Ancient genomes link early farmers from Atapuerca in Spain to modern-day Basques
The consequences of the Neolithic transition in Europe—one of the most important cultural changes in human prehistory—is a subject of great interest. However, its effect on prehistoric and modernday people in Iberia, the westernmost frontier of the European continent, remains unresolved. We present,...
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| Published in | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences - PNAS Vol. 112; no. 38; pp. 11917 - 11922 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
United States
National Academy of Sciences
22.09.2015
National Acad Sciences |
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
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| Abstract | The consequences of the Neolithic transition in Europe—one of the most important cultural changes in human prehistory—is a subject of great interest. However, its effect on prehistoric and modernday people in Iberia, the westernmost frontier of the European continent, remains unresolved. We present, to our knowledge, the first genome-wide sequence data from eight human remains, dated to between 5,500 and 3,500 years before present, excavated in the El Portalón cave at Sierra de Atapuerca, Spain. We show that these individuals emerged from the same ancestral gene pool as early farmers in other parts of Europe, suggesting that migration was the dominant mode of transferring farming practices throughout western Eurasia. In contrast to central and northern early European farmers, the Chalcolithic El Portalón individuals additionally mixed with local southwestern hunter–gatherers. The proportion of hunter–gatherer-related admixture into early farmers also increased over the course of two millennia. The Chalcolithic El Portalón individuals showed greatest genetic affinity to modern-day Basques, who have long been considered linguistic and genetic isolates linked to the Mesolithic whereas all other European early farmers show greater genetic similarity to modern-day Sardinians. These genetic links suggest that Basques and their language may be linked with the spread of agriculture during the Neolithic. Furthermore, all modern-day Iberian groups except the Basques display distinct admixture with Caucasus/Central Asian and North African groups, possibly related to historical migration events. The El Portalón genomes uncover important pieces of the demographic history of Iberia and Europe and reveal how prehistoric groups relate to modern-day people. |
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| AbstractList | The consequences of the Neolithic transition in Europe-one of the most important cultural changes in human prehistory-is a subject of great interest. However, its effect on prehistoric and modern-day people in Iberia, the westernmost frontier of the European continent, remains unresolved. We present, to our knowledge, the first genome-wide sequence data from eight human remains, dated to between 5,500 and 3,500 years before present, excavated in the El Portalon cave at Sierra de Atapuerca, Spain. We show that these individuals emerged from the same ancestral gene pool as early farmers in other parts of Europe, suggesting that migration was the dominant mode of transferring farming practices throughout western Eurasia. In contrast to central and northern early European farmers, the Chalcolithic El Portalon individuals additionally mixed with local southwestern hunter-gatherers. The proportion of hunter-gatherer-related admixture into early farmers also increased over the course of two millennia. The Chalcolithic El Portalon individuals showed greatest genetic affinity to modern-day Basques, who have long been considered linguistic and genetic isolates linked to the Mesolithic whereas all other European early farmers show greater genetic similarity to modern-day Sardinians. These genetic links suggest that Basques and their language may be linked with the spread of agriculture during the Neolithic. Furthermore, all modern-day Iberian groups except the Basques display distinct admixture with Caucasus/Central Asian and North African groups, possibly related to historical migration events. The El Portalon genomes uncover important pieces of the demographic history of Iberia and Europe and reveal how prehistoric groups relate to modern-day people. The transition from a foraging subsistence strategy to a sedentary farming society is arguably the greatest innovation in human history. Some modern-day groups—specifically the Basques—have been argued to be a remnant population that connect back to the Paleolithic. We present, to our knowledge, the first genome-wide sequence data from eight individuals associated with archaeological remains from farming cultures in the El Portalón cave (Atapuerca, Spain). These individuals emerged from the same group of people as other Early European farmers, and they mixed with local hunter–gatherers on their way to Iberia. The El Portalón individuals showed the greatest genetic affinity to Basques, which suggests that Basques and their language may be linked with the spread of agriculture across Europe. The consequences of the Neolithic transition in Europe—one of the most important cultural changes in human prehistory—is a subject of great interest. However, its effect on prehistoric and modern-day people in Iberia, the westernmost frontier of the European continent, remains unresolved. We present, to our knowledge, the first genome-wide sequence data from eight human remains, dated to between 5,500 and 3,500 years before present, excavated in the El Portalón cave at Sierra de Atapuerca, Spain. We show that these individuals emerged from the same ancestral gene pool as early farmers in other parts of Europe, suggesting that migration was the dominant mode of transferring farming practices throughout western Eurasia. In contrast to central and northern early European farmers, the Chalcolithic El Portalón individuals additionally mixed with local southwestern hunter–gatherers. The proportion of hunter–gatherer-related admixture into early farmers also increased over the course of two millennia. The Chalcolithic El Portalón individuals showed greatest genetic affinity to modern-day Basques, who have long been considered linguistic and genetic isolates linked to the Mesolithic whereas all other European early farmers show greater genetic similarity to modern-day Sardinians. These genetic links suggest that Basques and their language may be linked with the spread of agriculture during the Neolithic. Furthermore, all modern-day Iberian groups except the Basques display distinct admixture with Caucasus/Central Asian and North African groups, possibly related to historical migration events. The El Portalón genomes uncover important pieces of the demographic history of Iberia and Europe and reveal how prehistoric groups relate to modern-day people. The consequences of the Neolithic transition in Europe--one of the most important cultural changes in human prehistory--is a subject of great interest. However, its effect on prehistoric and modern-day people in Iberia, the westernmost frontier of the European continent, remains unresolved. We present, to our knowledge, the first genome-wide sequence data from eight human remains, dated to between 5,500 and 3,500 years before present, excavated in the El Portalón cave at Sierra de Atapuerca, Spain. We show that these individuals emerged from the same ancestral gene pool as early farmers in other parts of Europe, suggesting that migration was the dominant mode of transferring farming practices throughout western Eurasia. In contrast to central and northern early European farmers, the Chalcolithic El Portalón individuals additionally mixed with local southwestern hunter-gatherers. The proportion of hunter-gatherer-related admixture into early farmers also increased over the course of two millennia. The Chalcolithic El Portalón individuals showed greatest genetic affinity to modern-day Basques, who have long been considered linguistic and genetic isolates linked to the Mesolithic whereas all other European early farmers show greater genetic similarity to modern-day Sardinians. These genetic links suggest that Basques and their language may be linked with the spread of agriculture during the Neolithic. Furthermore, all modern-day Iberian groups except the Basques display distinct admixture with Caucasus/Central Asian and North African groups, possibly related to historical migration events. The El Portalón genomes uncover important pieces of the demographic history of Iberia and Europe and reveal how prehistoric groups relate to modern-day people.The consequences of the Neolithic transition in Europe--one of the most important cultural changes in human prehistory--is a subject of great interest. However, its effect on prehistoric and modern-day people in Iberia, the westernmost frontier of the European continent, remains unresolved. We present, to our knowledge, the first genome-wide sequence data from eight human remains, dated to between 5,500 and 3,500 years before present, excavated in the El Portalón cave at Sierra de Atapuerca, Spain. We show that these individuals emerged from the same ancestral gene pool as early farmers in other parts of Europe, suggesting that migration was the dominant mode of transferring farming practices throughout western Eurasia. In contrast to central and northern early European farmers, the Chalcolithic El Portalón individuals additionally mixed with local southwestern hunter-gatherers. The proportion of hunter-gatherer-related admixture into early farmers also increased over the course of two millennia. The Chalcolithic El Portalón individuals showed greatest genetic affinity to modern-day Basques, who have long been considered linguistic and genetic isolates linked to the Mesolithic whereas all other European early farmers show greater genetic similarity to modern-day Sardinians. These genetic links suggest that Basques and their language may be linked with the spread of agriculture during the Neolithic. Furthermore, all modern-day Iberian groups except the Basques display distinct admixture with Caucasus/Central Asian and North African groups, possibly related to historical migration events. The El Portalón genomes uncover important pieces of the demographic history of Iberia and Europe and reveal how prehistoric groups relate to modern-day people. The consequences of the Neolithic transition in Europe--one of the most important cultural changes in human prehistory--is a subject of great interest. However, its effect on prehistoric and modern-day people in Iberia, the westernmost frontier of the European continent, remains unresolved. We present, to our knowledge, the first genome-wide sequence data from eight human remains, dated to between 5,500 and 3,500 years before present, excavated in the El Portalón cave at Sierra de Atapuerca, Spain. We show that these individuals emerged from the same ancestral gene pool as early farmers in other parts of Europe, suggesting that migration was the dominant mode of transferring farming practices throughout western Eurasia. In contrast to central and northern early European farmers, the Chalcolithic El Portalón individuals additionally mixed with local southwestern hunter-gatherers. The proportion of hunter-gatherer-related admixture into early farmers also increased over the course of two millennia. The Chalcolithic El Portalón individuals showed greatest genetic affinity to modern-day Basques, who have long been considered linguistic and genetic isolates linked to the Mesolithic whereas all other European early farmers show greater genetic similarity to modern-day Sardinians. These genetic links suggest that Basques and their language may be linked with the spread of agriculture during the Neolithic. Furthermore, all modern-day Iberian groups except the Basques display distinct admixture with Caucasus/Central Asian and North African groups, possibly related to historical migration events. The El Portalón genomes uncover important pieces of the demographic history of Iberia and Europe and reveal how prehistoric groups relate to modern-day people. The consequences of the Neolithic transition in Europe—one of the most important cultural changes in human prehistory—is a subject of great interest. However, its effect on prehistoric and modernday people in Iberia, the westernmost frontier of the European continent, remains unresolved. We present, to our knowledge, the first genome-wide sequence data from eight human remains, dated to between 5,500 and 3,500 years before present, excavated in the El Portalón cave at Sierra de Atapuerca, Spain. We show that these individuals emerged from the same ancestral gene pool as early farmers in other parts of Europe, suggesting that migration was the dominant mode of transferring farming practices throughout western Eurasia. In contrast to central and northern early European farmers, the Chalcolithic El Portalón individuals additionally mixed with local southwestern hunter–gatherers. The proportion of hunter–gatherer-related admixture into early farmers also increased over the course of two millennia. The Chalcolithic El Portalón individuals showed greatest genetic affinity to modern-day Basques, who have long been considered linguistic and genetic isolates linked to the Mesolithic whereas all other European early farmers show greater genetic similarity to modern-day Sardinians. These genetic links suggest that Basques and their language may be linked with the spread of agriculture during the Neolithic. Furthermore, all modern-day Iberian groups except the Basques display distinct admixture with Caucasus/Central Asian and North African groups, possibly related to historical migration events. The El Portalón genomes uncover important pieces of the demographic history of Iberia and Europe and reveal how prehistoric groups relate to modern-day people. |
| Author | Günther, Torsten Valdiosera, Cristina Naidoo, Thijessen Dunn, Michael Arsuaga, Juan Luis Sverrisdóttir, Óddny Osk Malmström, Helena Daskalaki, Evangelia A. Götherström, Anders Rodriguez-Varela, Ricardo Carretero, José-Miguel Skoglund, Pontus Ureña, Irene Svensson, Emma M. Carbonell, Eudald de Castro, José María Bermúdez Iriarte, Eneko Storå, Jan Jakobsson, Mattias |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Torsten surname: Günther fullname: Günther, Torsten organization: Department of Evolutionary Biology, Uppsala University, 75236 Uppsala, Sweden – sequence: 2 givenname: Cristina surname: Valdiosera fullname: Valdiosera, Cristina organization: Department of Evolutionary Biology, Uppsala University, 75236 Uppsala, Sweden – sequence: 3 givenname: Helena surname: Malmström fullname: Malmström, Helena organization: Department of Evolutionary Biology, Uppsala University, 75236 Uppsala, Sweden – sequence: 4 givenname: Irene surname: Ureña fullname: Ureña, Irene organization: Departamento de Paleontología, Facultad de Ciencias Geológicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain – sequence: 5 givenname: Ricardo surname: Rodriguez-Varela fullname: Rodriguez-Varela, Ricardo organization: Departamento de Paleontología, Facultad de Ciencias Geológicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain – sequence: 6 givenname: Óddny Osk surname: Sverrisdóttir fullname: Sverrisdóttir, Óddny Osk organization: Department of Evolutionary Biology, Uppsala University, 75236 Uppsala, Sweden – sequence: 7 givenname: Evangelia A. surname: Daskalaki fullname: Daskalaki, Evangelia A. organization: Department of Evolutionary Biology, Uppsala University, 75236 Uppsala, Sweden – sequence: 8 givenname: Pontus surname: Skoglund fullname: Skoglund, Pontus organization: Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 – sequence: 9 givenname: Thijessen surname: Naidoo fullname: Naidoo, Thijessen organization: Department of Evolutionary Biology, Uppsala University, 75236 Uppsala, Sweden – sequence: 10 givenname: Emma M. surname: Svensson fullname: Svensson, Emma M. organization: Department of Evolutionary Biology, Uppsala University, 75236 Uppsala, Sweden – sequence: 11 givenname: José María Bermúdez surname: de Castro fullname: de Castro, José María Bermúdez organization: Centro Nacional de Investigación sobre la Evolución Humana, 09002 Burgos, Spain – sequence: 12 givenname: Eudald surname: Carbonell fullname: Carbonell, Eudald organization: Institut Català de Paleoecologia Humana i Evolució Social, CEIP Marcel·lí Domingo, 43007 Tarragona, Spain – sequence: 13 givenname: Michael surname: Dunn fullname: Dunn, Michael organization: Department of Linguistics and Philology, Uppsala University, 75238 Uppsala, Sweden – sequence: 14 givenname: Jan surname: Storå fullname: Storå, Jan organization: Department of Archaeology and Classical Studies, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden – sequence: 15 givenname: Eneko surname: Iriarte fullname: Iriarte, Eneko organization: Laboratorio de Evolución Humana, Departamento de Ciencias Históricas y Geografía, Universidad de Burgos, 09001 Burgos, Spain – sequence: 16 givenname: Juan Luis surname: Arsuaga fullname: Arsuaga, Juan Luis organization: Departamento de Paleontología, Facultad de Ciencias Geológicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain – sequence: 17 givenname: José-Miguel surname: Carretero fullname: Carretero, José-Miguel organization: Laboratorio de Evolución Humana, Departamento de Ciencias Históricas y Geografía, Universidad de Burgos, 09001 Burgos, Spain – sequence: 18 givenname: Anders surname: Götherström fullname: Götherström, Anders organization: Department of Archaeology and Classical Studies, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden – sequence: 19 givenname: Mattias surname: Jakobsson fullname: Jakobsson, Mattias organization: Science for Life laboratory, Uppsala University, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26351665$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed https://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-121874$$DView record from Swedish Publication Index https://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-264621$$DView record from Swedish Publication Index https://res.slu.se/id/publ/75487$$DView record from Swedish Publication Index |
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| ContentType | Journal Article |
| Copyright | Volumes 1–89 and 106–112, copyright as a collective work only; author(s) retains copyright to individual articles Copyright National Academy of Sciences Sep 22, 2015 |
| Copyright_xml | – notice: Volumes 1–89 and 106–112, copyright as a collective work only; author(s) retains copyright to individual articles – notice: Copyright National Academy of Sciences Sep 22, 2015 |
| CorporateAuthor | Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet |
| CorporateAuthor_xml | – name: Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet |
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| DOI | 10.1073/pnas.1509851112 |
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| Issue | 38 |
| Keywords | Ancient DNA population genomics human prehistory |
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| Notes | SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-1 content type line 14 ObjectType-Article-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 23 Author contributions: T.G., C.V., A.G., and M.J. designed research; C.V. organized and coordinated the experiments; C.V., Ó.O.S., and E.M.S. extracted DNA; C.V. and E.M.S. built libraries; C.V., H.M., I.U., R.R.-V., E.A.D., and E.M.S. conducted post PCR work; T.G., C.V., H.M., P.S., T.N., and M.J. analyzed genetic data with the following contributions: processing the data and population genomic analyses (T.G.), mtDNA (T.G. and H.M.), Y-chromosome (T.G. and T.N.); M.D., J.S., E.I., J.L.A., and J.-M.C. analyzed archaeological, linguistic, and anthropological data; C.V., I.U., R.R.-V., E.I., J.L.A., and J.-M.C. conducted field work; C.V., J.M.B.d.C., E.C., E.I., J.L.A., and J.-M.C. provided samples; and T.G., C.V., and M.J. wrote the paper. 1T.G. and C.V. contributed equally to this work. Edited by Eske Willerslev, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark, and approved July 29, 2015 (received for review May 21, 2015) |
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| Snippet | The consequences of the Neolithic transition in Europe—one of the most important cultural changes in human prehistory—is a subject of great interest. However,... The transition from a foraging subsistence strategy to a sedentary farming society is arguably the greatest innovation in human history. Some modern-day... The consequences of the Neolithic transition in Europe--one of the most important cultural changes in human prehistory--is a subject of great interest.... The consequences of the Neolithic transition in Europe -- one of the most important cultural changes in human prehistory -- is a subject of great interest.... The consequences of the Neolithic transition in Europe-one of the most important cultural changes in human prehistory-is a subject of great interest. However,... |
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| SubjectTerms | Agricultural practices Ancient DNA Archaeology Arkeologi Biological Sciences DNA - genetics Farmers Farmers - history Gene Pool Genetics Genetik Genome Genomes Geography History, Ancient human prehistory Humans Migration Population Dynamics population genomics Prehistoric era Principal Component Analysis Sequence Analysis, DNA Social Sciences Spain |
| Title | Ancient genomes link early farmers from Atapuerca in Spain to modern-day Basques |
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