 givenname: Rebecca surname: Willis fullname: Willis, Rebecca organization: International Trachoma Initiative, Task Force for Global Health, Decatur, Georgia, United States of America – sequence: 10 givenname: Chrissy H surname: Roberts fullname: Roberts, Chrissy H organization: Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom – sequence: 11 givenname: Ana surname: Bakhtiari fullname: Bakhtiari, Ana organization: International Trachoma Initiative, Task Force for Global Health, Decatur, Georgia, United States of America – sequence: 12 givenname: Richard T surname: Le Mesurier fullname: Le Mesurier, Richard T organization: The Fred Hollows Foundation, Sydney, Australia – sequence: 13 givenname: Neal D E surname: Alexander fullname: Alexander, Neal D E organization: MRC Tropical Epidemiology Group, Infectious Disease Epidemiology Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom – sequence: 14 givenname: Diana L surname: Martin fullname: Martin, Diana L organization: Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America – sequence: 15 givenname: Rabebe surname: Tekeraoi fullname: Tekeraoi, Rabebe organization: Eye Department, Ministry of Health and Medical Services, South Tarawa, Kiribati – sequence: 16 givenname: Anthony W surname: Solomon fullname: Solomon, Anthony W organization: Department of Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28898240$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| ContentType | Journal Article |
| Copyright | COPYRIGHT 2017 Public Library of Science 2017 Public Library of Science. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited: infection and antibodies to Pgp3 in residents of Kiritimati Island, Kiribati. PLoS Negl Trop Dis11(9): e0005863. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0005863 2017 2017 Public Library of Science. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited: infection and antibodies to Pgp3 in residents of Kiritimati Island, Kiribati. PLoS Negl Trop Dis11(9): e0005863. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0005863 |
| Copyright_xml | – notice: COPYRIGHT 2017 Public Library of Science – notice: 2017 Public Library of Science. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited: infection and antibodies to Pgp3 in residents of Kiritimati Island, Kiribati. PLoS Negl Trop Dis11(9): e0005863. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0005863 – notice: 2017 – notice: 2017 Public Library of Science. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited: infection and antibodies to Pgp3 in residents of Kiritimati Island, Kiribati. PLoS Negl Trop Dis11(9): e0005863. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0005863 |
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| DOI | 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005863 |
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| DocumentTitleAlternate | Trachoma in Kiritimati Island, Kiribati |
| EISSN | 1935-2735 |
| Editor | French, Michael |
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| Language | English |
| License | World Health Organization. Licensee Public Library of Science. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution IGO License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/. In any use of this article, there should be no suggestion that WHO endorses any specific organization, products or services. The use of the WHO logo is not permitted. This notice should be preserved along with the article’s original URL. Creative Commons Attribution License |
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| Notes | new_version ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 23 Membership of The Global Trachoma Mapping Project is provided in the Acknowledgments. AC and RTLM of the Fred Hollows Foundation were personally involved in the study, as indicated in the statement of authors’ contributions; otherwise, funders had no role in project design, in project implementation or analysis or interpretation of data, in the decisions on where, how or when to publish in the peer reviewed press, or in preparation of the manuscript. |
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| PublicationTitle | PLoS neglected tropical diseases |
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| References | B Kirkwood (ref18) 2003 AW Solomon (ref37) 2004; 17 SJ Migchelsen (ref21) 2017; 11 PH Corran (ref27) 2008; 7 I Mann (ref6) 1966 BE Elshafie (ref49) 2016; 23 AR Last (ref26) 2017 AF Macallan (ref5) 1934; 18 O Sokana (ref17) 2016; 23 EB Goodhew (ref40) 2014; 14 AM Ramadhani (ref38) 2016; 10 B Ward (ref4) 1965; 59 E von Elm (ref24) 2007; 370 AW Solomon (ref19) 2015; 22 HR Wright (ref41) 2005; 5 (ref10) 2013 C-E Michel (ref44) 2006; 367 DL Martin (ref35) 2015; 9 B Bero (ref48) 2016; 23 ref9 TH Adera (ref50) 2016; 23 DL Martin (ref34) 2015; 5 FR Thomas (ref46) 2003 N Cocks (ref14) 2016; 110 AW Solomon (ref30) 2003; 362 EB Goodhew (ref39) 2012; 6 ref2 Ch Roberts (ref20) 2013; 51 JR Evans (ref28) 2011 V Francis (ref11) 1995 RMR Butcher (ref16) 2016; 10 B Thylefors (ref8) 1987; 65 T Benaglia (ref23) 2009; 32 JL Smith (ref47) 2015; 9 RA Bourne (ref1) 2013; 1 MA Wolle (ref32) 2009; 50 SK West (ref36) 2016; 10 H Taylor (ref3) 2001; 175 CR Dawson (ref45) 1981 MJ Burton (ref33) 2015; 9 C-E Michel (ref43) 2011; 5 L Dize (ref25) 2015; 81 G McLachlan (ref22) 2000 ref29 AW Solomon (ref42) 2006; 6 F Taleo (ref13) 2017; 11 MA Wolle (ref31) 2009; 116 A Solomon (ref12) 2006 AA Mathew (ref7) 2009; 93 CK Macleod (ref15) 2016; 10 |
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| Snippet | In some Pacific Island countries, such as Solomon Islands and Fiji, active trachoma is common, but ocular Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct) infection and trachomatous... Objective In some Pacific Island countries, such as Solomon Islands and Fiji, active trachoma is common, but ocular Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct) infection and... OBJECTIVEIn some Pacific Island countries, such as Solomon Islands and Fiji, active trachoma is common, but ocular Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct) infection and... Ocular infection with Chlamydia trachomatis causes trachoma. It is the leading infectious cause of blindness, and the target of an international campaign for... Objective In some Pacific Island countries, such as Solomon Islands and Fiji, active trachoma is common, but ocular Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct) infection and... |
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| SubjectTerms | Adults Age Antibiotics Antibodies Antibodies, Bacterial - blood Antigens, Bacterial - immunology Bacteria Bacterial Proteins - immunology Biology and Life Sciences Blindness Blood Child Child, Preschool Children Chlamydia Chlamydia infections Chlamydia trachomatis Confidence intervals Countries Deoxyribonucleic acid Diagnosis Disease Disease prevention Distribution DNA Earth Sciences ELISA Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Epidemiology Gender Humans Hygiene Immunoglobulins Infant Infections Islands Medicine Medicine and Health Sciences Micronesia - epidemiology Nucleotide sequence PCR People and Places Plasmids Population Prevalence Properties Public health Research and Analysis Methods Risk factors Sexually transmitted diseases Spots STD Supervision Task forces Trachoma Trachoma - complications Trachoma - epidemiology Trachoma - microbiology Transmission Trichiasis - etiology Tropical diseases |
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| Title | Prevalence of signs of trachoma, ocular Chlamydia trachomatis infection and antibodies to Pgp3 in residents of Kiritimati Island, Kiribati |
| URI | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28898240 https://www.proquest.com/docview/1951453457 https://search.proquest.com/docview/1938601236 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PMC5609772 https://doaj.org/article/aa9c0f1b95bb4269b62527e8be6875f0 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0005863 |
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