Mitochondrial glutathione: Features, regulation and role in disease

Mitochondria are the powerhouse of mammalian cells and the main source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) associated with oxygen consumption. In addition, they also play a strategic role in controlling the fate of cells through regulation of death pathways. Mitochondrial ROS production fulfills a sign...

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Published inBiochimica et biophysica acta Vol. 1830; no. 5; pp. 3317 - 3328
Main Authors Marí, Montserrat, Morales, Albert, Colell, Anna, García-Ruiz, Carmen, Kaplowitz, Neil, Fernández-Checa, José C.
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Netherlands Elsevier B.V 01.05.2013
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Abstract Mitochondria are the powerhouse of mammalian cells and the main source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) associated with oxygen consumption. In addition, they also play a strategic role in controlling the fate of cells through regulation of death pathways. Mitochondrial ROS production fulfills a signaling role through regulation of redox pathways, but also contributes to mitochondrial damage in a number of pathological states. Mitochondria are exposed to the constant generation of oxidant species, and yet the organelle remains functional due to the existence of an armamentarium of antioxidant defense systems aimed to repair oxidative damage, of which mitochondrial glutathione (mGSH) is of particular relevance. Thus, the aim of the review is to cover the regulation of mGSH and its role in disease. Cumulating evidence over recent years has demonstrated the essential role for mGSH in mitochondrial physiology and disease. Despite its high concentration in the mitochondrial matrix, mitochondria lack the enzymes to synthesize GSH de novo, so that mGSH originates from cytosolic GSH via transport through specific mitochondrial carriers, which exhibit sensitivity to membrane dynamics. Depletion of mGSH sensitizes cells to stimuli leading to oxidative stress such as TNF, hypoxia or amyloid β-peptide, thereby contributing to disease pathogenesis. Understanding the regulation of mGSH may provide novel insights to disease pathogenesis and toxicity and the opportunity to design therapeutic targets of intervention in cell death susceptibility and disease. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Cellular functions of glutathione. ► Role of mitochondrial GSH in oxidative stress and mitochondrial physiology. ► Description and features of mitochondrial GSH transport carriers. ► Role and mechanisms of mitochondrial GSH in cell death pathways. ► Contribution of mitochondrial GSH in neurodegeneration and liver diseases.
AbstractList Mitochondria are the powerhouse of mammalian cells and the main source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) associated with oxygen consumption. In addition, they also play a strategic role in controlling the fate of cells through regulation of death pathways. Mitochondrial ROS production fulfills a signaling role through regulation of redox pathways, but also contributes to mitochondrial damage in a number of pathological states.BACKGROUNDMitochondria are the powerhouse of mammalian cells and the main source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) associated with oxygen consumption. In addition, they also play a strategic role in controlling the fate of cells through regulation of death pathways. Mitochondrial ROS production fulfills a signaling role through regulation of redox pathways, but also contributes to mitochondrial damage in a number of pathological states.Mitochondria are exposed to the constant generation of oxidant species, and yet the organelle remains functional due to the existence of an armamentarium of antioxidant defense systems aimed to repair oxidative damage, of which mitochondrial glutathione (mGSH) is of particular relevance. Thus, the aim of the review is to cover the regulation of mGSH and its role in disease.SCOPE OF REVIEWMitochondria are exposed to the constant generation of oxidant species, and yet the organelle remains functional due to the existence of an armamentarium of antioxidant defense systems aimed to repair oxidative damage, of which mitochondrial glutathione (mGSH) is of particular relevance. Thus, the aim of the review is to cover the regulation of mGSH and its role in disease.Cumulating evidence over recent years has demonstrated the essential role for mGSH in mitochondrial physiology and disease. Despite its high concentration in the mitochondrial matrix, mitochondria lack the enzymes to synthesize GSH de novo, so that mGSH originates from cytosolic GSH via transport through specific mitochondrial carriers, which exhibit sensitivity to membrane dynamics. Depletion of mGSH sensitizes cells to stimuli leading to oxidative stress such as TNF, hypoxia or amyloid β-peptide, thereby contributing to disease pathogenesis.MAJOR CONCLUSIONSCumulating evidence over recent years has demonstrated the essential role for mGSH in mitochondrial physiology and disease. Despite its high concentration in the mitochondrial matrix, mitochondria lack the enzymes to synthesize GSH de novo, so that mGSH originates from cytosolic GSH via transport through specific mitochondrial carriers, which exhibit sensitivity to membrane dynamics. Depletion of mGSH sensitizes cells to stimuli leading to oxidative stress such as TNF, hypoxia or amyloid β-peptide, thereby contributing to disease pathogenesis.Understanding the regulation of mGSH may provide novel insights to disease pathogenesis and toxicity and the opportunity to design therapeutic targets of intervention in cell death susceptibility and disease. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Cellular functions of glutathione.GENERAL SIGNIFICANCEUnderstanding the regulation of mGSH may provide novel insights to disease pathogenesis and toxicity and the opportunity to design therapeutic targets of intervention in cell death susceptibility and disease. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Cellular functions of glutathione.
Mitochondria are the powerhouse of mammalian cells and the main source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) associated with oxygen consumption. In addition, they also play a strategic role in controlling the fate of cells through regulation of death pathways. Mitochondrial ROS production fulfills a signaling role through regulation of redox pathways, but also contributes to mitochondrial damage in a number of pathological states. Mitochondria are exposed to the constant generation of oxidant species, and yet the organelle remains functional due to the existence of an armamentarium of antioxidant defense systems aimed to repair oxidative damage, of which mitochondrial glutathione (mGSH) is of particular relevance. Thus, the aim of the review is to cover the regulation of mGSH and its role in disease. Cumulating evidence over recent years has demonstrated the essential role for mGSH in mitochondrial physiology and disease. Despite its high concentration in the mitochondrial matrix, mitochondria lack the enzymes to synthesize GSH de novo, so that mGSH originates from cytosolic GSH via transport through specific mitochondrial carriers, which exhibit sensitivity to membrane dynamics. Depletion of mGSH sensitizes cells to stimuli leading to oxidative stress such as TNF, hypoxia or amyloid β-peptide, thereby contributing to disease pathogenesis. Understanding the regulation of mGSH may provide novel insights to disease pathogenesis and toxicity and the opportunity to design therapeutic targets of intervention in cell death susceptibility and disease. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Cellular functions of glutathione.
Mitochondria are the powerhouse of mammalian cells and the main source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) associated with oxygen consumption. In addition, they also play a strategic role in controlling the fate of cells through regulation of death pathways. Mitochondrial ROS production fulfills a signaling role through regulation of redox pathways, but also contributes to mitochondrial damage in a number of pathological states.Mitochondria are exposed to the constant generation of oxidant species, and yet the organelle remains functional due to the existence of an armamentarium of antioxidant defense systems aimed to repair oxidative damage, of which mitochondrial glutathione (mGSH) is of particular relevance. Thus, the aim of the review is to cover the regulation of mGSH and its role in disease.Cumulating evidence over recent years has demonstrated the essential role for mGSH in mitochondrial physiology and disease. Despite its high concentration in the mitochondrial matrix, mitochondria lack the enzymes to synthesize GSH de novo, so that mGSH originates from cytosolic GSH via transport through specific mitochondrial carriers, which exhibit sensitivity to membrane dynamics. Depletion of mGSH sensitizes cells to stimuli leading to oxidative stress such as TNF, hypoxia or amyloid β-peptide, thereby contributing to disease pathogenesis.Understanding the regulation of mGSH may provide novel insights to disease pathogenesis and toxicity and the opportunity to design therapeutic targets of intervention in cell death susceptibility and disease. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Cellular functions of glutathione.
Mitochondria are the powerhouse of mammalian cells and the main source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) associated with oxygen consumption. In addition, they also play a strategic role in controlling the fate of cells through regulation of death pathways. Mitochondrial ROS production fulfills a signaling role through regulation of redox pathways, but also contributes to mitochondrial damage in a number of pathological states. Mitochondria are exposed to the constant generation of oxidant species, and yet the organelle remains functional due to the existence of an armamentarium of antioxidant defense systems aimed to repair oxidative damage, of which mitochondrial glutathione (mGSH) is of particular relevance. Thus, the aim of the review is to cover the regulation of mGSH and its role in disease. Cumulating evidence over recent years has demonstrated the essential role for mGSH in mitochondrial physiology and disease. Despite its high concentration in the mitochondrial matrix, mitochondria lack the enzymes to synthesize GSH de novo, so that mGSH originates from cytosolic GSH via transport through specific mitochondrial carriers, which exhibit sensitivity to membrane dynamics. Depletion of mGSH sensitizes cells to stimuli leading to oxidative stress such as TNF, hypoxia or amyloid β-peptide, thereby contributing to disease pathogenesis. Understanding the regulation of mGSH may provide novel insights to disease pathogenesis and toxicity and the opportunity to design therapeutic targets of intervention in cell death susceptibility and disease. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Cellular functions of glutathione. ► Role of mitochondrial GSH in oxidative stress and mitochondrial physiology. ► Description and features of mitochondrial GSH transport carriers. ► Role and mechanisms of mitochondrial GSH in cell death pathways. ► Contribution of mitochondrial GSH in neurodegeneration and liver diseases.
BACKGROUND: Mitochondria are the powerhouse of mammalian cells and the main source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) associated with oxygen consumption. In addition, they also play a strategic role in controlling the fate of cells through regulation of death pathways. Mitochondrial ROS production fulfills a signaling role through regulation of redox pathways, but also contributes to mitochondrial damage in a number of pathological states. SCOPE OF REVIEW: Mitochondria are exposed to the constant generation of oxidant species, and yet the organelle remains functional due to the existence of an armamentarium of antioxidant defense systems aimed to repair oxidative damage, of which mitochondrial glutathione (mGSH) is of particular relevance. Thus, the aim of the review is to cover the regulation of mGSH and its role in disease. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS: Cumulating evidence over recent years has demonstrated the essential role for mGSH in mitochondrial physiology and disease. Despite its high concentration in the mitochondrial matrix, mitochondria lack the enzymes to synthesize GSH de novo, so that mGSH originates from cytosolic GSH via transport through specific mitochondrial carriers, which exhibit sensitivity to membrane dynamics. Depletion of mGSH sensitizes cells to stimuli leading to oxidative stress such as TNF, hypoxia or amyloid β-peptide, thereby contributing to disease pathogenesis. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE: Understanding the regulation of mGSH may provide novel insights to disease pathogenesis and toxicity and the opportunity to design therapeutic targets of intervention in cell death susceptibility and disease. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Cellular functions of glutathione.
Author Kaplowitz, Neil
Colell, Anna
Marí, Montserrat
García-Ruiz, Carmen
Fernández-Checa, José C.
Morales, Albert
AuthorAffiliation a IDIBAPS, Liver Unit-Hospital Clínic, CIBEREHD, and Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, IIBB-CSIC, 08036-Barcelona, Spain
b Research Center for ALPD and Cirrhosis, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
AuthorAffiliation_xml – name: b Research Center for ALPD and Cirrhosis, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
– name: a IDIBAPS, Liver Unit-Hospital Clínic, CIBEREHD, and Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, IIBB-CSIC, 08036-Barcelona, Spain
Author_xml – sequence: 1
  givenname: Montserrat
  surname: Marí
  fullname: Marí, Montserrat
  email: monmari@clinic.ub.es
  organization: IDIBAPS, Liver Unit-Hospital Clínic, CIBEREHD, and Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, IIBB-CSIC, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
– sequence: 2
  givenname: Albert
  surname: Morales
  fullname: Morales, Albert
  organization: IDIBAPS, Liver Unit-Hospital Clínic, CIBEREHD, and Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, IIBB-CSIC, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
– sequence: 3
  givenname: Anna
  surname: Colell
  fullname: Colell, Anna
  organization: IDIBAPS, Liver Unit-Hospital Clínic, CIBEREHD, and Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, IIBB-CSIC, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
– sequence: 4
  givenname: Carmen
  surname: García-Ruiz
  fullname: García-Ruiz, Carmen
  organization: IDIBAPS, Liver Unit-Hospital Clínic, CIBEREHD, and Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, IIBB-CSIC, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
– sequence: 5
  givenname: Neil
  surname: Kaplowitz
  fullname: Kaplowitz, Neil
  organization: Research Center for ALPD and Cirrhosis, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
– sequence: 6
  givenname: José C.
  surname: Fernández-Checa
  fullname: Fernández-Checa, José C.
  email: checa229@yahoo.com
  organization: IDIBAPS, Liver Unit-Hospital Clínic, CIBEREHD, and Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, IIBB-CSIC, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
BackLink https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23123815$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
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Snippet Mitochondria are the powerhouse of mammalian cells and the main source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) associated with oxygen consumption. In addition, they...
BACKGROUND: Mitochondria are the powerhouse of mammalian cells and the main source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) associated with oxygen consumption. In...
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SubjectTerms amyloid
Animals
antioxidants
Antioxidants - metabolism
Biological Transport
cell death
Cholesterol
Cytosol - metabolism
death
disease resistance
diseases
enzymes
glutathione
Glutathione - metabolism
GSH
Humans
hypoxia
mammals
mitochondria
Mitochondria - metabolism
Mitochondrion
Neurodegeneration
oxidants
oxidative stress
Oxidative Stress - physiology
oxygen consumption
pathogenesis
reactive oxygen species
regulations
Steatohepatitis
toxicity
tumor necrosis factors
Title Mitochondrial glutathione: Features, regulation and role in disease
URI https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbagen.2012.10.018
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23123815
https://www.proquest.com/docview/1322728943
https://www.proquest.com/docview/2000088607
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PMC3578987
Volume 1830
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