The distinction between unipolar and bipolar depression: A cognitive theory perspective
There is very limited data about the cognitive structure of bipolar depression when compared to unipolar depression. The aim of the study was to look into the differences between unipolar and bipolar depressed patients regarding their cognitive structure in view of Beck's cognitive theory. In t...
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| Published in | Comprehensive psychiatry Vol. 54; no. 7; pp. 740 - 749 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
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New York, NY
Elsevier Inc
01.10.2013
Elsevier Elsevier Limited |
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| Abstract | There is very limited data about the cognitive structure of bipolar depression when compared to unipolar depression. The aim of the study was to look into the differences between unipolar and bipolar depressed patients regarding their cognitive structure in view of Beck's cognitive theory.
In this study, 70 bipolar patients during a depressive episode, 189 unipolar depressed patients and 120 healthy subjects were recruited. The participants were interviewed by using a structured clinical diagnostic scale. To evaluate the cognitive structure differences, the Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire (ATQ) and the Dysfunctional Attitude Scale (DAS) were used.
We found that on the mean ATQ total score, the unipolar depressed patients scored significantly higher (92.9±22.7) than both the bipolar depressed patients (73.2±24.7) and the healthy subjects (47.1±19.6), even after controlling for all confounding factors, e.g. gender, marital status, depressive symptom severity (F = 157.872, p<0.001). The bipolar depressed patients also scored significantly higher on the mean ATQ total score than the healthy controls. On the mean DAS total score, and on the mean score of its subscale of need for approval, the bipolar depressed patients scored (152.8±21.2 and 48.2±7.4, respectively) significantly higher than both the unipolar depressed patients (160.9±29.0 and 51.9±9.7, respectively) and the healthy subjects (127.9±32.8 and 40.2±12.2, respectively), even after controlling for any confounding factor (F=45.803 [p<0.001] and F=43.206 [p<0.001], respectively). On the mean score of the perfectionistic attitude subscale of the DAS, the depressed groups scored significantly higher than the healthy subjects, but they did not seem to separate from each other (F=41.599, p<0.001).
These results may help enhance the understanding of the potentially unique psychotherapeutic targets and the underlying cognitive theory of bipolar depression. |
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| AbstractList | There is very limited data about the cognitive structure of bipolar depression when compared to unipolar depression. The aim of the study was to look into the differences between unipolar and bipolar depressed patients regarding their cognitive structure in view of Beck's cognitive theory.BACKGROUNDThere is very limited data about the cognitive structure of bipolar depression when compared to unipolar depression. The aim of the study was to look into the differences between unipolar and bipolar depressed patients regarding their cognitive structure in view of Beck's cognitive theory.In this study, 70 bipolar patients during a depressive episode, 189 unipolar depressed patients and 120 healthy subjects were recruited. The participants were interviewed by using a structured clinical diagnostic scale. To evaluate the cognitive structure differences, the Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire (ATQ) and the Dysfunctional Attitude Scale (DAS) were used.METHODSIn this study, 70 bipolar patients during a depressive episode, 189 unipolar depressed patients and 120 healthy subjects were recruited. The participants were interviewed by using a structured clinical diagnostic scale. To evaluate the cognitive structure differences, the Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire (ATQ) and the Dysfunctional Attitude Scale (DAS) were used.We found that on the mean ATQ total score, the unipolar depressed patients scored significantly higher (92.9±22.7) than both the bipolar depressed patients (73.2±24.7) and the healthy subjects (47.1±19.6), even after controlling for all confounding factors, e.g. gender, marital status, depressive symptom severity (F = 157.872, p<0.001). The bipolar depressed patients also scored significantly higher on the mean ATQ total score than the healthy controls. On the mean DAS total score, and on the mean score of its subscale of need for approval, the bipolar depressed patients scored (152.8±21.2 and 48.2±7.4, respectively) significantly higher than both the unipolar depressed patients (160.9±29.0 and 51.9±9.7, respectively) and the healthy subjects (127.9±32.8 and 40.2±12.2, respectively), even after controlling for any confounding factor (F=45.803 [p<0.001] and F=43.206 [p<0.001], respectively). On the mean score of the perfectionistic attitude subscale of the DAS, the depressed groups scored significantly higher than the healthy subjects, but they did not seem to separate from each other (F=41.599, p<0.001).RESULTSWe found that on the mean ATQ total score, the unipolar depressed patients scored significantly higher (92.9±22.7) than both the bipolar depressed patients (73.2±24.7) and the healthy subjects (47.1±19.6), even after controlling for all confounding factors, e.g. gender, marital status, depressive symptom severity (F = 157.872, p<0.001). The bipolar depressed patients also scored significantly higher on the mean ATQ total score than the healthy controls. On the mean DAS total score, and on the mean score of its subscale of need for approval, the bipolar depressed patients scored (152.8±21.2 and 48.2±7.4, respectively) significantly higher than both the unipolar depressed patients (160.9±29.0 and 51.9±9.7, respectively) and the healthy subjects (127.9±32.8 and 40.2±12.2, respectively), even after controlling for any confounding factor (F=45.803 [p<0.001] and F=43.206 [p<0.001], respectively). On the mean score of the perfectionistic attitude subscale of the DAS, the depressed groups scored significantly higher than the healthy subjects, but they did not seem to separate from each other (F=41.599, p<0.001).These results may help enhance the understanding of the potentially unique psychotherapeutic targets and the underlying cognitive theory of bipolar depression.CONCLUSIONSThese results may help enhance the understanding of the potentially unique psychotherapeutic targets and the underlying cognitive theory of bipolar depression. There is very limited data about the cognitive structure of bipolar depression when compared to unipolar depression. The aim of the study was to look into the differences between unipolar and bipolar depressed patients regarding their cognitive structure in view of Beck's cognitive theory. In this study, 70 bipolar patients during a depressive episode, 189 unipolar depressed patients and 120 healthy subjects were recruited. The participants were interviewed by using a structured clinical diagnostic scale. To evaluate the cognitive structure differences, the Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire (ATQ) and the Dysfunctional Attitude Scale (DAS) were used. We found that on the mean ATQ total score, the unipolar depressed patients scored significantly higher (92.9±22.7) than both the bipolar depressed patients (73.2±24.7) and the healthy subjects (47.1±19.6), even after controlling for all confounding factors, e.g. gender, marital status, depressive symptom severity (F = 157.872, p<0.001). The bipolar depressed patients also scored significantly higher on the mean ATQ total score than the healthy controls. On the mean DAS total score, and on the mean score of its subscale of need for approval, the bipolar depressed patients scored (152.8±21.2 and 48.2±7.4, respectively) significantly higher than both the unipolar depressed patients (160.9±29.0 and 51.9±9.7, respectively) and the healthy subjects (127.9±32.8 and 40.2±12.2, respectively), even after controlling for any confounding factor (F=45.803 [p<0.001] and F=43.206 [p<0.001], respectively). On the mean score of the perfectionistic attitude subscale of the DAS, the depressed groups scored significantly higher than the healthy subjects, but they did not seem to separate from each other (F=41.599, p<0.001). These results may help enhance the understanding of the potentially unique psychotherapeutic targets and the underlying cognitive theory of bipolar depression. Background There is very limited data about the cognitive structure of bipolar depression when compared to unipolar depression. The aim of the study was to look into the differences between unipolar and bipolar depressed patients regarding their cognitive structure in view of Beck's cognitive theory. Methods In this study, 70 bipolar patients during a depressive episode, 189 unipolar depressed patients and 120 healthy subjects were recruited. The participants were interviewed by using a structured clinical diagnostic scale. To evaluate the cognitive structure differences, the Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire (ATQ) and the Dysfunctional Attitude Scale (DAS) were used. Results We found that on the mean ATQ total score, the unipolar depressed patients scored significantly higher (92.9 plus or minus 22.7) than both the bipolar depressed patients (73.2 plus or minus 24.7) and the healthy subjects (47.1 plus or minus 19.6), even after controlling for all confounding factors, e.g. gender, marital status, depressive symptom severity ( = 157.872, <0.001). The bipolar depressed patients also scored significantly higher on the mean ATQ total score than the healthy controls. On the mean DAS total score, and on the mean score of its subscale of need for approval, the bipolar depressed patients scored (152.8 plus or minus 21.2 and 48.2 plus or minus 7.4, respectively) significantly higher than both the unipolar depressed patients (160.9 plus or minus 29.0 and 51.9 plus or minus 9.7, respectively) and the healthy subjects (127.9 plus or minus 32.8 and 40.2 plus or minus 12.2, respectively), even after controlling for any confounding factor (=45.803 [<0.001] and =43.206 [<0.001], respectively). On the mean score of the perfectionistic attitude subscale of the DAS, the depressed groups scored significantly higher than the healthy subjects, but they did not seem to separate from each other (=41.599, <0.001). Conclusions These results may help enhance the understanding of the potentially unique psychotherapeutic targets and the underlying cognitive theory of bipolar depression. Background There is very limited data about the cognitive structure of bipolar depression when compared to unipolar depression. The aim of the study was to look into the differences between unipolar and bipolar depressed patients regarding their cognitive structure in view of Beck's cognitive theory. Methods In this study, 70 bipolar patients during a depressive episode, 189 unipolar depressed patients and 120 healthy subjects were recruited. The participants were interviewed by using a structured clinical diagnostic scale. To evaluate the cognitive structure differences, the Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire (ATQ) and the Dysfunctional Attitude Scale (DAS) were used. Results We found that on the mean ATQ total score, the unipolar depressed patients scored significantly higher (92.9±22.7) than both the bipolar depressed patients (73.2±24.7) and the healthy subjects (47.1±19.6), even after controlling for all confounding factors, e.g. gender, marital status, depressive symptom severity (F= 157.872,p<0.001). The bipolar depressed patients also scored significantly higher on the mean ATQ total score than the healthy controls. On the mean DAS total score, and on the mean score of its subscale of need for approval, the bipolar depressed patients scored (152.8±21.2 and 48.2±7.4, respectively) significantly higher than both the unipolar depressed patients (160.9±29.0 and 51.9±9.7, respectively) and the healthy subjects (127.9±32.8 and 40.2±12.2, respectively), even after controlling for any confounding factor (F=45.803 [p<0.001] andF=43.206 [p<0.001], respectively). On the mean score of the perfectionistic attitude subscale of the DAS, the depressed groups scored significantly higher than the healthy subjects, but they did not seem to separate from each other (F=41.599,p<0.001). Conclusions These results may help enhance the understanding of the potentially unique psychotherapeutic targets and the underlying cognitive theory of bipolar depression. Abstract Background There is very limited data about the cognitive structure of bipolar depression when compared to unipolar depression. The aim of the study was to look into the differences between unipolar and bipolar depressed patients regarding their cognitive structure in view of Beck's cognitive theory. Methods In this study, 70 bipolar patients during a depressive episode, 189 unipolar depressed patients and 120 healthy subjects were recruited. The participants were interviewed by using a structured clinical diagnostic scale. To evaluate the cognitive structure differences, the Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire (ATQ) and the Dysfunctional Attitude Scale (DAS) were used. Results We found that on the mean ATQ total score, the unipolar depressed patients scored significantly higher (92.9 ± 22.7) than both the bipolar depressed patients (73.2 ± 24.7) and the healthy subjects (47.1 ± 19.6), even after controlling for all confounding factors, e.g. gender, marital status, depressive symptom severity ( F = 157.872, p < 0.001). The bipolar depressed patients also scored significantly higher on the mean ATQ total score than the healthy controls. On the mean DAS total score, and on the mean score of its subscale of need for approval, the bipolar depressed patients scored (152.8 ± 21.2 and 48.2 ± 7.4, respectively) significantly higher than both the unipolar depressed patients (160.9 ± 29.0 and 51.9 ± 9.7, respectively) and the healthy subjects (127.9 ± 32.8 and 40.2 ± 12.2, respectively), even after controlling for any confounding factor ( F = 45.803 [ p < 0.001] and F = 43.206 [ p < 0.001], respectively). On the mean score of the perfectionistic attitude subscale of the DAS, the depressed groups scored significantly higher than the healthy subjects, but they did not seem to separate from each other ( F = 41.599, p < 0.001). Conclusions These results may help enhance the understanding of the potentially unique psychotherapeutic targets and the underlying cognitive theory of bipolar depression. |
| Author | Batmaz, Sedat Soygur, Arif Haldun Ozalp, Elvan Kaymak, Semra Ulusoy Turkcapar, Mehmet Hakan |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Sedat surname: Batmaz fullname: Batmaz, Sedat organization: Psychiatry Clinic, Mersin State Hospital, Mersin, Turkey – sequence: 2 givenname: Semra Ulusoy surname: Kaymak fullname: Kaymak, Semra Ulusoy email: semraulusoytr@yahoo.com organization: Psychiatry Clinic, Ankara Ataturk Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey – sequence: 3 givenname: Arif Haldun surname: Soygur fullname: Soygur, Arif Haldun organization: Private Practice, Ankara, Turkey – sequence: 4 givenname: Elvan surname: Ozalp fullname: Ozalp, Elvan organization: Psychiatry Clinic, Ankara Oncology Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey – sequence: 5 givenname: Mehmet Hakan surname: Turkcapar fullname: Turkcapar, Mehmet Hakan organization: Department of Psychology, Gazikent Hasan Kalyoncu University, Gaziantep, Turkey |
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| Snippet | There is very limited data about the cognitive structure of bipolar depression when compared to unipolar depression. The aim of the study was to look into the... Abstract Background There is very limited data about the cognitive structure of bipolar depression when compared to unipolar depression. The aim of the study... Background There is very limited data about the cognitive structure of bipolar depression when compared to unipolar depression. The aim of the study was to... |
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| Title | The distinction between unipolar and bipolar depression: A cognitive theory perspective |
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