Production and applications of rosmarinic acid and structurally related compounds

• Published in: Applied microbiology and biotechnology Vol. 99; no. 5; pp. 2083 - 2092
• Main Authors: Kim, Gun-Dong, Park, Yong Seek, Jin, Young-Ho, Park, Cheung-Seog
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Berlin/Heidelberg Springer Berlin Heidelberg 01.03.2015; Springer; Springer Nature B.V
• Subjects: Alzheimer's disease; Amino acids; Ammonia; Analysis; Antimicrobial agents; Atopic dermatitis; Biomedical and Life Sciences; Biosynthesis; Biosynthetic Pathways; Biotechnology; Biotechnology - methods; Boraginaceae; Care and treatment; Chemical properties; Cinnamates - chemical synthesis; Cinnamates - metabolism; Depsides - chemical synthesis; Depsides - metabolism; Dermatitis; Development and progression; Disease; Enzymes; Immunologic Factors - chemistry; Immunologic Factors - metabolism; Inflammation; Lamiaceae; Life Sciences; Microbial Genetics and Genomics; Microbiology; Mini-Review; Neurotoxicity; Oxidizing agents; Perilla frutescens; Perilla frutescens - metabolism; Pharmaceutical sciences; Production processes; Rhinitis; Rosemary; Rosmarinic Acid; Rosmarinus - metabolism; Rosmarinus officinalis; Salvia officinalis; Salvia officinalis - metabolism; Studies; T cell receptors; Technology, Pharmaceutical - methods; South Korea; Rosmarinic acid; Lithospermic acid
• DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6395-6
• ISSN: 0175-7598

Rosmarinic acid (α-o-caffeoyl-3,4-dihydroxyphenyllactic acid; RA) is a naturally occurring hydroxylated compound commonly found in species of the subfamily Nepetoideae of the Lamiaceae and Boraginaceae, such as Rosmarinus officinalis , Salvia officinalis , and Perilla frutescens . RA is biosynthesized from the amino acids l -phenylalanine and l -tyrosine by eight enzymes that include phenylalanine ammonia lyase and cinnamic acid 4-hydroxylase. RA can also be chemically produced by the esterification of caffeic acid and 3,4-dihydroxyphenyllactic acid. RA and its numerous derivatives containing one or two RA with other aromatic moieties are well known and include lithospermic acid, yunnaneic acid, salvianolic acid, and melitric acid. Recently, RA and its derivatives have attracted interest for their biological activities, which include anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-angiogenic, anti-tumor, and anti-microbial functions. Clinically, RA attenuates T cell receptor-mediated signaling, attenuates allergic diseases like allergic rhinitis and asthma, and 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene-induced atopic dermatitis-like symptoms, protects from neurotoxicity, and slows the development of Alzheimer’s disease. These attributes have increased the demand for the biotechnological production and application of RA and its derivatives. The present review discusses the function and application of RA and its derivatives including the molecular mechanisms underlying clinical efficacy.