Defensive endosymbionts: a cryptic trophic level in community ecology

Ecology Letters (2011) 14: 150-155 ABSTRACT: Maternally transmitted endosymbionts are widespread among insects, but how they are maintained within host populations is largely unknown. Recent discoveries show that some endosymbionts protect their hosts from pathogens or parasites. Spiroplasma, an end...

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Published in	Ecology letters Vol. 14; no. 2; pp. 150 - 155
Main Authors	Jaenike, John, Brekke, Thomas D
Format	Journal Article
Language	English
Published	Oxford, UK Blackwell Publishing Ltd 01.02.2011 Blackwell
Subjects	Animal and plant ecology Animal populations Animal, plant and microbial ecology Animals Biological and medical sciences Biota Community ecology Drosophila Drosophila - genetics Drosophila - microbiology Drosophila - parasitology Drosophila neotestacea Ecology Endosymbionts extinction Female Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology General aspects genetics host-parasite dynamics Host-Parasite Interactions hosts Howardula Insects Invertebrates Male microbiology Natural populations Nemathelminthia. Plathelmintha nematodes New York Parasites Parasitism parasitology pathogens physiology Reproduction Selection, Genetic Spiroplasma Spiroplasma - genetics Spiroplasma - physiology sterilizing Symbiosis top-down trophic cascades Trophic levels Tylenchida Tylenchida - genetics Tylenchida - microbiology New York Host parasite relation Howardula Insecta Cryptic Mollicutes Mycoplasmatales Dynamics Trophic level Bacteria trophic cascades Nematoda Drosophila neotestacea Drosophila host-parasite dynamics Endosymbiont Ecology nematodes Drosophilidae Spiroplasmataceae Top down control Arthropoda Trophic cascade Helmintha Nemathelminthia Spiroplasma Invertebrata Diptera Community top-down
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Abstract	Ecology Letters (2011) 14: 150-155 ABSTRACT: Maternally transmitted endosymbionts are widespread among insects, but how they are maintained within host populations is largely unknown. Recent discoveries show that some endosymbionts protect their hosts from pathogens or parasites. Spiroplasma, an endosymbiont of Drosophila neotestacea, protects female hosts from the sterilizing effects of parasitism by the nematode Howardula aoronymphium. Here, we show that Spiroplasma spreads rapidly within experimental populations of D. neotestacea subject to Howardula parasitism, but is neither strongly favored nor selected against in the absence of Howardula. In a reciprocal experiment, Howardula declined steadily to extinction in populations of Spiroplasma-infected flies, whereas in populations of uninfected flies, the prevalence of Howardula parasitism increased to c. 100%. Thus, Spiroplasma and Howardula exhibit effectively consumer-resource trophic dynamics. The recent spread of Spiroplasma in natural populations of D. neotestacea coincides with a decline in the prevalence of Howardula parasitism in the wild.
AbstractList	Ecology Letters (2011) 14: 150-155 ABSTRACT: Maternally transmitted endosymbionts are widespread among insects, but how they are maintained within host populations is largely unknown. Recent discoveries show that some endosymbionts protect their hosts from pathogens or parasites. Spiroplasma, an endosymbiont of Drosophila neotestacea, protects female hosts from the sterilizing effects of parasitism by the nematode Howardula aoronymphium. Here, we show that Spiroplasma spreads rapidly within experimental populations of D. neotestacea subject to Howardula parasitism, but is neither strongly favored nor selected against in the absence of Howardula. In a reciprocal experiment, Howardula declined steadily to extinction in populations of Spiroplasma-infected flies, whereas in populations of uninfected flies, the prevalence of Howardula parasitism increased to c. 100%. Thus, Spiroplasma and Howardula exhibit effectively consumer-resource trophic dynamics. The recent spread of Spiroplasma in natural populations of D. neotestacea coincides with a decline in the prevalence of Howardula parasitism in the wild. Maternally transmitted endosymbionts are widespread among insects, but how they are maintained within host populations is largely unknown. Recent discoveries show that some endosymbionts protect their hosts from pathogens or parasites. Spiroplasma, an endosymbiont of Drosophila neotestacea, protects female hosts from the sterilizing effects of parasitism by the nematode Howardula aoronymphium. Here, we show that Spiroplasma spreads rapidly within experimental populations of D. neotestacea subject to Howardula parasitism, but is neither strongly favored nor selected against in the absence of Howardula. In a reciprocal experiment, Howardula declined steadily to extinction in populations of Spiroplasma-infected flies, whereas in populations of uninfected flies, the prevalence of Howardula parasitism increased to c. 100%. Thus, Spiroplasma and Howardula exhibit effectively consumer-resource trophic dynamics. The recent spread of Spiroplasma in natural populations of D. neotestacea coincides with a decline in the prevalence of Howardula parasitism in the wild. Maternally transmitted endosymbionts are widespread among insects, but how they are maintained within host populations is largely unknown. Recent discoveries show that some endosymbionts protect their hosts from pathogens or parasites. Spiroplasma, an endosymbiont of Drosophila neotestacea, protects female hosts from the sterilizing effects of parasitism by the nematode Howardula aoronymphium. Here, we show that Spiroplasma spreads rapidly within experimental populations of D. neotestacea subject to Howardula parasitism, but is neither strongly favored nor selected against in the absence of Howardula. In a reciprocal experiment, Howardula declined steadily to extinction in populations of Spiroplasma-infected flies, whereas in populations of uninfected flies, the prevalence of Howardula parasitism increased to c. 100%. Thus, Spiroplasma and Howardula exhibit effectively consumer-resource trophic dynamics. The recent spread of Spiroplasma in natural populations of D. neotestacea coincides with a decline in the prevalence of Howardula parasitism in the wild. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT] Maternally transmitted endosymbionts are widespread among insects, but how they are maintained within host populations is largely unknown. Recent discoveries show that some endosymbionts protect their hosts from pathogens or parasites. Spiroplasma, an endosymbiont of Drosophila neotestacea, protects female hosts from the sterilizing effects of parasitism by the nematode Howardula aoronymphium. Here, we show that Spiroplasma spreads rapidly within experimental populations of D. neotestacea subject to Howardula parasitism, but is neither strongly favored nor selected against in the absence of Howardula. In a reciprocal experiment, Howardula declined steadily to extinction in populations of Spiroplasma-infected flies, whereas in populations of uninfected flies, the prevalence of Howardula parasitism increased to c. 100%. Thus, Spiroplasma and Howardula exhibit effectively consumer-resource trophic dynamics. The recent spread of Spiroplasma in natural populations of D. neotestacea coincides with a decline in the prevalence of Howardula parasitism in the wild.Original Abstract: Ecology Letters (2011) 14: 150-155 Ecology Letters (2011) 14: 150–155 Maternally transmitted endosymbionts are widespread among insects, but how they are maintained within host populations is largely unknown. Recent discoveries show that some endosymbionts protect their hosts from pathogens or parasites. Spiroplasma, an endosymbiont of Drosophila neotestacea, protects female hosts from the sterilizing effects of parasitism by the nematode Howardula aoronymphium. Here, we show that Spiroplasma spreads rapidly within experimental populations of D. neotestacea subject to Howardula parasitism, but is neither strongly favored nor selected against in the absence of Howardula. In a reciprocal experiment, Howardula declined steadily to extinction in populations of Spiroplasma‐infected flies, whereas in populations of uninfected flies, the prevalence of Howardula parasitism increased to c. 100%. Thus, Spiroplasma and Howardula exhibit effectively consumer‐resource trophic dynamics. The recent spread of Spiroplasma in natural populations of D. neotestacea coincides with a decline in the prevalence of Howardula parasitism in the wild. Maternally transmitted endosymbionts are widespread among insects, but how they are maintained within host populations is largely unknown. Recent discoveries show that some endosymbionts protect their hosts from pathogens or parasites. Spiroplasma, an endosymbiont of Drosophila neotestacea, protects female hosts from the sterilizing effects of parasitism by the nematode Howardula aoronymphium. Here, we show that Spiroplasma spreads rapidly within experimental populations of D. neotestacea subject to Howardula parasitism, but is neither strongly favored nor selected against in the absence of Howardula. In a reciprocal experiment, Howardula declined steadily to extinction in populations of Spiroplasma-infected flies, whereas in populations of uninfected flies, the prevalence of Howardula parasitism increased to c. 100%. Thus, Spiroplasma and Howardula exhibit effectively consumer-resource trophic dynamics. The recent spread of Spiroplasma in natural populations of D. neotestacea coincides with a decline in the prevalence of Howardula parasitism in the wild.Maternally transmitted endosymbionts are widespread among insects, but how they are maintained within host populations is largely unknown. Recent discoveries show that some endosymbionts protect their hosts from pathogens or parasites. Spiroplasma, an endosymbiont of Drosophila neotestacea, protects female hosts from the sterilizing effects of parasitism by the nematode Howardula aoronymphium. Here, we show that Spiroplasma spreads rapidly within experimental populations of D. neotestacea subject to Howardula parasitism, but is neither strongly favored nor selected against in the absence of Howardula. In a reciprocal experiment, Howardula declined steadily to extinction in populations of Spiroplasma-infected flies, whereas in populations of uninfected flies, the prevalence of Howardula parasitism increased to c. 100%. Thus, Spiroplasma and Howardula exhibit effectively consumer-resource trophic dynamics. The recent spread of Spiroplasma in natural populations of D. neotestacea coincides with a decline in the prevalence of Howardula parasitism in the wild.
Author	Jaenike, John Brekke, Thomas D.
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Keywords	Host parasite relation Howardula Insecta Cryptic Mollicutes Mycoplasmatales Dynamics Trophic level Bacteria trophic cascades Nematoda Drosophila neotestacea Drosophila host-parasite dynamics Endosymbiont Ecology nematodes Drosophilidae Spiroplasmataceae Top down control Arthropoda Trophic cascade Helmintha Nemathelminthia Spiroplasma Invertebrata Diptera Community top-down
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Snippet	Ecology Letters (2011) 14: 150-155 ABSTRACT: Maternally transmitted endosymbionts are widespread among insects, but how they are maintained within host... Ecology Letters (2011) 14: 150–155 Maternally transmitted endosymbionts are widespread among insects, but how they are maintained within host populations is... Maternally transmitted endosymbionts are widespread among insects, but how they are maintained within host populations is largely unknown. Recent discoveries...
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SubjectTerms	Animal and plant ecology Animal populations Animal, plant and microbial ecology Animals Biological and medical sciences Biota Community ecology Drosophila Drosophila - genetics Drosophila - microbiology Drosophila - parasitology Drosophila neotestacea Ecology Endosymbionts extinction Female Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology General aspects genetics host-parasite dynamics Host-Parasite Interactions hosts Howardula Insects Invertebrates Male microbiology Natural populations Nemathelminthia. Plathelmintha nematodes New York Parasites Parasitism parasitology pathogens physiology Reproduction Selection, Genetic Spiroplasma Spiroplasma - genetics Spiroplasma - physiology sterilizing Symbiosis top-down trophic cascades Trophic levels Tylenchida Tylenchida - genetics Tylenchida - microbiology
Title	Defensive endosymbionts: a cryptic trophic level in community ecology
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