Resilience of terrestrial and aquatic fauna to historical and future wildfire regimes in western North America

Wildfires in many western North American forests are becoming more frequent, larger, and severe, with changed seasonal patterns. In response, coniferous forest ecosystems will transition toward dominance by fire‐adapted hardwoods, shrubs, meadows, and grasslands, which may benefit some faunal commun...

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Published inEcology and evolution Vol. 11; no. 18; pp. 12259 - 12284
Main Authors Jager, Henriette I., Long, Jonathan W., Malison, Rachel L., Murphy, Brendan P., Rust, Ashley, Silva, Luiz G. M., Sollmann, Rahel, Steel, Zachary L., Bowen, Mark D., Dunham, Jason B., Ebersole, Joseph L., Flitcroft, Rebecca L.
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published England John Wiley & Sons, Inc 01.09.2021
John Wiley and Sons Inc
Wiley
Subjects
Aquatic animals
Aquatic ecosystems
Aquatic environment
Aquatic fauna
Coniferous forests
Debris
Ecosystems
Feedback
Forest & brush fires
Forest ecosystems
Grasslands
Hardwoods
historical fire regime
Life history
Meadows
metapopulation
Metapopulations
phenology
pyrodiversity
Resilience
Review
Seasonal variations
Shrubs
Species
Terrestrial ecosystems
Trends
Vegetation
western North America
wildfire disturbance
Wildfires
Wildlife
Canada
Alaska
United States > US
North America
western North America
pyrodiversity
life history
phenology
wildfire disturbance
metapopulation
resilience
historical fire regime
wildlife
Online AccessGet full text
ISSN2045-7758
2045-7758
DOI10.1002/ece3.8026

Cover

Abstract Wildfires in many western North American forests are becoming more frequent, larger, and severe, with changed seasonal patterns. In response, coniferous forest ecosystems will transition toward dominance by fire‐adapted hardwoods, shrubs, meadows, and grasslands, which may benefit some faunal communities, but not others. We describe factors that limit and promote faunal resilience to shifting wildfire regimes for terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. We highlight the potential value of interspersed nonforest patches to terrestrial wildlife. Similarly, we review watershed thresholds and factors that control the resilience of aquatic ecosystems to wildfire, mediated by thermal changes and chemical, debris, and sediment loadings. We present a 2‐dimensional life history framework to describe temporal and spatial life history traits that species use to resist wildfire effects or to recover after wildfire disturbance at a metapopulation scale. The role of fire refuge is explored for metapopulations of species. In aquatic systems, recovery of assemblages postfire may be faster for smaller fires where unburned tributary basins or instream structures provide refuge from debris and sediment flows. We envision that more‐frequent, lower‐severity fires will favor opportunistic species and that less‐frequent high‐severity fires will favor better competitors. Along the spatial dimension, we hypothesize that fire regimes that are predictable and generate burned patches in close proximity to refuge will favor species that move to refuges and later recolonize, whereas fire regimes that tend to generate less‐severely burned patches may favor species that shelter in place. Looking beyond the trees to forest fauna, we consider mitigation options to enhance resilience and buy time for species facing a no‐analog future. Wildfires in many western North American forests are becoming more frequent, larger, and more severe due to changes in climate and past fire suppression. We propose a new life history framework for wildlife response to frequency, intensity, and patch size of wildfire disturbances. Finally, we consider forest management strategies that might enhance the resilience of wildlife under transient future conditions.
AbstractList Wildfires in many western North American forests are becoming more frequent, larger, and severe, with changed seasonal patterns. In response, coniferous forest ecosystems will transition toward dominance by fire‐adapted hardwoods, shrubs, meadows, and grasslands, which may benefit some faunal communities, but not others. We describe factors that limit and promote faunal resilience to shifting wildfire regimes for terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. We highlight the potential value of interspersed nonforest patches to terrestrial wildlife. Similarly, we review watershed thresholds and factors that control the resilience of aquatic ecosystems to wildfire, mediated by thermal changes and chemical, debris, and sediment loadings. We present a 2‐dimensional life history framework to describe temporal and spatial life history traits that species use to resist wildfire effects or to recover after wildfire disturbance at a metapopulation scale. The role of fire refuge is explored for metapopulations of species. In aquatic systems, recovery of assemblages postfire may be faster for smaller fires where unburned tributary basins or instream structures provide refuge from debris and sediment flows. We envision that more‐frequent, lower‐severity fires will favor opportunistic species and that less‐frequent high‐severity fires will favor better competitors. Along the spatial dimension, we hypothesize that fire regimes that are predictable and generate burned patches in close proximity to refuge will favor species that move to refuges and later recolonize, whereas fire regimes that tend to generate less‐severely burned patches may favor species that shelter in place. Looking beyond the trees to forest fauna, we consider mitigation options to enhance resilience and buy time for species facing a no‐analog future.
Wildfires in many western North American forests are becoming more frequent, larger, and severe, with changed seasonal patterns. In response, coniferous forest ecosystems will transition toward dominance by fire‐adapted hardwoods, shrubs, meadows, and grasslands, which may benefit some faunal communities, but not others. We describe factors that limit and promote faunal resilience to shifting wildfire regimes for terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. We highlight the potential value of interspersed nonforest patches to terrestrial wildlife. Similarly, we review watershed thresholds and factors that control the resilience of aquatic ecosystems to wildfire, mediated by thermal changes and chemical, debris, and sediment loadings. We present a 2‐dimensional life history framework to describe temporal and spatial life history traits that species use to resist wildfire effects or to recover after wildfire disturbance at a metapopulation scale. The role of fire refuge is explored for metapopulations of species. In aquatic systems, recovery of assemblages postfire may be faster for smaller fires where unburned tributary basins or instream structures provide refuge from debris and sediment flows. We envision that more‐frequent, lower‐severity fires will favor opportunistic species and that less‐frequent high‐severity fires will favor better competitors. Along the spatial dimension, we hypothesize that fire regimes that are predictable and generate burned patches in close proximity to refuge will favor species that move to refuges and later recolonize, whereas fire regimes that tend to generate less‐severely burned patches may favor species that shelter in place. Looking beyond the trees to forest fauna, we consider mitigation options to enhance resilience and buy time for species facing a no‐analog future. Wildfires in many western North American forests are becoming more frequent, larger, and more severe due to changes in climate and past fire suppression. We propose a new life history framework for wildlife response to frequency, intensity, and patch size of wildfire disturbances. Finally, we consider forest management strategies that might enhance the resilience of wildlife under transient future conditions.
Wildfires in many western North American forests are becoming more frequent, larger, and severe, with changed seasonal patterns. In response, coniferous forest ecosystems will transition toward dominance by fire-adapted hardwoods, shrubs, meadows, and grasslands, which may benefit some faunal communities, but not others. We describe factors that limit and promote faunal resilience to shifting wildfire regimes for terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. We highlight the potential value of interspersed nonforest patches to terrestrial wildlife. Similarly, we review watershed thresholds and factors that control the resilience of aquatic ecosystems to wildfire, mediated by thermal changes and chemical, debris, and sediment loadings. We present a 2-dimensional life history framework to describe temporal and spatial life history traits that species use to resist wildfire effects or to recover after wildfire disturbance at a metapopulation scale. The role of fire refuge is explored for metapopulations of species. In aquatic systems, recovery of assemblages postfire may be faster for smaller fires where unburned tributary basins or instream structures provide refuge from debris and sediment flows. We envision that more-frequent, lower-severity fires will favor opportunistic species and that less-frequent high-severity fires will favor better competitors. Along the spatial dimension, we hypothesize that fire regimes that are predictable and generate burned patches in close proximity to refuge will favor species that move to refuges and later recolonize, whereas fire regimes that tend to generate less-severely burned patches may favor species that shelter in place. Looking beyond the trees to forest fauna, we consider mitigation options to enhance resilience and buy time for species facing a no-analog future.Wildfires in many western North American forests are becoming more frequent, larger, and severe, with changed seasonal patterns. In response, coniferous forest ecosystems will transition toward dominance by fire-adapted hardwoods, shrubs, meadows, and grasslands, which may benefit some faunal communities, but not others. We describe factors that limit and promote faunal resilience to shifting wildfire regimes for terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. We highlight the potential value of interspersed nonforest patches to terrestrial wildlife. Similarly, we review watershed thresholds and factors that control the resilience of aquatic ecosystems to wildfire, mediated by thermal changes and chemical, debris, and sediment loadings. We present a 2-dimensional life history framework to describe temporal and spatial life history traits that species use to resist wildfire effects or to recover after wildfire disturbance at a metapopulation scale. The role of fire refuge is explored for metapopulations of species. In aquatic systems, recovery of assemblages postfire may be faster for smaller fires where unburned tributary basins or instream structures provide refuge from debris and sediment flows. We envision that more-frequent, lower-severity fires will favor opportunistic species and that less-frequent high-severity fires will favor better competitors. Along the spatial dimension, we hypothesize that fire regimes that are predictable and generate burned patches in close proximity to refuge will favor species that move to refuges and later recolonize, whereas fire regimes that tend to generate less-severely burned patches may favor species that shelter in place. Looking beyond the trees to forest fauna, we consider mitigation options to enhance resilience and buy time for species facing a no-analog future.
Abstract Wildfires in many western North American forests are becoming more frequent, larger, and severe, with changed seasonal patterns. In response, coniferous forest ecosystems will transition toward dominance by fire‐adapted hardwoods, shrubs, meadows, and grasslands, which may benefit some faunal communities, but not others. We describe factors that limit and promote faunal resilience to shifting wildfire regimes for terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. We highlight the potential value of interspersed nonforest patches to terrestrial wildlife. Similarly, we review watershed thresholds and factors that control the resilience of aquatic ecosystems to wildfire, mediated by thermal changes and chemical, debris, and sediment loadings. We present a 2‐dimensional life history framework to describe temporal and spatial life history traits that species use to resist wildfire effects or to recover after wildfire disturbance at a metapopulation scale. The role of fire refuge is explored for metapopulations of species. In aquatic systems, recovery of assemblages postfire may be faster for smaller fires where unburned tributary basins or instream structures provide refuge from debris and sediment flows. We envision that more‐frequent, lower‐severity fires will favor opportunistic species and that less‐frequent high‐severity fires will favor better competitors. Along the spatial dimension, we hypothesize that fire regimes that are predictable and generate burned patches in close proximity to refuge will favor species that move to refuges and later recolonize, whereas fire regimes that tend to generate less‐severely burned patches may favor species that shelter in place. Looking beyond the trees to forest fauna, we consider mitigation options to enhance resilience and buy time for species facing a no‐analog future.
Author Flitcroft, Rebecca L.
Long, Jonathan W.
Jager, Henriette I.
Dunham, Jason B.
Steel, Zachary L.
Bowen, Mark D.
Murphy, Brendan P.
Malison, Rachel L.
Rust, Ashley
Sollmann, Rahel
Ebersole, Joseph L.
Silva, Luiz G. M.
AuthorAffiliation 4 School of Environmental Science Simon Fraser University Burnaby BC Canada
6 Institute for Land, Water and Society Charles Sturt University Albury NSW Australia
1 Environmental Sciences Division Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) Oak Ridge TN USA
8 Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Conservation Biology University of California Davis Davis CA USA
13 U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Sciences Laboratory Corvallis OR USA
10 Thomas Gast & Associates Environmental Consultants Arcata CA USA
7 Department of Civil Environmental and Geomatic Engineering Stocker Lab Institute of Environmental Engineering ETH Zurich Zürich Switzerland
2 U.S. Department of Agriculture Pacific Southwest Research Station Davis CA USA
3 Flathead Lake Biological Station The University of Montana Polson MT USA
12 Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment Pacific Ecological Systems Division U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Corvallis OR USA
5 Civil and Environmental Engineering Department Colorado School of
AuthorAffiliation_xml – name: 4 School of Environmental Science Simon Fraser University Burnaby BC Canada
– name: 2 U.S. Department of Agriculture Pacific Southwest Research Station Davis CA USA
– name: 6 Institute for Land, Water and Society Charles Sturt University Albury NSW Australia
– name: 10 Thomas Gast & Associates Environmental Consultants Arcata CA USA
– name: 1 Environmental Sciences Division Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) Oak Ridge TN USA
– name: 11 U.S. Geological Survey, Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center Corvallis OR USA
– name: 3 Flathead Lake Biological Station The University of Montana Polson MT USA
– name: 8 Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Conservation Biology University of California Davis Davis CA USA
– name: 12 Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment Pacific Ecological Systems Division U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Corvallis OR USA
– name: 5 Civil and Environmental Engineering Department Colorado School of Mines Golden CO USA
– name: 7 Department of Civil Environmental and Geomatic Engineering Stocker Lab Institute of Environmental Engineering ETH Zurich Zürich Switzerland
– name: 9 Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management University of California Berkeley CA USA
– name: 13 U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Sciences Laboratory Corvallis OR USA
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  orcidid: 0000-0003-4253-533X
  surname: Jager
  fullname: Jager, Henriette I.
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  organization: Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL)
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  organization: Colorado School of Mines
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  fullname: Sollmann, Rahel
  organization: University of California Davis
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  surname: Steel
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  surname: Dunham
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  surname: Ebersole
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  givenname: Rebecca L.
  orcidid: 0000-0003-3341-996X
  surname: Flitcroft
  fullname: Flitcroft, Rebecca L.
  organization: Forest Sciences Laboratory
BackLink https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34594498$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
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pyrodiversity
life history
phenology
wildfire disturbance
metapopulation
resilience
historical fire regime
wildlife
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Snippet Wildfires in many western North American forests are becoming more frequent, larger, and severe, with changed seasonal patterns. In response, coniferous forest...
Abstract Wildfires in many western North American forests are becoming more frequent, larger, and severe, with changed seasonal patterns. In response,...
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StartPage 12259
SubjectTerms Aquatic animals
Aquatic ecosystems
Aquatic environment
Aquatic fauna
Coniferous forests
Debris
Ecosystems
Feedback
Forest & brush fires
Forest ecosystems
Grasslands
Hardwoods
historical fire regime
Life history
Meadows
metapopulation
Metapopulations
phenology
pyrodiversity
Resilience
Review
Seasonal variations
Shrubs
Species
Terrestrial ecosystems
Trends
Vegetation
western North America
wildfire disturbance
Wildfires
Wildlife
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Title Resilience of terrestrial and aquatic fauna to historical and future wildfire regimes in western North America
URI https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002%2Fece3.8026
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