Human and Mouse Mutations in WDR35 Cause Short-Rib Polydactyly Syndromes Due to Abnormal Ciliogenesis

• Published in: American journal of human genetics Vol. 88; no. 4; pp. 508 - 515
• Main Authors: Mill, Pleasantine, Lockhart, Paul J., Fitzpatrick, Elizabeth, Mountford, Hayley S., Hall, Emma A., Reijns, Martin A.M., Keighren, Margaret, Bahlo, Melanie, Bromhead, Catherine J., Budd, Peter, Aftimos, Salim, Delatycki, Martin B., Savarirayan, Ravi, Jackson, Ian J., Amor, David J.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Cambridge, MA Elsevier Inc 08.04.2011; Cell Press; Elsevier
• Subjects: Amino Acid Sequence; Animals; Biological and medical sciences; Cell division; Chromosome Mapping; Cilia - genetics; Cilia - physiology; Coat Protein Complex I - chemistry; Coat Protein Complex I - genetics; Codon, Nonsense; Cytoskeletal Proteins; Diseases of the osteoarticular system; Embryonic Development - genetics; Eukaryotes; Female; Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology; General aspects. Genetic counseling; Genetics; Genetics of eukaryotes. Biological and molecular evolution; Genotype & phenotype; Hedgehog Proteins; Heterozygote; Homozygote; Humans; Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; Male; Malformations and congenital and or hereditary diseases involving bones. Joint deformations; Medical genetics; Medical sciences; Mice; Mice, Mutant Strains; Models, Molecular; Molecular and cellular biology; Molecular Sequence Data; Mutant Proteins - chemistry; Mutant Proteins - genetics; Mutation; Mutation, Missense; Pathogenesis; Phenotype; Pregnancy; Proteins - chemistry; Proteins - genetics; Rodents; Sequence Deletion; Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; Short Rib-Polydactyly Syndrome - embryology; Short Rib-Polydactyly Syndrome - genetics; Short Rib-Polydactyly Syndrome - physiopathology; Human; Diseases of the osteoarticular system; Rodentia; Dysostosis; Congenital disease; Vertebrata; Mammalia; Mouse; Malformation; Disease of the hand; Animal; Polydactyly; Genetics; Upper limb; Mutation; Rib (bone)
• ISSN: 0002-9297; 1537-6605
• DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.03.015

Defects in cilia formation and function result in a range of human skeletal and visceral abnormalities. Mutations in several genes have been identified to cause a proportion of these disorders, some of which display genetic (locus) heterogeneity. Mouse models are valuable for dissecting the function of these genes, as well as for more detailed analysis of the underlying developmental defects. The short-rib polydactyly (SRP) group of disorders are among the most severe human phenotypes caused by cilia dysfunction. We mapped the disease locus from two siblings affected by a severe form of SRP to 2p24, where we identified an in-frame homozygous deletion of exon 5 in WDR35. We subsequently found compound heterozygous missense and nonsense mutations in WDR35 in an independent second case with a similar, severe SRP phenotype. In a mouse mutation screen for developmental phenotypes, we identified a mutation in Wdr35 as the cause of midgestation lethality, with abnormalities characteristic of defects in the Hedgehog signaling pathway. We show that endogenous WDR35 localizes to cilia and centrosomes throughout the developing embryo and that human and mouse fibroblasts lacking the protein fail to produce cilia. Through structural modeling, we show that WDR35 has strong homology to the COPI coatamers involved in vesicular trafficking and that human SRP mutations affect key structural elements in WDR35. Our report expands, and sheds new light on, the pathogenesis of the SRP spectrum of ciliopathies.