Global burden of respiratory infections associated with seasonal influenza in children under 5 years in 2018: a systematic review and modelling study

Seasonal influenza virus is a common cause of acute lower respiratory infection (ALRI) in young children. In 2008, we estimated that 20 million influenza-virus-associated ALRI and 1 million influenza-virus-associated severe ALRI occurred in children under 5 years globally. Despite this substantial b...

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Published inThe Lancet global health Vol. 8; no. 4; pp. e497 - e510
Main Authors Li, You, Widdowson, Marc-Alain, Omer, Saad B, Chaves, Sandra S, Chung, Alexandria, Cohen, Cheryl, Fasce, Rodrigo A, Gordon, Aubree, Groome, Michelle, Katz, Mark A, de Leon, Oscar, McCracken, John P, Mira-Iglesias, Ainara, Moïsi, Jennifer C, Munywoki, Patrick K, Ourohiré, Millogo, Rahi, Manveer, Rath, Barbara A, Saha, Samir K, Treurnicht, Florette K, Wamukoya, Marylene, Yoshida, Lay-Myint, Campbell, Harry, Wang, Xin, Ali, Asad, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, Saeed, Bushra, Zaidi, Anita K, Amu, Alberta, Awini, Elizabeth, Azziz-Baumgartner, Eduardo, Baggett, Henry C, Shang, Nong, Brooks, W Abdullah, Driscoll, Amanda, Knoll, Maria Deloria, Prosperi, Christine, Baqui, Abdullah H, von Gottberg, Anne, Connor, Nicholas E, El Arifeen, Shams, Echavarria, Marcela, Marcone, Débora N, Reyes, Noelia, Rodriguez, Ivan, Ortiz, David, Gentile, Angela, del Valle Juarez, Maria, Madhi, Shabir A, Nunes, Marta C, Nzenze, Susan, Heikkinen, Terho, Juvekar, Sanjay, Halasa, Natasha, Jara, Jorge H, Gofer, Ilan, Avni, Yonat Shemer, Khuri-Bulos, Najwa, Shehabi, Asem, Kumar, Rakesh, Lopez, Maria R, Gomez, Ana B, Lucero, Marilla G, Puig-Barberà, Joan, Gessner, Bradford D, Njanpop-Lafourcade, Berthe-Marie, Nokes, D James, Ali, Sié, Pascal, Zabré, Cheik, Bagagnan H, Caballero, Mauricio T, Libster, Romina, Baker, Julia M, Obermeier, Patrick E, Islam, Maksuda, Panigrahi, Pinaki, Bose, Anuradha, Nanda, Pritish, Qazi, Shamim A, Sotomayor, Viviana, Kyobutungi, Catherine, Yoshihara, Keisuke, Dand, Duc-Anh, Nicol, Mark P, Chadha, Mandeep, Gresh, Lionel, Kuan, Guillermina, Tapia, Milagritos D, Barahona, Alfredo
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published England Elsevier Ltd 01.04.2020
Elsevier
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Abstract Seasonal influenza virus is a common cause of acute lower respiratory infection (ALRI) in young children. In 2008, we estimated that 20 million influenza-virus-associated ALRI and 1 million influenza-virus-associated severe ALRI occurred in children under 5 years globally. Despite this substantial burden, only a few low-income and middle-income countries have adopted routine influenza vaccination policies for children and, where present, these have achieved only low or unknown levels of vaccine uptake. Moreover, the influenza burden might have changed due to the emergence and circulation of influenza A/H1N1pdm09. We aimed to incorporate new data to update estimates of the global number of cases, hospital admissions, and mortality from influenza-virus-associated respiratory infections in children under 5 years in 2018. We estimated the regional and global burden of influenza-associated respiratory infections in children under 5 years from a systematic review of 100 studies published between Jan 1, 1995, and Dec 31, 2018, and a further 57 high-quality unpublished studies. We adapted the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale to assess the risk of bias. We estimated incidence and hospitalisation rates of influenza-virus-associated respiratory infections by severity, case ascertainment, region, and age. We estimated in-hospital deaths from influenza virus ALRI by combining hospital admissions and in-hospital case-fatality ratios of influenza virus ALRI. We estimated the upper bound of influenza virus-associated ALRI deaths based on the number of in-hospital deaths, US paediatric influenza-associated death data, and population-based childhood all-cause pneumonia mortality data in six sites in low-income and lower-middle-income countries. In 2018, among children under 5 years globally, there were an estimated 109·5 million influenza virus episodes (uncertainty range [UR] 63·1–190·6), 10·1 million influenza-virus-associated ALRI cases (6·8–15·1); 870 000 influenza-virus-associated ALRI hospital admissions (543 000–1 415 000), 15 300 in-hospital deaths (5800–43 800), and up to 34 800 (13 200–97 200) overall influenza-virus-associated ALRI deaths. Influenza virus accounted for 7% of ALRI cases, 5% of ALRI hospital admissions, and 4% of ALRI deaths in children under 5 years. About 23% of the hospital admissions and 36% of the in-hospital deaths were in infants under 6 months. About 82% of the in-hospital deaths occurred in low-income and lower-middle-income countries. A large proportion of the influenza-associated burden occurs among young infants and in low-income and lower middle-income countries. Our findings provide new and important evidence for maternal and paediatric influenza immunisation, and should inform future immunisation policy particularly in low-income and middle-income countries. WHO; Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
AbstractList Seasonal influenza virus is a common cause of acute lower respiratory infection (ALRI) in young children. In 2008, we estimated that 20 million influenza-virus-associated ALRI and 1 million influenza-virus-associated severe ALRI occurred in children under 5 years globally. Despite this substantial burden, only a few low-income and middle-income countries have adopted routine influenza vaccination policies for children and, where present, these have achieved only low or unknown levels of vaccine uptake. Moreover, the influenza burden might have changed due to the emergence and circulation of influenza A/H1N1pdm09. We aimed to incorporate new data to update estimates of the global number of cases, hospital admissions, and mortality from influenza-virus-associated respiratory infections in children under 5 years in 2018. We estimated the regional and global burden of influenza-associated respiratory infections in children under 5 years from a systematic review of 100 studies published between Jan 1, 1995, and Dec 31, 2018, and a further 57 high-quality unpublished studies. We adapted the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale to assess the risk of bias. We estimated incidence and hospitalisation rates of influenza-virus-associated respiratory infections by severity, case ascertainment, region, and age. We estimated in-hospital deaths from influenza virus ALRI by combining hospital admissions and in-hospital case-fatality ratios of influenza virus ALRI. We estimated the upper bound of influenza virus-associated ALRI deaths based on the number of in-hospital deaths, US paediatric influenza-associated death data, and population-based childhood all-cause pneumonia mortality data in six sites in low-income and lower-middle-income countries. In 2018, among children under 5 years globally, there were an estimated 109·5 million influenza virus episodes (uncertainty range [UR] 63·1-190·6), 10·1 million influenza-virus-associated ALRI cases (6·8-15·1); 870 000 influenza-virus-associated ALRI hospital admissions (543 000-1 415 000), 15 300 in-hospital deaths (5800-43 800), and up to 34 800 (13 200-97 200) overall influenza-virus-associated ALRI deaths. Influenza virus accounted for 7% of ALRI cases, 5% of ALRI hospital admissions, and 4% of ALRI deaths in children under 5 years. About 23% of the hospital admissions and 36% of the in-hospital deaths were in infants under 6 months. About 82% of the in-hospital deaths occurred in low-income and lower-middle-income countries. A large proportion of the influenza-associated burden occurs among young infants and in low-income and lower middle-income countries. Our findings provide new and important evidence for maternal and paediatric influenza immunisation, and should inform future immunisation policy particularly in low-income and middle-income countries. WHO; Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Background: Seasonal influenza virus is a common cause of acute lower respiratory infection (ALRI) in young children. In 2008, we estimated that 20 million influenza-virus-associated ALRI and 1 million influenza-virus-associated severe ALRI occurred in children under 5 years globally. Despite this substantial burden, only a few low-income and middle-income countries have adopted routine influenza vaccination policies for children and, where present, these have achieved only low or unknown levels of vaccine uptake. Moreover, the influenza burden might have changed due to the emergence and circulation of influenza A/H1N1pdm09. We aimed to incorporate new data to update estimates of the global number of cases, hospital admissions, and mortality from influenza-virus-associated respiratory infections in children under 5 years in 2018. Methods: We estimated the regional and global burden of influenza-associated respiratory infections in children under 5 years from a systematic review of 100 studies published between Jan 1, 1995, and Dec 31, 2018, and a further 57 high-quality unpublished studies. We adapted the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale to assess the risk of bias. We estimated incidence and hospitalisation rates of influenza-virus-associated respiratory infections by severity, case ascertainment, region, and age. We estimated in-hospital deaths from influenza virus ALRI by combining hospital admissions and in-hospital case-fatality ratios of influenza virus ALRI. We estimated the upper bound of influenza virus-associated ALRI deaths based on the number of in-hospital deaths, US paediatric influenza-associated death data, and population-based childhood all-cause pneumonia mortality data in six sites in low-income and lower-middle-income countries. Findings: In 2018, among children under 5 years globally, there were an estimated 109·5 million influenza virus episodes (uncertainty range [UR] 63·1–190·6), 10·1 million influenza-virus-associated ALRI cases (6·8–15·1); 870 000 influenza-virus-associated ALRI hospital admissions (543 000–1 415 000), 15 300 in-hospital deaths (5800–43 800), and up to 34 800 (13 200–97 200) overall influenza-virus-associated ALRI deaths. Influenza virus accounted for 7% of ALRI cases, 5% of ALRI hospital admissions, and 4% of ALRI deaths in children under 5 years. About 23% of the hospital admissions and 36% of the in-hospital deaths were in infants under 6 months. About 82% of the in-hospital deaths occurred in low-income and lower-middle-income countries. Interpretation: A large proportion of the influenza-associated burden occurs among young infants and in low-income and lower middle-income countries. Our findings provide new and important evidence for maternal and paediatric influenza immunisation, and should inform future immunisation policy particularly in low-income and middle-income countries. Funding: WHO; Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Seasonal influenza virus is a common cause of acute lower respiratory infection (ALRI) in young children. In 2008, we estimated that 20 million influenza-virus-associated ALRI and 1 million influenza-virus-associated severe ALRI occurred in children under 5 years globally. Despite this substantial burden, only a few low-income and middle-income countries have adopted routine influenza vaccination policies for children and, where present, these have achieved only low or unknown levels of vaccine uptake. Moreover, the influenza burden might have changed due to the emergence and circulation of influenza A/H1N1pdm09. We aimed to incorporate new data to update estimates of the global number of cases, hospital admissions, and mortality from influenza-virus-associated respiratory infections in children under 5 years in 2018.BACKGROUNDSeasonal influenza virus is a common cause of acute lower respiratory infection (ALRI) in young children. In 2008, we estimated that 20 million influenza-virus-associated ALRI and 1 million influenza-virus-associated severe ALRI occurred in children under 5 years globally. Despite this substantial burden, only a few low-income and middle-income countries have adopted routine influenza vaccination policies for children and, where present, these have achieved only low or unknown levels of vaccine uptake. Moreover, the influenza burden might have changed due to the emergence and circulation of influenza A/H1N1pdm09. We aimed to incorporate new data to update estimates of the global number of cases, hospital admissions, and mortality from influenza-virus-associated respiratory infections in children under 5 years in 2018.We estimated the regional and global burden of influenza-associated respiratory infections in children under 5 years from a systematic review of 100 studies published between Jan 1, 1995, and Dec 31, 2018, and a further 57 high-quality unpublished studies. We adapted the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale to assess the risk of bias. We estimated incidence and hospitalisation rates of influenza-virus-associated respiratory infections by severity, case ascertainment, region, and age. We estimated in-hospital deaths from influenza virus ALRI by combining hospital admissions and in-hospital case-fatality ratios of influenza virus ALRI. We estimated the upper bound of influenza virus-associated ALRI deaths based on the number of in-hospital deaths, US paediatric influenza-associated death data, and population-based childhood all-cause pneumonia mortality data in six sites in low-income and lower-middle-income countries.METHODSWe estimated the regional and global burden of influenza-associated respiratory infections in children under 5 years from a systematic review of 100 studies published between Jan 1, 1995, and Dec 31, 2018, and a further 57 high-quality unpublished studies. We adapted the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale to assess the risk of bias. We estimated incidence and hospitalisation rates of influenza-virus-associated respiratory infections by severity, case ascertainment, region, and age. We estimated in-hospital deaths from influenza virus ALRI by combining hospital admissions and in-hospital case-fatality ratios of influenza virus ALRI. We estimated the upper bound of influenza virus-associated ALRI deaths based on the number of in-hospital deaths, US paediatric influenza-associated death data, and population-based childhood all-cause pneumonia mortality data in six sites in low-income and lower-middle-income countries.In 2018, among children under 5 years globally, there were an estimated 109·5 million influenza virus episodes (uncertainty range [UR] 63·1-190·6), 10·1 million influenza-virus-associated ALRI cases (6·8-15·1); 870 000 influenza-virus-associated ALRI hospital admissions (543 000-1 415 000), 15 300 in-hospital deaths (5800-43 800), and up to 34 800 (13 200-97 200) overall influenza-virus-associated ALRI deaths. Influenza virus accounted for 7% of ALRI cases, 5% of ALRI hospital admissions, and 4% of ALRI deaths in children under 5 years. About 23% of the hospital admissions and 36% of the in-hospital deaths were in infants under 6 months. About 82% of the in-hospital deaths occurred in low-income and lower-middle-income countries.FINDINGSIn 2018, among children under 5 years globally, there were an estimated 109·5 million influenza virus episodes (uncertainty range [UR] 63·1-190·6), 10·1 million influenza-virus-associated ALRI cases (6·8-15·1); 870 000 influenza-virus-associated ALRI hospital admissions (543 000-1 415 000), 15 300 in-hospital deaths (5800-43 800), and up to 34 800 (13 200-97 200) overall influenza-virus-associated ALRI deaths. Influenza virus accounted for 7% of ALRI cases, 5% of ALRI hospital admissions, and 4% of ALRI deaths in children under 5 years. About 23% of the hospital admissions and 36% of the in-hospital deaths were in infants under 6 months. About 82% of the in-hospital deaths occurred in low-income and lower-middle-income countries.A large proportion of the influenza-associated burden occurs among young infants and in low-income and lower middle-income countries. Our findings provide new and important evidence for maternal and paediatric influenza immunisation, and should inform future immunisation policy particularly in low-income and middle-income countries.INTERPRETATIONA large proportion of the influenza-associated burden occurs among young infants and in low-income and lower middle-income countries. Our findings provide new and important evidence for maternal and paediatric influenza immunisation, and should inform future immunisation policy particularly in low-income and middle-income countries.WHO; Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.FUNDINGWHO; Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Background: Seasonal influenza virus is a common cause of acute lower respiratory infection (ALRI) in ung children. In 2008, we estimated that 20 million influenza-virus-associated ALRI and 1 million fluenza-virus-associated severe ALRI occurred in children under 5 years globally. Despite this bstantial burden, only a few low-income and middle-income countries have adopted routine influenza ccination policies for children and, where present, these have achieved only low or unknown levels of ccine uptake. Moreover, the influenza burden might have changed due to the emergence and rculation of influenza A/H1N1pdm09. We aimed to incorporate new data to update estimates of the obal number of cases, hospital admissions, and mortality from influenza-virus-associated respiratory fections in children under 5 years in 2018. Methods: We estimated the regional and global burden of influenza-associated respiratory infections in ildren under 5 years from a systematic review of 100 studies published between Jan 1, 1995, and Dec , 2018, and a further 57 high-quality unpublished studies. We adapted the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale to sess the risk of bias. We estimated incidence and hospitalisation rates of influenza-virus-associated spiratory infections by severity, case ascertainment, region, and age. We estimated in-hospital deaths om influenza virus ALRI by combining hospital admissions and in-hospital case-fatality ratios of fluenza virus ALRI. We estimated the upper bound of influenza virus-associated ALRI deaths based on e number of in-hospital deaths, US paediatric influenza-associated death data, and population-based ildhood all-cause pneumonia mortality data in six sites in low-income and lower-middle-income untries. Findings: In 2018, among children under 5 years globally, there were an estimated 109.5 million fluenza virus episodes (uncertainty range [UR] 63.1-190.6), 10.1 million influenza-virus-associated ALRI ses (6.8-15.1); 870 000 influenza-virus-associated ALRI hospital admissions (543 000-1 415 000), 15 300 -hospital deaths (5800-43 800), and up to 34 800 (13 200-97 200) overall influenza-virus-associated ALRI deaths. Influenza virus accounted for 7% of ALRI cases, 5% of ALRI hospital admissions, and 4% of ALRI deaths in children under 5 years. About 23% of the hospital admissions and 36% of the in-hospital deaths were in infants under 6 months. About 82% of the in-hospital deaths occurred in low-income and lower-middle-income countries. Interpretation: A large proportion of the influenza-associated burden occurs among young infants and in low-income and lower middle-income countries. Our findings provide new and important evidence for maternal and paediatric influenza immunisation, and should inform future immunisation policy particularly in low-income and middle-income countries. 
Author Clark, Dayna R
Chaves, Sandra S
Prosperi, Christine
Isaac, Rita
Baqui, Abdullah H
del Valle Juarez, Maria
Gonzalez, Nathaly
Rahi, Manveer
Islam, Maksuda
Heikkinen, Terho
Munywoki, Patrick K
Lopez, Olga
Shang, Nong
Amu, Alberta
Maldonado, Herberth
Wamukoya, Marylene
Awini, Elizabeth
Marcone, Débora N
Mira-Iglesias, Ainara
Tall, Haoua
Schrag, Stephanie J
Moïsi, Jennifer C
Hassanuzzaman, MD
Puig-Barberà, Joan
Kumar, Rakesh
Ortiz, David
Rahman, Mustafizur
Amarchand, Ritvik
Reyes, Noelia
Le, Minh-Nhat
Saeed, Bushra
Yoshida, Lay-Myint
Nillos, Leilani T
Chittaganpitch, Malinee
Sotomayor, Viviana
Gomez, Ana B
Shehabi, Asem
Campbell, Harry
Treurnicht, Florette K
Khuri-Bulos, Najwa
Njanpop-Lafourcade, Berthe-Marie
O'Brien, Katherine L
Nicol, Mark P
McCracken, John P
von Gottberg, Anne
Nair, Harish
Mullany, Luke
Schweiger, Brunhilde
Abdullah Brooks, W
Gordon, Aubree
Lupisan, Socorro P
Bose, Anuradha
Panigrahi, Pinaki
Krishnan, Anand
Knobler, Stacey L
Tapia, Milagritos D
Echavarria, Marcela
Brooks, W Abdullah
Gentile, Angela
Avni, Yonat Shemer
Dawood, Hali
AuthorAffiliation c Medical Research Council: Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit; Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation: Vaccine Preventable Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
g Yale Institute for Global Health; Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine; Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
at Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
y Center for Health Studies, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala
h Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
r School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
am Department of Microbiology, Child Health Research Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh
m Institució Catalana de Recerca i Es
AuthorAffiliation_xml – name: l Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça, Maputo, Mozambique
– name: ad Centre for Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
– name: an Department of Pediatrics, Section of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
– name: au Department of Paediatrics & Child Health and Medical Research Council unit on Child & Adolescent Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
– name: q Centre for Respiratory Disease and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa
– name: v Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
– name: aq Division of Global Health Protection, Thailand Ministry of Public Health; US CDC Collaboration, Nonthaburi, Thailand
– name: e Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
– name: as African Population & Health Research Center, Nairobi, Kenya
– name: i Dodowa Health Research Centre, Dodowa, Ghana
– name: al Vienna Vaccine Safety Initiative, Berlin, Germany
– name: s Clinical Virology Unit, Centro de Educación Médica e Investigaciones Clínicas, Argentina
– name: f Department of Epidemiology and Global Health, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
– name: g Yale Institute for Global Health; Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine; Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
– name: ab University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
– name: r School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
– name: c Medical Research Council: Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit; Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation: Vaccine Preventable Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
– name: ah KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
– name: a Centre for Global Health, Usher Institute, Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
– name: m Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona, Spain
– name: o Consorcio de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain
– name: p Influenza Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nairobi, Kenya
– name: am Department of Microbiology, Child Health Research Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh
– name: k Barcelona Global Health Institute, Hospital Clínic—University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
– name: t Public Health Institute of Chile, Región Metropolitana, Chile
– name: y Center for Health Studies, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala
– name: ap Epidemiology Department, Ministry of Health, Santiago, Chile
– name: w Department of Pediatrics, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Finland
– name: af Área de Investigación en Vacunas, Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunitat Valenciana (Salud Pública), Valencia, Spain
– name: aj Fundacion INFANT, Buenos Aires, Argentina
– name: x Vadu Rural Health program, KEM Hospital Research Centre, Pune, Maharashtra, India
– name: ac Department of Pediatrics, University of Jordan School of Medicine, Amman, Jordan
– name: ak Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
– name: h Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
– name: ae ARI Study Group, Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Muntinlupa, Philippines
– name: u Ricardo Gutierrez Children Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina
– name: ar Department of Medical Virology, National Health Laboratory Service and School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
– name: n Pediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, Pediatrics Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu (University of Barcelona), Barcelona, Spain
– name: b Department of International Health, International Vaccine Access Center, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
– name: ag Agence de Médecine Préventive, Paris, France
– name: aa Ben Gurion University of the Negev, School of Public Health and Medical School for International Health, Beer-Sheva, Israel
– name: ai Centre de Recherche en Santé de Nouna, Nouna, Burkina Faso
– name: at Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
– name: j Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
– name: z Chief Physician's Office, Clalit Health Services, Clalit Research Institute, Tel Aviv, Israel
– name: d Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nairobi, Kenya
– name: ao Department of Epidemiology and Center for Global Health, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora CO, USA
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  organization: Yale Institute for Global Health; Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine; Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
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  organization: Influenza Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nairobi, Kenya
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  organization: Centre for Global Health, Usher Institute, Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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  givenname: Cheryl
  surname: Cohen
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  organization: Centre for Respiratory Disease and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa
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  organization: Public Health Institute of Chile, Región Metropolitana, Chile
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  givenname: Aubree
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  organization: Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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  givenname: Michelle
  surname: Groome
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  organization: Medical Research Council: Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit; Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation: Vaccine Preventable Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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  givenname: Oscar
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  organization: Center for Health Studies, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala
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  surname: McCracken
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  organization: Center for Health Studies, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala
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  givenname: Ainara
  surname: Mira-Iglesias
  fullname: Mira-Iglesias, Ainara
  organization: Área de Investigación en Vacunas, Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunitat Valenciana (Salud Pública), Valencia, Spain
– sequence: 32
  givenname: Jennifer C
  surname: Moïsi
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  organization: Agence de Médecine Préventive, Paris, France
– sequence: 33
  givenname: Patrick K
  surname: Munywoki
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  organization: KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
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  surname: Ourohiré
  fullname: Ourohiré, Millogo
  organization: Centre de Recherche en Santé de Nouna, Nouna, Burkina Faso
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  fullname: Rahi, Manveer
  organization: Centre for Global Health, Usher Institute, Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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  givenname: Barbara A
  surname: Rath
  fullname: Rath, Barbara A
  organization: Vienna Vaccine Safety Initiative, Berlin, Germany
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  givenname: Samir K
  surname: Saha
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  organization: Department of Microbiology, Child Health Research Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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  surname: Treurnicht
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  organization: Department of Medical Virology, National Health Laboratory Service and School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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  organization: African Population & Health Research Center, Nairobi, Kenya
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  surname: Yoshida
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  organization: Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
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  fullname: Ali, Asad
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  givenname: Zulfiqar A
  surname: Bhutta
  fullname: Bhutta, Zulfiqar A
– sequence: 58
  givenname: Bushra
  surname: Saeed
  fullname: Saeed, Bushra
– sequence: 61
  givenname: Anita K
  surname: Zaidi
  fullname: Zaidi, Anita K
– sequence: 62
  givenname: Alberta
  surname: Amu
  fullname: Amu, Alberta
– sequence: 63
  givenname: Elizabeth
  surname: Awini
  fullname: Awini, Elizabeth
– sequence: 64
  givenname: Eduardo
  surname: Azziz-Baumgartner
  fullname: Azziz-Baumgartner, Eduardo
– sequence: 65
  givenname: Henry C
  surname: Baggett
  fullname: Baggett, Henry C
– sequence: 66
  givenname: Sandra S
  surname: Chaves
  fullname: Chaves, Sandra S
– sequence: 67
  givenname: Nong
  surname: Shang
  fullname: Shang, Nong
– sequence: 69
  givenname: Marc-Alain
  surname: Widdowson
  fullname: Widdowson, Marc-Alain
– sequence: 74
  givenname: W Abdullah
  surname: Brooks
  fullname: Brooks, W Abdullah
– sequence: 75
  givenname: Amanda
  surname: Driscoll
  fullname: Driscoll, Amanda
– sequence: 76
  givenname: Maria Deloria
  surname: Knoll
  fullname: Knoll, Maria Deloria
– sequence: 78
  givenname: Christine
  surname: Prosperi
  fullname: Prosperi, Christine
– sequence: 79
  givenname: Abdullah H
  surname: Baqui
  fullname: Baqui, Abdullah H
– sequence: 82
  givenname: Cheryl
  surname: Cohen
  fullname: Cohen, Cheryl
– sequence: 83
  givenname: Anne
  surname: von Gottberg
  fullname: von Gottberg, Anne
– sequence: 85
  givenname: Florette K
  surname: Treurnicht
  fullname: Treurnicht, Florette K
– sequence: 89
  givenname: Nicholas E
  surname: Connor
  fullname: Connor, Nicholas E
– sequence: 90
  givenname: Shams
  surname: El Arifeen
  fullname: El Arifeen, Shams
– sequence: 91
  givenname: Marcela
  surname: Echavarria
  fullname: Echavarria, Marcela
– sequence: 92
  givenname: Débora N
  surname: Marcone
  fullname: Marcone, Débora N
– sequence: 93
  givenname: Noelia
  surname: Reyes
  fullname: Reyes, Noelia
– sequence: 95
  givenname: Ivan
  surname: Rodriguez
  fullname: Rodriguez, Ivan
– sequence: 97
  givenname: David
  surname: Ortiz
  fullname: Ortiz, David
– sequence: 99
  givenname: Angela
  surname: Gentile
  fullname: Gentile, Angela
– sequence: 100
  givenname: Maria
  surname: del Valle Juarez
  fullname: del Valle Juarez, Maria
– sequence: 101
  givenname: Aubree
  surname: Gordon
  fullname: Gordon, Aubree
– sequence: 104
  givenname: Shabir A
  surname: Madhi
  fullname: Madhi, Shabir A
– sequence: 105
  givenname: Marta C
  surname: Nunes
  fullname: Nunes, Marta C
– sequence: 106
  givenname: Susan
  surname: Nzenze
  fullname: Nzenze, Susan
– sequence: 107
  givenname: Terho
  surname: Heikkinen
  fullname: Heikkinen, Terho
– sequence: 109
  givenname: Sanjay
  surname: Juvekar
  fullname: Juvekar, Sanjay
– sequence: 110
  givenname: Natasha
  surname: Halasa
  fullname: Halasa, Natasha
– sequence: 111
  givenname: Jorge H
  surname: Jara
  fullname: Jara, Jorge H
– sequence: 114
  givenname: Ilan
  surname: Gofer
  fullname: Gofer, Ilan
– sequence: 115
  givenname: Yonat Shemer
  surname: Avni
  fullname: Avni, Yonat Shemer
– sequence: 116
  givenname: Najwa
  surname: Khuri-Bulos
  fullname: Khuri-Bulos, Najwa
– sequence: 118
  givenname: Asem
  surname: Shehabi
  fullname: Shehabi, Asem
– sequence: 120
  givenname: Rakesh
  surname: Kumar
  fullname: Kumar, Rakesh
– sequence: 124
  givenname: Maria R
  surname: Lopez
  fullname: Lopez, Maria R
– sequence: 128
  givenname: Ana B
  surname: Gomez
  fullname: Gomez, Ana B
– sequence: 129
  givenname: Marilla G
  surname: Lucero
  fullname: Lucero, Marilla G
– sequence: 134
  givenname: Joan
  surname: Puig-Barberà
  fullname: Puig-Barberà, Joan
– sequence: 136
  givenname: Bradford D
  surname: Gessner
  fullname: Gessner, Bradford D
– sequence: 137
  givenname: Berthe-Marie
  surname: Njanpop-Lafourcade
  fullname: Njanpop-Lafourcade, Berthe-Marie
– sequence: 138
  givenname: Jennifer C
  surname: Moïsi
  fullname: Moïsi, Jennifer C
– sequence: 142
  givenname: D James
  surname: Nokes
  fullname: Nokes, D James
– sequence: 143
  givenname: Saad B
  surname: Omer
  fullname: Omer, Saad B
– sequence: 146
  givenname: Sié
  surname: Ali
  fullname: Ali, Sié
– sequence: 147
  givenname: Zabré
  surname: Pascal
  fullname: Pascal, Zabré
– sequence: 148
  givenname: Bagagnan H
  surname: Cheik
  fullname: Cheik, Bagagnan H
– sequence: 149
  givenname: Mauricio T
  surname: Caballero
  fullname: Caballero, Mauricio T
– sequence: 150
  givenname: Romina
  surname: Libster
  fullname: Libster, Romina
– sequence: 154
  givenname: Julia M
  surname: Baker
  fullname: Baker, Julia M
– sequence: 155
  givenname: Barbara A
  surname: Rath
  fullname: Rath, Barbara A
– sequence: 156
  givenname: Patrick E
  surname: Obermeier
  fullname: Obermeier, Patrick E
– sequence: 158
  givenname: Maksuda
  surname: Islam
  fullname: Islam, Maksuda
– sequence: 161
  givenname: Pinaki
  surname: Panigrahi
  fullname: Panigrahi, Pinaki
– sequence: 162
  givenname: Anuradha
  surname: Bose
  fullname: Bose, Anuradha
– sequence: 165
  givenname: Pritish
  surname: Nanda
  fullname: Nanda, Pritish
– sequence: 166
  givenname: Shamim A
  surname: Qazi
  fullname: Qazi, Shamim A
– sequence: 169
  givenname: Viviana
  surname: Sotomayor
  fullname: Sotomayor, Viviana
– sequence: 173
  givenname: Catherine
  surname: Kyobutungi
  fullname: Kyobutungi, Catherine
– sequence: 174
  givenname: Marylene
  surname: Wamukoya
  fullname: Wamukoya, Marylene
– sequence: 176
  givenname: Lay-Myint
  surname: Yoshida
  fullname: Yoshida, Lay-Myint
– sequence: 177
  givenname: Keisuke
  surname: Yoshihara
  fullname: Yoshihara, Keisuke
– sequence: 178
  givenname: Duc-Anh
  surname: Dand
  fullname: Dand, Duc-Anh
– sequence: 180
  givenname: Mark P
  surname: Nicol
  fullname: Nicol, Mark P
– sequence: 183
  givenname: Mandeep
  surname: Chadha
  fullname: Chadha, Mandeep
– sequence: 185
  givenname: Lionel
  surname: Gresh
  fullname: Gresh, Lionel
– sequence: 187
  givenname: Guillermina
  surname: Kuan
  fullname: Kuan, Guillermina
– sequence: 189
  givenname: Milagritos D
  surname: Tapia
  fullname: Tapia, Milagritos D
– sequence: 191
  givenname: Alfredo
  surname: Barahona
  fullname: Barahona, Alfredo
BackLink https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32087815$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
https://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-169790$$DView record from Swedish Publication Index
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Copyright 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
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Snippet Seasonal influenza virus is a common cause of acute lower respiratory infection (ALRI) in young children. In 2008, we estimated that 20 million...
Background: Seasonal influenza virus is a common cause of acute lower respiratory infection (ALRI) in ung children. In 2008, we estimated that 20 million...
Background: Seasonal influenza virus is a common cause of acute lower respiratory infection (ALRI) in young children. In 2008, we estimated that 20 million...
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StartPage e497
SubjectTerms Child, Preschool
Global Health - statistics & numerical data
Humans
Infant
Infant, Newborn
Influenza, Human - complications
Linear Models
Respiratory Tract Infections - epidemiology
Seasons
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Title Global burden of respiratory infections associated with seasonal influenza in children under 5 years in 2018: a systematic review and modelling study
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